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Showing papers by "Cranfield University published in 1974"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-dimensional theory for the propagation of fairly long water waves is proposed, where the theory is set up via 2D postulates, and a simple three-dimensional approximation enables us to relate the 2D theory to the 3D theory, and the resulting equations are used to discuss the unidirectional propagation of waves.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to formulate a two-dimensional theory for the propagation of fairly long water waves. The approach differs from the usual in that the theory is set up via two-dimensional postulates. Subsequently, it is shown how a simple three-dimensional approximation enables us to relate the two-dimensional theory to the three-dimensional theory. The resulting equations are used to discuss the unidirectional propagation of waves. It is shown how the results obtained from the theory proposed here are related to the results of Korteweg & de Vries (1895) and to those of Benjamin, Bona & Mahony (1972).

192 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
R.K. Jain1
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of transverse shear deformations and rotatory intertia on a cylindrical shell are studied on the basis of a shell theory in which the effect of the transverse deformations is retained.

70 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: In this article, the mechanisms by which ions diffuse through these surface films are investigated, but the mechanical maintenance of the film is often a greater prerequisite for many engineering applications, since it is a barrier to reactants.
Abstract: When metallic components operate at high temperatures in aggressive environments their useful life is governed by the presence of a protective surface film which acts as a barrier to reactants. Considerable effort has been directed toward understanding the mechanisms by which ions diffuse through these surface films, but the mechanical maintenance of the film is often a greater prerequisite for many engineering applications.

56 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis is made of the displacement, planar and volumetric errors of multi-axis machines by determining the combined effects of errors in the measuring system and errors in geometric features such as linearity of motions and orthogonality of axes of movement.
Abstract: An analysis is made of the displacement, planar and volumetric errors of multi-axis machines by determining the combined effects of errors in the measuring system and errors in geometric features such as linearity of motions and orthogonality of axes of movement.

43 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, information relating to the selection of configuration geometry, control devices and materials for both gas and liquid feed bearings is included. And guidance is given concerning the achievement of total system reliability.

42 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that turbulent flame speed increases with scale under conditions of weak turbulence and decreases with increase in scale under condition of strong turbulence, and the two regions are separated by a transition region, which occurs when the turbulence intensity is about twice the laminar flame speed.

41 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: More than 800 measurements of the thermal resistance for seven fully specified single contacts between non-wavy surfaces of both metals and non-metals in vacua (∼10−5torr) have been obtained and an...
Abstract: More than 800 measurements of the thermal resistance for seven fully specified single contacts between non-wavy surfaces of both metals and non-metals in vacua (∼10−5torr) have been obtained and an...

41 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For this author, Fairthorne was the first to make explicit the fundamental problems of information retrieval systems, namely the clash between OBNA and ABNO (Only‐But‐Not‐All and All‐But-Not‐Only).
Abstract: While Fairthorne may not have been the first person to recognize it, certainly, for this author, Fairthorne was the first to make explicit the fundamental problems of information retrieval systems, namely the clash between OBNA and ABNO (Only‐But‐Not‐All and All‐But‐Not‐Only). Although it was not until 1958 that the terms occur in Fairthorne's writings, the concept had been discussed in many meetings of the AGARD Documentation Panel and elsewhere. Originally it was considered that to meet these two requirements, it might be necessary to have two separate systems, and the test of the UNITERM system in 1954 was based on the hypothesis that a ‘Marshalling’ system (e.g. U.D.C.) was fundamentally different from a ‘Retrieval’ system (e.g. UNITERM). While the idea persisted in this form for some time, it gradually evolved into the inverse relationship of recall and precision, which is to say that while it is possible to obtain, of the relevant documents, All‐But‐Not‐Only, or alternatively to obtain Only‐But‐Not‐All, it is not possible to obtain All and Only.

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a fine-grained zinc-0.4 wt.% aluminum alloy sheet was produced by rolling a cast slab to 90 per cent reduction at room temperature (0.42 Tm).

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of cyclically stressing a low carbon steel was studied at tempera-tures of 500 and 570°C, and it was found that if the cyclic strain was above a threshold value which corresponded to the fracture strain of the surface scale, then the oxide growth rate increased both at 500 and at 570°c. The oxide fracture strains under fatigue conditions were found to be in the range 2.7 - 5.1 x 10-4.
Abstract: The effect on oxidation of cyclically stressing a low carbon steel was studied at tempera-tures of 500 and 570°C. It was found that if the cyclic strain was above a threshold value which corresponded to the fracture strain of the surface scale, then the oxide growth rate increased both at 500 and at 570°C. The oxide fracture strains under fatigue conditions were found to be in the range 2.7 - 5.1 x 10-4. The mechanism of the process is discussed in relation to oxidation kinetics and the mechanical properties of the growing surface scales.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
N. Laws1
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of determining the overall thermoelastic moduli of some transversely isotropic composites is discussed, and a self-consistent method is used to obtain precise formulae for the overall moduli.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a generalization of this method to the class of equations $ with $ was developed and applied to the case where $ was not subject to the restriction c 1 − b 2/4 > 0.
Abstract: An approximate solution, in terms of Jacobian elliptic functions, of the equation $ with $ was developed in Christopher (1973). A generalization of this method, applicable to the class of equations $ with $, is developed. When applied to the case where $ the method is not subject to the restriction c 1 − b 2/4 > 0. A numerical comparison for this latter case shows that the now technique is still accurate over a wide range of values of b and c 3. Some falling off of accuracy is experienced when b/c 3 > 0·5.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the design of liquid feed journal bearings is discussed and illustrated by design examples and the effects of temperature variations and manufacturing variations on bearing performance are discussed and recommendations are presented to minimize the resulting errors of performance.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Feb 1974
TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical model of an open-chamber diesel engine has been programmed for solution on a digital computer, which incorporates an automatic procedure which, given the limits of design variables, will predict the values of these variables that will optimize engine performance.
Abstract: A mathematical model of an open-chamber diesel engine has been programmed for solution on a digital computer. The program incorporates an automatic procedure which, given the limits of design variables, will predict the values of these variables that will optimize engine performance. This technique can provide these results in a fraction of the time taken by parametric methods and provides a quick and efficient tool that can be used directly by the designer or the development engineer. Examples are given to demonstrate how the technique can be employed to maximize engine power to torque.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, periodic arrangements of anti-phase boundaries (APBs) have been detected by electron diffraction and microscopy in long-range ordered crystals of vanadium carbide near to the composition V 6 C 5.
Abstract: Periodic arrangements of anti-phase boundaries (APBs) have been detected by electron diffraction and microscopy in long-range ordered crystals of vanadium carbide near to the composition V 6 C 5, The APBs are non-conservative and are believed to accommodate excess vacancies or carbon atoms in response to deviations in crystal composition from V 6 C 5. The atomic arrangement at non-conservative APBs has been deduced from diffraction contrast analysis of isolated APBs and their observed configurations in crystals containing non-periodic distributions. The observed variation in spacing of the long-periodic structure is consistent with analyses of the average crystal compositions. A mechanism of formation of the long-period structure has been deduced from observations on partially transformed crystals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of swirl on flame size, shape, and combustion intensity may be represented by nonisotropic mixing-length and energy-length turbulence models and an eddy-break-up turbulence controlled reaction model.
Abstract: Finite-difference predictions are made of turbulent boundary layer swirling flames. This paper is concerned essentially with a more accurate simulation of the flow, the turbulence and reaction models. Current developments are discussed. It is demonstrated that the effect of swirl on flame size, shape, and combustion intensity may be represented by nonisotropic mixing-length and energy-length turbulence models and an eddy-break-up turbulencecontrolled reaction model. Nomenclature A = axial velocity decay parameter a = apparent origin distance B = swirl velocity decay parameter C = constant c — weighted mean specific heat d = nozzle diameter G = axial flux of momentum g = mean square fluctuating component of fuel concentration,

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The relationship of these findings to earlier conflicting studies is discussed in terms of two mechanisms, the first utilizing information to alter and maintain the work pace and the second utilizing the feedback to motivate the subjects to alter their paces.
Abstract: The effect of Knowledge of Results on the performance of female operators engaged on repetitive hand work in industry was investigated over a 40-day period. Significant changes in performance were observed. The relationship of these findings to earlier conflicting studies is discussed in terms of two mechanisms, the first utilizing information to alter and maintain the work pace and the second utilizing the feedback to motivate the subjects to alter their paces.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of recent advances in the modeling of combustor swirl flows can be found in this paper, with the aim being to review the difficulties, discuss developments, demonstrate that useful predictions are already being made, and indicate in what areas further research may be useful.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1974-Wear
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the tolerances given in B.S. 1916 Parts I and II "Limits and Fits for Engineering" with the optimum bearing clearance as calculated on a basis of maximum value for the minimum film thickness.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, a distinction is drawn between subjective service levels (i.e., displayed availability at point-of-purchase/use) and objective service levels, and control procedures to monitor the operational management of service levels decided upon are enumerated and procedures for interpreting customer complaints described.
Abstract: Customer service levels are seen as the linchpin of an effective marketing logistics strategy for any company. Careful consideration is given to the components of customer service and each element is examined to identify its cost and revenue aspects. Segmented customer service policies are reviewed and taxonomic criteria proposed. The trade‐offs within the total logistics mix which are concomitant with changes in service offered are examined. Equally, a distinction is drawn between subjective service levels (i.e., displayed availability at point‐of‐purchase/use) and objective service levels. Control procedures to monitor the operational management of service levels decided upon are enumerated and procedures for interpreting customer complaints described. Experimental approaches are proposed by which managements can seek to move towards more cost effective service policies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of mathematical models of varying complexity which describe the dynamic behaviour of an axial flow compressor as a set of nonlinear differential equations are derived in a systematic way.
Abstract: A series of mathematical models of varying complexity which describe the dynamic behaviour of an axial flow compressor as a set of nonlinear differential equations are derived in a systematic way. These models are justified by comparing their stability with experimental surge data.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: This final chapter is an attempt to bring together those financial aspects of layout which may be called into question after the move has taken place.
Abstract: This final chapter is an attempt to bring together those financial aspects of layout which may be called into question after the move has taken place. Very seldom (except in regard to building erection costs) is a financial limit placed on the estimated cost of a move or layout: the event must take place in the interests of production or continuing business, and the matter of counting the cost will come later.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The face of marketing in the light of today's society has been examined by as discussed by the authors, who suggest that marketing professionals examine closely the social contract governing production and distribution of economic goods and services, in order not to alienate the new mere articulate customer.
Abstract: Looks at the face of marketing in the light of today's society. Suggests that marketing professionals muse examine closely the social contract governing production and distribution of economic goods and services, in order not to alienate the new mere articulate customer.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an approach to channel management which considers all the functions, activities and institutions comprising a distribution channel is presented. But this approach does not consider all influences within a distributive process.
Abstract: Continued inflation at a high rate for some time seems to be inescapable. In this situation management must bring ever closer attention to bear on the issue of cost control, and particularly cost‐benefit analyses of their operations. One activity likely to come under close scrutiny is that of distribution. For some time physical distribution has been subject to rigorous examination in terms of “total” costs and “system/cost benefits”. By expanding the analysis to include channel considerations it is possible to consider all influences within a distributive process. This article therefore seeks to determine an approach to channel management which considers all the functions, activities and institutions comprising a distribution channel.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a growing familiarity by corporate planners and policy makers with the concept of integrated logistics management is becoming apparent on both sides of the Atlantic, however, with this conceptual familiarity comes the practical problems of implementation and many companies are hesitant to introduce the radical changes to existing company structures that the concept demands.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of tests have been carried out to determine the variation of natural frequency of an approximately clamped rectangular plate subject to an increasing amount of lateral distortion, and the experimental results correlate well with existing theory.