Showing papers by "Coventry University published in 2010"

What is the best way to change self-efficacy to promote lifestyle and recreational physical activity? A systematic review with meta-analysis.

Abstract: Purpose Increasing self-efficacy is an effective method to increase physical activity Despite this, the evidence concerning the most effective techniques to increase self-efficacy in physical activity interventions has not been systematically reviewed The aim of the present research is to systematically gather, and meta-analyse, intervention studies which aimed to increase self-efficacy for physical activity; to estimate the association between intervention techniques used, and change in self-efficacy achieved Methods A systematic database search was conducted for papers reporting lifestyle or recreational physical activity interventions Published intervention studies explicitly targeting self-efficacy in order to change physical activity behaviour in ‘healthy’ adults were eligible for inclusion Results The search strategy identified 27 unique physical activity intervention studies, with a total of 5,501 participants A significant, yet small, relationship between the interventions and changes in self-efficacy was found (mean d =016, p <001) Owing to significant heterogeneity, moderator analyses were conducted, examining the association of changes in self-efficacy with whether or not specific intervention techniques were used Interventions that included feedback on past or others' performance produced the highest levels of self-efficacy found in this review Vicarious experience was also associated with higher levels of self-efficacy Persuasion, graded mastery, and barrier identification were associated with lower levels of self-efficacy Conclusions This meta-analysis forms an evidence base for which psychological techniques are most effective in increasing self-efficacy for physical activity The results are presented in terms of recommendations for those developing interventions and directions for future research

Microwave and ultrasonic processing: Now a realistic option for industry

Abstract: Environmentally friendlier preparations of chemical compounds and organic or inorganic materials are generally accompanied by the concept of saving resources by optimizing reaction conditions and/or introducing new process technologies. The use of ionic liquids and a solvent-free approach are among these technologies, but in terms of the minimisation of energy and optimization of reaction control both microwave and ultrasound irradiation have now proved to be real options. This review starts from the basic considerations on the separate interaction of microwaves and ultrasound with matter and goes on to explore some laboratory and industrial applications of each type of activation. It is also possible to enhance the effects of high frequency electromagnetic fields, typical of microwaves, or the cavitational energy associated with sonochemistry by combining them with other extreme conditions such as plasmas, high pressure and UV. Finally the simultaneous use of microwaves and ultrasound in a single reactor is described. This novel mixing of technologies has been implemented in order to combine the effects of enhanced energy with improved matter transportation.

Extreme events and disasters: a window of opportunity for change? Analysis of organizational, institutional and political changes, formal and informal responses after mega-disasters

Abstract: Disaster associated with natural hazards can lead to important changes—positive or negative—in socio-ecological systems. When disasters occur, much attention is given to the direct disaster impacts as well as relief and recovery operations. Although this focus is important, it is noteworthy that there has been little research on the characteristics and progress of change induced by disasters. Change, as distinct from impacts, encompasses formal and informal responses to disaster events and their direct and indirect impacts. While smaller disasters do not often lead to significant changes in societies and organizational structures, major disasters have the potential to change dominant ways of thinking and acting. Against this background, the article presents an analytical framework for distinguishing change from disaster impacts. Drawing from research in Sri Lanka and Indonesia, formal and informal changes after the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004 are examined and discussed against the background of the conceptual framework. The changes examined range from the commencement of the peace process in Aceh, Indonesia, to organizational and legal reforms in Sri Lanka. The article concludes that change-making processes after disasters need to be understood more in depth in order to derive important strategic policy and methodological lessons learned for the future, particularly in view of the increasing complexity and uncertainty in decision making due to climate change.

Learning as immersive experiences: Using the four-dimensional framework for designing and evaluating immersive learning experiences in a virtual world

Abstract: Traditional approaches to learning have often focused upon knowledge transfer strategies that have centred on textually-based engagements with learners, and dialogic methods of interaction with tutors. The use of virtual worlds, with text-based, voice-based and a feeling of ‘presence’ naturally is allowing for more complex social interactions and designed learning experiences and role plays, as well as encouraging learner empowerment through increased interactivity. To unpick these complex social interactions and more interactive designed experiences, this paper considers the use of virtual worlds in relation to structured learning activities for college and lifelong learners. This consideration necessarily has implications upon learning theories adopted and practices taken up, with real implications for tutors and learners alike. Alongside this is the notion of learning as an ongoing set of processes mediated via social interactions and experiential learning circumstances within designed virtual and hybrid spaces. This implies the need for new methodologies for evaluating the efficacy, benefits and challenges of learning in these new ways. Towards this aim, this paper proposes an evaluation methodology for supporting the development of specified learning activities in virtual worlds, based upon inductive methods and augmented by the four-dimensional framework reported in a previous study. The study undertaken aimed to test the efficacy of the proposed evaluation methodology and framework, and to evaluate the broader uses of a virtual world for supporting lifelong learners specifically in their educational choices and career decisions. The paper presents the findings of the study and considers that virtual worlds are reorganising significantly how we relate to the design and delivery of learning. This is opening up a transition in learning predicated upon the notion of learning design through the lens of ‘immersive learning experiences’ rather than sets of knowledge to be transferred between tutor and learner. The challenges that remain for tutors rest with the design and delivery of these activities and experiences. The approach advocated here builds upon an incremental testing and evaluation of virtual world learning experiences.

Enhancing the low quality images using Unsupervised Colour Correction Method

Abstract: Underwater images are affected by reduced contrast and non-uniform colour cast due to the absorption and scattering of light in the aquatic environment. This affects the quality and reliability of image processing and therefore colour correction is a necessary pre-processing stage. In this paper, we propose an Unsupervised Colour Correction Method (UCM) for underwater image enhancement. UCM is based on colour balancing, contrast correction of RGB colour model and contrast correction of HSI colour model. Firstly, the colour cast is reduced by equalizing the colour values. Secondly, an enhancement to a contrast correction method is applied to increase the Red colour by stretching red histogram towards the maximum (i.e., right side), similarly the Blue colour is reduced by stretching the blue histogram towards the minimum (i.e., left side). Thirdly, the Saturation and Intensity components of the HSI colour model have been applied for contrast correction to increase the true colour using Saturation and to address the illumination problem through Intensity. We compare our results with three well known methods, namely Gray World, White Patch and Histogram Equalisation using Adobe Photoshop. The proposed method has produced better results than the existing methods.

Developing serious games for cultural heritage: a state-of-the-art review

Abstract: Although the widespread use of gaming for leisure purposes has been well documented, the use of games to support cultural heritage purposes, such as historical teaching and learning, or for enhancing museum visits, has been less well considered. The state-of-the-art in serious game technology is identical to that of the state-of-the-art in entertainment games technology. As a result, the field of serious heritage games concerns itself with recent advances in computer games, real-time computer graphics, virtual and augmented reality and artificial intelligence. On the other hand, the main strengths of serious gaming applications may be generalised as being in the areas of communication, visual expression of information, collaboration mechanisms, interactivity and entertainment. In this report, we will focus on the state-of-the-art with respect to the theories, methods and technologies used in serious heritage games. We provide an overview of existing literature of relevance to the domain, discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the described methods and point out unsolved problems and challenges. In addition, several case studies illustrating the application of methods and technologies used in cultural heritage are presented.

Effects of communicating DNA‐based disease risk estimates on risk‐reducing behaviours

Abstract: BACKGROUND: There are high expectations regarding the potential for the communication of DNA-based disease risk estimates to motivate behaviour change. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of communicating DNA-based disease risk estimates on risk-reducing behaviours and motivation to undertake such behaviours. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the following databases using keywords and medical subject headings: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 4 2010), MEDLINE (1950 to April 2010), EMBASE (1980 to April 2010), PsycINFO (1985 to April 2010) using OVID SP, and CINAHL (EBSCO) (1982 to April 2010). We also searched reference lists, conducted forward citation searches of potentially eligible articles and contacted authors of relevant studies for suggestions. There were no language restrictions. Unpublished or in press articles were eligible for inclusion. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials involving adults (aged 18 years and over) in which one group received actual (clinical studies) or imagined (analogue studies) personalised DNA-based disease risk estimates for diseases for which the risk could plausibly be reduced by behavioural change. Eligible studies had to include a primary outcome measure of risk-reducing behaviour or motivation (e.g. intention) to alter such behaviour. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors searched for studies and independently extracted data. We assessed risk of bias according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. For continuous outcome measures, we report effect sizes as standardised mean differences (SMDs). For dichotomous outcome measures, we report effect sizes as odds ratios (ORs). We obtained pooled effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the random effects model applied on the scale of standardised differences and log odds ratios. MAIN RESULTS: We examined 5384 abstracts and identified 21 studies as potentially eligible. Following a full text analysis, we included 14 papers reporting results of 7 clinical studies (2 papers report on the same trial) and 6 analogue studies.Of the seven clinical studies, five assessed smoking cessation. Meta-analyses revealed no statistically significant effects on either short-term (less than 6 months) smoking cessation (OR 1.35, 95% CI 0.76 to 2.39, P = 0.31, n = 3 studies) or cessation after six months (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.78, P = 0.80, n = 4 studies). Two clinical studies assessed diet and found effects that significantly favoured DNA-based risk estimates (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.17 to 4.27, P = 0.01). No statistically significant effects were found in the two studies assessing physical activity (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.80, P = 0.92) or the one study assessing medication or vitamin use aimed at reducing disease risks (OR 1.26, 95% CI 0.58 to 2.72, P = 0.56).�For the six non-clinical analogue studies, meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant effect of DNA-based risk on intention to change behaviour (SMD 0.16, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.29, P = 0.01).There was no evidence that communicating DNA-based disease risk estimates had any unintended adverse effects. Two studies that assessed fear arousal immediately after the presentation of risk information did, however, report greater fear arousal in the DNA-based disease risk estimate groups compared to comparison groups.The quality of included studies was generally poor. None of the clinical or analogue studies were considered to have a low risk of bias, due to either a lack of clarity in reporting, or where details were reported, evidence of a failure to sufficiently safeguard against the risk of bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Mindful of the weak evidence based on a small number of studies of limited quality, the results of this review suggest that communicating DNA-based disease risk estimates has little or no effect on smoking and physical activity. It may have a small effect on self-reported diet and on intentions to change behaviour. Claims that receiving DNA-based test results motivates people to change their behaviour are not supported by evidence. Larger and better-quality RCTs are needed.

Interventions for bullous pemphigoid

Abstract: Background Bullous pemphigoid is the most common autoimmune bullous disease in the West. Oral steroids are considered the standard treatment. Objectives To assess the effects of treatments for bullous pemphigoid. Search strategy We searched the Skin Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE to March 2003 and bibliographies from identified studies. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials of treatments for patients with immunofluorescence confirmed bullous pemphigoid. Data collection and analysis Two reviewers evaluated the studies in terms of the inclusion criteria, five extracted data independently; disagreements were resolved by discussion. Statistical pooling of the data was inappropriate because of heterogeneity of treatments. Main results We found seven randomised controlled trials with a total of 634 patients. All studies involved different comparisons, none included a placebo group. Different doses, different formulations of corticosteroids and the addition of azathioprine failed to show significant differences in measures of disease control. However, patients who took azathioprine were able to almost halve the amount of prednisone required for disease control. Plasma exchange plus prednisone achieved significantly better disease control than prednisone alone; this favourable effect was not apparent in another study. The latter study also compared plasma exchange or azathioprine plus prednisone, but failed to show significant differences for disease control or mortality, although total adverse events at six months almost reached statistical significance in favour of plasma exchange plus prednisone. Comparing tetracycline plus nicotinamide with prednisolone, no significant difference for disease response was shown. A very potent topical corticosteroid was compared to oral prednisone in patients with moderate and extensive disease. In patients with extensive disease, the topical steroid group showed significantly better survival and disease control, and less severe complications, while no significant differences for these outcomes were seen in patients with moderate disease. Most of the reported deaths were in patients taking high doses of oral corticosteroids. Reviewer's conclusions Very potent topical steroids are effective and safe treatments for bullous pemphigoid; their use in extensive disease may be limited by side effects and practical factors. Starting doses of prednisolone greater than 0.75 mg/kg/day do not seem to give additional benefit, lower doses may be adequate for disease control; this could reduce the incidence and severity of adverse reactions. The effectiveness of the addition of plasma exchange or azathioprine to corticosteroids has not been established. Combination treatment with tetracycline and nicotinamide may be useful; this needs further validation.

New strategy for simultaneous and selective voltammetric determination of norepinephrine, acetaminophen and folic acid using ZrO2 nanoparticles-modified carbon paste electrode

Abstract: A novel ZrO2 nanoparticles-modified carbon paste electrode (ZONMCPE) was fabricated and used to study the electrooxidation of norepinephrine (NE), acetaminophen (AC), folic acid (FA) and their mixtures by electrochemical methods. Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), a highly selective and simultaneous determination of NE, AC and FA has been explored at the modified electrode. Differential pulse voltammetry peak currents of NE, AC and FA increased linearly with their concentrations at the ranges of 1.0 × 10−7–2.0 × 10−3 M, 1.0 × 10−6–2.5 × 10−3 M and 2.0 × 10−5–2.5 × 10−3 M, respectively and the detection limits for NE, AC and FA were 8.95 × 10−8, 9.12 × 10−7and 9.86 × 10−6 M, respectively. The modified electrode displayed strong function for resolving the overlapping voltammetric responses of NE, AC and FA into three well-defined voltammetric peaks. In the mixture containing NE, AC and FA, the three compounds can well separate from each other with potential differences of 220, 290 and 510 mV between NE–AC, AC–FA and NE–FA, respectively, which was large enough to determine NE, AC and FA individually and simultaneously.

Reactivity of measurement in health psychology: How much of a problem is it? What can be done about it?

Abstract: PURPOSE: Measurement reactivity is defined as being present where measurement results in changes in the people being measured. The main aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge concerning the extent and nature of psychological measurement affecting people who complete the measures. Other aims are to describe how this may affect conclusions drawn in health psychology research and to outline where more research is needed. METHODS: Narrative review. RESULTS: Several studies, using a variety of methods, have found measurement procedures to alter subsequent cognition, emotion, and behaviour. In many instances, the effects obtained were of up to medium size. However, the extent to which such studies are representative is not clear: do other studies which find no reactive effects of measurement not exist or do they exist but are not reported? CONCLUSIONS: Although measurement reactivity can yield medium-sized effects, our understanding of this phenomenon is still rudimentary. We do not know the precise circumstances that are likely to result in measurement reactivity: we cannot predict when problems are more likely to arise. There is a particular absence of studies of the mechanisms by which measurement reactivity arises. There is a need for a systematic review of this literature, which should aim to quantify the extent of measurement reactivity effects and to provide a firmer evidence base for theorizing about the sources of reactivity.

Consumer perceptions of online shopping environments: A gestalt approach

Abstract: cues, this paper argues that marketers need a gestalt approach to understand how consumers perceive online shopping environments Following a systematic review of the literature on categorizations of online shopping environments, this paper develops and tests a gestalt model of consumer perceptions of online shopping environments The model shows that consumers perceive online shopping environments in terms of their sense-making and exploratory potential It encompasses perceptions at the level of both individual pages and the experience consisting of the navigation through a succession of pages accessed during one visit It also accounts for the informational needs all shoppers possess, reflected in the central role of information in online shopping environments The model confirms the importance of the three main categories investigated in the literature (ease of understanding, informativeness, and involving qualities), but provides a theoretically grounded explanation of how consumers perceive online shopping environments holistically It can form a basis from which to envisage organismic and behavioral responses

Assessing the effect of different ultrasonic frequencies on bacterial viability using flow cytometry

Abstract: Aims This research investigated the effect of sonication at frequencies of 20, 40 and 580 kHz and approximately the same acoustic intensity on the viability and declumping of two micro-organisms (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia). Methods and results Two analytical methods were employed; viable plate counts (CFU ml−1) and flow cytometry to identify and quantify both live/viable and dead bacteria in the bulk liquid. Flow cytometry results for E. coli and Kl. pneumonia indicated a high sensitivity to 20 and 40 kHz frequency with a continuous decrease in the viable cells and an increase in dead cells during experiments. In contrast, results using the higher frequency of 580 kHz indicate predominantly deagglomeration of bacterial clumps rather than cell membrane disruption (Joyce et al. 2003). Results indicate a good correlation between flow cytometry and viable plate count methodology. Conclusions Sonication has two different effects on bacteria (i) inactivation and (ii) declumping; however, the scale of these effects is dependent on intensity and frequency. Flow cytometry provides a method to distinguish between and quantify the effects through the observation of two subpopulations: (i) live/viable and (ii) dead bacterial cells. Significance and impact of the study Treatment using power ultrasound has been shown to have a significant impact on microbial activity. This is the first time a study has compared the influence of a range of different frequencies, but at similar power settings on the survival of bacteria in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). This work is of importance for applications where ultrasound has been considered for use in industry as a means of disinfection including the treatment and pretreatment of water and also for the sterilization of liquid foods.

A review of the adaptation and mitigation of global climate change using sustainable drainage in cities

Abstract: Sustainable drainage (SUDS) is well known for its equal emphasis on water quality, water quantity, amenity and biodiversity. What is now beginning to be realised is that this approach can also help mitigate the impacts of global climate change (GCC) and provide assistance to city dwellers in adapting to the changes which have already occurred. By using case studies from around the world, this paper illustrates how vegetated SUDS devices can sequester and store carbon, cool urban areas and increase perceptions of health and well-being in the populace. Both vegetated and hard-engineered structures can evaporate water contained within them and are thus being used in cities to cool the overlying air. Also shown is the extent to which SUDS devices such as green roofs and wet pavements are being used to mitigate the urban heat island effect, which, while not caused by climate change, exacerbates its impacts. Of the houses needed by 2040 in the UK, 80% already exist. In order to take advantage of the ability of SUDS to tackle some of the impacts of GCC, the emphasis must be placed on retrofitting technologies to existing buildings and this review proposes a simple hierarchy of suitable measures based on the density and land-use of the built-up area.

Shareholder Voting and Directors' Remuneration Report Legislation: Say on Pay in the UK

Abstract: Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question/Issue: The paper investigates the determinants of shareholder voting and its relation to CEO pay in the UK. The context of the study is the Directors' Remuneration Report (DRR) Regulations of 2002. This legislation gave shareholders a mandatory non-binding vote on boardroom pay in the UK. Research Findings/Insights: First, we find that less than 10 per cent of shareholders abstain or vote against the mandated Directors' Remuneration Report (DRR) resolution. This percentage is falling over time. Second, investors are more likely to vote against DRR resolutions compared to non-pay resolutions. Third, shareholders are more likely to vote against general executive pay resolutions, such as stock options, long-term incentive plans, and bonus resolutions compared to non-pay resolutions. Forth, firms with higher CEO pay attract greater voting dissent. Fifth, there is little evidence that CEO pay is lower in firms that previously experienced high levels of shareholder dissent. In addition, there is little evidence that the fraction of CEO equity pay, representing owner-manager alignment, is greater in such firms. Currently, we find limited evidence that, on average, “say on pay” materially alters the subsequent level and design of CEO compensation. Theoretical/Academic Implications: The study provides new insights on shareholder voting and CEO pay. Theoretically, shareholder voting is endogenously determined. Practitioner/Policy Implications: The study provides insights for practitioners and policy makers interested in shareholder rights, the effects on corporate governance, and say on pay in the UK. Shareholder voting appears to have limited effects on curbing excess CEO pay. Boards and compensation committees may want to communicate better policies on executive compensation to avert shareholder dissent.

The region in food—important or irrelevant?

Abstract: There has been an explosion of interest in 're-localized' and 're-connected' modes of food provision, which could provide solutions to the socio-economic and environmental problems associated with food production and consumption. Within this context, this paper aims to critically review the significance of the 'region' for debates about future food systems. It identifies three cross-cutting impulses towards the (re)-regionalization of food: re-scaling, re-spacing and re-connection, but stresses that the ways these are played out is contingent on the interplay of diverse social, political and bio-physical processes. The paper concludes by proposing several further research agendas to develop a more rigorous understanding of the potential for regional food networks to address growing demands for the sustainable and fair provision of food. Copyright 2010, Oxford University Press.

Cancer Pain: Part 1: Pathophysiology; Oncological, Pharmacological, and Psychological Treatments: A Perspective from the British Pain Society Endorsed by the UK Association of Palliative Medicine and the Royal College of General Practitioners

Abstract: Objective. This discussion document about the management of cancer pain is written from the pain specialists' perspective in order to provoke thought and interest in a multimodal approach to the manage- ment of cancer pain, not just towards the end of life, but pain at diagnosis, as a consequence of cancer therapies, and in cancer survivors. It relates the science of pain to the clinical setting and explains the role of psychological, physical, interventional and complementary therapies in cancer pain. Methods. This document has been produced by a consensus group of relevant health care profession- als in the United Kingdom and patients' representa- tives making reference to the current body of evidence relating to cancer pain. In the first of two parts, pathophysiology, oncological, pharmacologi- cal, and psychological treatment are considered. Conclusions. It is recognized that the World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic ladder, while provid- ing relief of cancer pain towards the end of life for many sufferers worldwide, may have limitations in

From RDAs to LEPs: A New Localism? Case Examples of West Midlands and Yorkshire

Abstract: The new Coalition Government formed in May 2010 in the UK is to abolish Regional Development Agencies and, in the name of a ‘new localism’, is to replace them with Local Enterprise Partnerships, ‘joint local authority-business bodies brought forward by local authorities to promote local economic development’. This article looks at the proposals for LEPs, in the light of theories of governance. It explores the case examples of the West Midlands and Yorkshire and Humberside, where there have been differing proposals for region-wide LEPs. It argues that far from localism, the move to set up LEPs is profoundly ant-regionalist and is re-centralisation in disguise, given that many economic development functions are being taken back to Whitehall. That problem of recentralisation, we suggest, risks being exacerbated by a fragmentation of LEPs into small territorial units, and a lack of resources.

'Oh you don't want asylum seekers, oh you're just racist': A discursive analysis of discussions about whether it's racist to oppose asylum seeking

Abstract: In this article, we explore how speakers discuss whether or not it is racist to oppose asylum seekers. A discourse analysis is conducted on the parts of a corpus of data collected from focus groups with undergraduate students talking about asylum seeking in which they were asked if it is racist to oppose asylum. It is shown that speakers use the word ‘just’ as part of a contrast structure which is used to present a topic as self-evidently unreasonable. While some participants orient to the taboo against prejudice, it is shown that there is also an orientation to the idea that accusations of racism are unreasonable and that opposition to asylum is usually based on practical and economic reasons rather than racism. These findings are discussed in light of the growing literature surrounding the changing nature of race talk and new taboos on accusations of racism.

An agent-based approach for integrated process planning and scheduling

Abstract: Traditionally, process planning and scheduling were performed sequentially, where scheduling was done after process plans had been generated. Considering the fact that these two functions are usually complementary, it is necessary to integrate them more tightly so that the performance of a manufacturing system can be improved greatly. In this paper, an agent-based approach has been developed to facilitate the integration of these two functions. In the approach, the two functions are carried out simultaneously, and an optimization agent based on an evolutionary algorithm is used to manage the interactions and communications between agents to enable proper decisions to be made. To verify the feasibility and performance of the proposed approach, experimental studies have been conducted and comparisons have been made between this approach and some previous works. The experimental results show the proposed approach has achieved significant improvement.

Ultrasonic effect on physicochemical and functional properties of α -lactalbumin

Abstract: Ultrasound is the sound whose frequency is too high for humans to hear which is within the frequency range of 20 Hz–20 kHz, and the frequency of ultrasound is above 20 kHz. The aim of this study was to observe the effect of ultrasound and sonication on α-lactalbumin (α-LA) with a view to improving its physicochemical and functional properties. In this work both low-intensity ultrasound (500 kHz bath) and the high-intensity ultrasound (20 kHz probe and 40 kHz bath) were used. Ten per cent wt (g g−1 dry matter) protein model suspensions of α-lactalbumin (α-LA) were treated with ultrasound probe (20 kHz for 15 and 30 min) and ultrasound baths (40 kHz and 500 kHz for 15 and 30 min). Changes in pH values, electrical conductivity, solubility measurements, foaming properties, as well as rheological and freezing-thawing properties have been examined. The protein fractions of α-lactalbumin were analyzed before and after ultrasound treatment by SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The result showed that pH did not change significantly upon ultrasound however conductivities increased significantly after 20 kHz sonication. Electrical conductivity decreased significantly for ultrasound treatments in baths at 40 kHz and 500 kHz for all samples. Solubility increased significantly for all samples at 20 kHz. Foam capacities and foam stabilities were improved after ultrasound treatments for both 20 kHz and 40 kHz treatments. Foaming properties were not improved for protein model suspensions for 500 kHz treatments. The molecular weight of the protein decreased significantly after ultrasound treatments both using a 20 kHz probe and 40 kHz bath. The flow behaviour of α-lactalbumin was observed to be shear-thickening after all treatments. Apparent viscosity data calculated with power law equation (R2 = 0.983–0.999) have not been changed significantly after all treatments. A remarkable decrease of initial freezing point was obtained after 20 kHz treatments.

The psychosocial well-being of parents of children with cerebral palsy: a comparison study

Abstract: Purpose.Parents of children with cerebral palsy (CP) may be at risk from poor psychosocial well-being, compared with parents of children without a long-term health condition (LTHC). However, research has produced some conflicting findings on the topic and no comparison studies have been conducted in the UK. Furthermore, studies have only used measures of negative psychosocial well-being. The aim of this study was to conduct a comparative study of parents of children with CP and parents of children without a LTHC in the UK. Method.Seventy parents of children with CP and 70 parents of children without a LTHC completed self-administered questionnaires, comprising measures of psychosocial distress and positive psychosocial well-being. Results.This study demonstrated that parents of children with CP have significantly poorer psychosocial well-being compared with parents of children without a LTHC: parents of children with CP had lower satisfaction with life and higher levels of anxious and depressed mood. Conclusions.These results suggest caring for a child with CP may put parents at risk from poor psychosocial well-being. Interventions to improve parental well-being are urgently needed.

Testing a Multidimensional Theory of Person-Environment Fit

Abstract: The current study examines the validity of a multidimensional Person-Environment (PE) fit model proposed by Jansen and Kristof-Brown (2006). The overall aim of the paper is to test the model's factor structure and influences upon outcome measures. A panel of organizational employees from a wide range of companies and locations were asked to complete a survey (n = 1,875) measuring five discrete dimensions of perceptual PE fit (Person-Organization, Person-People, Person-Job, Person-Group, and Person-Vocation) and three outcomes (organizational commitment, intention to leave, and job satisfaction). The first sequence of analysis tested the proposed model using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) statistical approaches. Model comparisons showed that Jansen and Kristof-Brown's (2006) original model in which the five dimensions of fit coalesce into a multidimensional construct was a poor fit with the data, but that a model in which the five dimensions of fit operate independently fit the data well. The second sequence of analysis found that the model without the multidimensional construct strongly predicted the outcomes of commitment, job satisfaction, and intention to leave. This paper discusses the implication of this research in relation to the PE fit literature.

Does speech rhythm sensitivity predict children's reading ability 1 year later?.

Abstract: There is a growing literature demonstrating that speech rhythm sensitivity is related to children's reading development, independent of phonological awareness. However, the precise nature of this relationship is less well understood, and further research is warranted to investigate whether speech rhythm sensitivity predicts the different components of reading over time. In this 1-year longitudinal study, 69 five- to 8-year-old English-speaking children completed a speech rhythm assessment at Time 1 along with other cognitive assessments and then completed a variety of reading assessments at Time 2 (1 year later). A series of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that after controlling for individual differences in age, vocabulary, and phonological awareness, speech rhythm sensitivity was able to predict unique variance in word reading and the phrasing component of the reading fluency measure 1 year later. The findings emphasize the contribution of speech rhythm sensitivity in children's reading development, and the authors argue that speech rhythm sensitivity should now be included in current models of children's reading development.

Assessment of CO2 and priority pollutant reduction by installation of shoreside power

Abstract: Maritime shipping is becoming increasingly recognised as an important source of both priority pollutants such as NO x , SO 2 , CO, and particulate matter (PM) and the main greenhouse gas, CO 2 . The atmospheric emissions from ships are of particular concern when vessels are at berth, because they consume significant quantities of electrical power which is generated by inefficient onboard diesel engines leading to unnecessary emissions of priority pollutants and greenhouse gasses. One alternative to using onboard power generation is to connect ships to an onshore electrical supply; this is referred to as shoreside power or cold-ironing. In this paper, we have investigated the impact that shoreside power could have on the CO 2 emissions from ships at berth if the electrical power was drawn from national electricity grids. We have used International Energy Agency databases on electrical supply and atmospheric emissions to calculate the mass of CO 2 which would be emitted if ships were to draw electrical power from national electricity grids and compared the results to the existing emissions from ships at berth reported in the literature. In addition, we have calculated the change in NO x , SO 2 , and CO emissions if shoreside power were to be implemented in the United Kingdom. We have found that in the majority of major maritime nations, the use of shoreside power drawn from national electricity grids could lead to a significant reduction in CO 2 emissions, most notably in Japan, UK, and Italy. In the US, small reductions in CO 2 emissions could be achieved, while in China shoreside power could lead to a 38% increase in CO 2 emissions. We have demonstrated our findings using three case studies.

Home monitoring of patients with Parkinson's disease via wearable technology and a web-based application

Abstract: Objective long-term health monitoring can improve the clinical management of several medical conditions ranging from cardiopulmonary diseases to motor disorders. In this paper, we present our work toward the development of a home-monitoring system. The system is currently used to monitor patients with Parkinson's disease who experience severe motor fluctuations. Monitoring is achieved using wireless wearable sensors whose data are relayed to a remote clinical site via a web-based application. The work herein presented shows that wearable sensors combined with a web-based application provide reliable quantitative information that can be used for clinical decision making.

Using augmented reality as a medium to assist teaching in higher education

Abstract: In this paper we describe the use of a high-level augmented reality (AR) interface for the construction of collaborative educational applications that can be used in practice to enhance current teaching methods. A combination of multimedia information including spatial three-dimensional models, images, textual information, video, animations and sound, can be superimposed in a student-friendly manner into the learning environment. In several case studies different learning scenarios have been carefully designed based on human-computer interaction principles so that meaningful virtual information is presented in an interactive and compelling way. Collaboration between the participants is achieved through use of a tangible AR interface that uses marker cards as well as an immersive AR environment which is based on software user interfaces (UIs) and hardware devices. The interactive AR interface has been piloted in the classroom at two UK universities in departments of Informatics and Information Science.

On optimal decision for QoS-aware composite service selection

Abstract: The increasing popularity of employing web services for distributed systems contributes to the significance of service discovery. However, duplicated and similar functional features existing among services require service consumers to include additional aspects to evaluate the services. Generally, the service consumers would have different view on the quality of service (QoS) of service attributes. How to select the best composite service in theory among available service (WS) candidates for consumers is an interesting practical issue. This work proposes a QoS-aware service selection model based on fuzzy linear programming (FLP) technologies, in order to identify their dissimilarity on service alternatives, assist service consumers in selecting most suitable services with consideration of their expectations and preferences. This approach can obtain the optimal solution of consensual weight of QoS attribute and fuzzy positive ideal solution (FPIS) by extending LINMAP method, developed by Srinivasan and Shocker. Finally, two numerical examples are given to demonstrate the process of QoS-aware web service selection. The experimental results demonstrated that it is a feasible and supplementary manner in selecting the of web services.

Situating pedagogies, positions and practices in immersive virtual worlds

Abstract: Background: The literature on immersive virtual worlds and e-learning to date largely indicates that technology has led the pedagogy. Although rationales for implementing e-learning have included flexibility of provision and supporting diversity, none of these recommendations have helped to provide strong pedagogical location. Furthermore, there is little, if any, exploration of the kinds of e-learning spaces that are commonly adopted in higher education or the rationale for their use. Purpose: This article explores the current arguments for the use of immersive virtual worlds in higher education and examines the impact the use of such environments is having upon teachers and teaching. Design and methods: A comprehensive literature search and review was undertaken by a team of researchers in order to explore issues of pedagogy, staff role and digital literacies, and explore perspectives that might inform the higher education community about views on the use of immersive virtual worlds. Conclusions: It is suggested that an exploration of digital literacies and the use of pedagogically informed models may offer higher education some purchase on the complex issues and implications of using such immersive virtual worlds for learning. Key words: pedagogy; immersive virtual worlds; staff role; digital literacies