Showing papers by "Curtin University published in 1992"
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: u and F (u) are no longer dummies but can be treated as replicas of t and f (t) and can be expressed using same respective units, and therefore one can check the consistency of units of a differential equation even after the Sumudu transform.
Abstract: It is possible to solve differential equations, integral equations, and control engineering problems by a transformation in which the differentiation and integration of f(t) in the t-domain is made equivalent to division and multiplication of F(u) by u in the u-domain. The new transformation which is called the Sumudu transformation possesses many interesting properties which make the visualization of the transformation process easier to a newcomer. Some of the properties of the Sumudu transformation are: (1) The unit-step function in t-domain is transformed to unity in u-domain. (2) Scaling of f (t) in t-domain is equivalent to the scaling of F (u) by the same scale factor, and this is true even for negative scale factors. (3) The limit of f (t) as t tends to zero is equal to the limit of F (u) as u tends to zero. (4) The slope of f (t) at t=0 is equal to the slope of F (u) at u = 0. Thus u and F (u) are no longer dummies but can be treated as replicas of t and f (t) and can be expressed using same respective units, and therefore one can check the consistency of units of a differential equation even after the Sumudu transform.
440 citations
TL;DR: Oscillatory zoning is a common feature in zircons from acid igneous rocks and is believed to form during crystallisation of zirons from a magma by a mechanism which is not yet understood as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Oscillatory zoning is a common feature in zircons from acid igneous rocks and is believed to form during crystallisation of zircons from a magma by a mechanism which is not yet understood. Many zircons with oscillatory zoning also show a patchwork replacement of zoned by unzoned zircon. The unzoned zircon occurs as rounded, transgressive patches distributed throughout the zoned zircon and as areas of transitional replacement where zoned zircon is progressively replaced by unzoned zircon such that only faint traces of original zones remain. This structure is interpreted as a progressive recrystallisation of the oscillatory zoned zircon made unstable by the incorporation of high concentrations of contaminant elements during magmatic crystallisation. Recrystallisation overprints oscillatory zones and appears to have occurred after completion of primary crystallisation. It is accompanied by loss of U, Th and Pb and the removal of oscillatory zones. The recrystallised unzoned zircon is extremely stable with respect to later Pb loss and tends to retain a concordant or slightly discordant U−Pb age. Recrystallisation provides a mechanism for resetting zircon U−Pb ages which is independent of the degree of radiation damage of the zircon lattice. This differs from other models of discordance which involve a leaching of radiogenic Pb as a consequence of a progressive breakdown of the zircon structure through time-integraded radiation damage further enhanced by high concentrations of trace-element contaminants. The U−Pb age of the unzoned zircon may date the recrystallisation event, which may be close to the age of primary crystallisation or reflect a later metamorphism.
439 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report the results of a geochronological and geochemical study of these zircons which, together with data on grain morphology and inclusion mineralogy, are used in an attempt to place constraints on their source rocks.
379 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigated students' understanding of electrochemistry following a 7-9-week course of instruction and found that students' misconceptions were prevalent in relation to the sign of the anode and cathode.
Abstract: This research investigated students' understanding of electrochemistry following a 7–9-week course of instruction. A list of conceptual and propositional knowledge statements was formulated, and this provided the framework for semistructured interviews that were conducted with 32 students in their final year of high school chemistry, following instruction in electrochemistry. Three misconceptions identified in this study and five which have been reported earlier are incorporated into an alternative framework about electric current. The framework is grounded on the notion that a current always involves drifting electrons, even in solution. Another area where students' misconceptions were prevalent was in relation to the sign of the anode and cathode. Students who thought the anode was negatively charged believed cations would move toward it, and those who thought it was positively charged were unable to explain why electrons move away from it. Electrolytic cells also proved troublesome for students. Many students did not associate the positions of the anode and cathode with the polarity of the applied electromotive force (e.m.f.). Other students attempted to reverse features of electrochemical cells and apply the reversals to electrolytic cells. The implications of the research relate to students' interpretation of the language that is used to describe scientific phenomena and the tendency for students to overgeneralize, due to comments made by teachers or statements in textbooks.
198 citations
TL;DR: This article investigated students' understanding of electrochemistry following a course of instruction and found that students studying both physics and chemistry were more confused about current flow in metallic conductors than students who were only studying chemistry.
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate students' understanding of electrochemistry following a course of instruction. A list of conceptual and propositional knowledge statements was formulated to identify the knowledge base necessary for students to understand electric circuits and oxidation-reduction equations. The conceptual and propositional knowledge statements provided the framework for the development of a semistructured interview protocol which was administered to 32 students in their final year of high school chemistry. The interview questions about electric circuits revealed that several students in the sample were confused about the nature of electric current both in metallic conductors and in electrolytes. Students studying both physics and chemistry were more confused about current flow in metallic conductors than students who were only studying chemistry. In the section of the interview which focused on oxidation and reduction, many students experienced problems in identifying oxidation-reduction equations. Several misconceptions relating to the inappropriate use of definitions of oxidation and reduction were identified. The data illustrate how students attempted to make sense of the concepts of electrochemistry with the knowledge they had already developed or constructed. The implications of the research are that teachers, curriculum developers, and textbook writers, if they are to minimize potential misconceptions, need to be cognizant of the relationship between physics and chemistry teaching, of the need to test for erroneous preconceptions about current before teaching about electrochemical (galvanic) and electrolytic cells, and of the difficulties experienced by students when using more than one model to explain scientific phenomena.
186 citations
TL;DR: The paper approaches the problem with an introduction to the concept of strategic information systems and then discusses the particular importance of interorganizational information systems (IOS), together with a discussion of EDI's historical development and the benefits it offers to implementing organizations.
Abstract: This paper defines electronic data interchange (EDI) in terms of its derivation from the wider group of strategic, interorganizational information systems. It discusses the topic from two viewpoints: the nature and derivation of EDI systems and the issues involved in integrating EDI systems into existing organizations, at both the technical and structural levels. The paper approaches the problem with an introduction to the concept of strategic information systems and then discusses the particular importance of interorganizational information systems (IOS). The literature pertaining to EDI is introduced, together with a discussion of EDI's historical development and the benefits it offers to implementing organizations. As an interorganizational information system, EDI is differentiated on the basis of its essentially cooperative role and EDI system integration issues are divided into the technical and organizational.
145 citations
TL;DR: This article examined how science teachers used analogies during their regular teaching routines to enable students to comprehend scientific concepts and found that often they did not differentiate between examples and analogies, though both simple and enriched types were observed in their teaching.
Abstract: The study was designed to examine how science teachers used analogies during their regular teaching routines to enable students to comprehend scientific concepts. A total of 40 lessons taught by seven different teachers were observed and analysed using an interpretive research methodology to develop four generalized observations. In this study the science teachers used few analogies, though both simple and enriched types were observed in their teaching. Interviews following classroom observations revealed that the teachers were knowledgeable about some of the beneficial and detrimental aspects of analogy use, and they considered that they used both analogies and examples as a regular part of their teaching, though it was observed that often they did not differentiate between examples and analogies. The research suggests that effective use of analogies in regular classroom science teaching needs to be based on a well‐prepared teaching repertoire of analogies, using specific content in specific contexts and...
142 citations
TL;DR: For example, White and Gunstone as mentioned in this paper pointed out that students may undergo instruction in an area in science, perform reasonably well in a test on that subject, yet not undergo any meaningful change in their conceptions regarding the phenomena being investigated.
Abstract: Over the past 15 years there has been strong international interest in students' ideas concerning phenomena taught in science. Many of these ideas, which students may have prior to instruction or have developed during instruction, have been well documented in physics content areas such as heat, motion, the particulate nature of matter, and light. If the students' ideas conflict with generally scientifically accepted ideas they are labeled variously as students' conceptions, misconceptions. preconceptions, childrens' science, alternative conceptions, or alternative frameworks depending upon the researcher's view of the nature of knowledge (Gilbert and Watts, 1983). Students' conceptions which are different from the scientifically acceptable ideas are often strongly held, resistant to change, and can hinder further learning (White and Gunstone, 1989). Students may undergo instruction in an area in science, perform reasonably well in a test on that subject, yet not undergo any meaningful change in their conceptions regarding the phenomena being investigated. Indeed, even if a measurable change did occur, in time the learned school science may be forgotten and supplanted by these earlier, firmly held beliefs. The topic of light presented the authors with similar concerns that instruction in the regular high school curriculum resulted in many students constructing knowledge which was not congruent with acceptable scientific understanding.
114 citations
TL;DR: The judgments of eight primary care physicians about alcohol-related problems in 371 of their patients were compared with the patients' responses to the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST) and the CAGE and it is suggested that the SMAST and CAGE are inappropriate screening tools for use in Australian primary care.
Abstract: While primary care has considerable potential as a site for detecting and intervening for alcohol-related problems, few doctors currently identify these problems. The judgments of eight primary care physicians about alcohol-related problems in 371 of their patients were compared with the patients' responses to the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST) and the CAGE. The CAGE classified 11.4% of the patients as alcoholics and the SMAST identified 23.9% as probable alcoholics. However, the doctors identified only a small proportion (7.0%) of their patients as having any level of alcohol-related problem. The doctors did not identify 65.0% of CAGE-defined alcoholics and 82.3% of those patients classified by the SMAST as probable alcoholics. The discrepancy between primary care physician's judgments and the SMAST and CAGE may be attributable to the doctor's failure to identify patients with alcohol-related problems. An alternative explanation is that the SMAST and CAGE are inappropriate screening too...
113 citations
113 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the metamorphic history of the Fortescue Group using whole-rock Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb isochron techniques.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the 1990 measures of job-related well-being and mental health using data from a large sample (N = 3044) of white-collar employees within a large public service organization.
Abstract: Warr's 1990 measures of job-related well-being and mental health are evaluated using data from a large sample (N = 3044) of white-collar employees within a large public service organization. Analyses based on age, gender and job characteristics produced similar findings to those reported by Warr. However, a confirmatory factor analysis failed to find support for the underlying model. Also, exploratory factor analysis pointed to some problems with the mental health scales. Recommendations for the improvement of the measures and modifications to the well-being model follow.
TL;DR: This article conducted an investigation into the attitudes towards business ethics held by two similar groups of United States and Israeli business students in Western Australia and found statistically significant differences in the scores of the original study were noted between nineteen out of thirty of the US and Israeli students in their attitudes toward business ethics.
Abstract: This paper is based on the findings of research into the attitudes towards business ethics of a group of business students in Western Australia. The questionnaire upon which the research was based was originally used by Preble and Reichel (1988) in an investigation they undertook into the attitudes towards business ethics held by two similar groups of United States and Israeli business students. The specific purpose of the current investigation was to administer the same questionnaire with one minor modification to: (1) two groups of Curtin University students; (2) a group of Asian students from the Australian Institute of Business and Technology (AIBT), a privately funded tertiary institution affiliated with Curtin University; and (3) a group of managers from the Australian Institute of Management (AIM), many of whom would not have been university graduates. The questionnaire was preceded by a profile inventory to establish the participant's age, sex, occupation, course of study, whether or not they were born in Australia, their attitudes towards religion, and whether or not they saw themselves as ethically minded persons. In the original questionnaire, Preble and Reichel had asked the US and Israeli students to indicate on a five point scale, their attitudes towards a selection of business ethics situations by reflecting on thirty statements. In the replicate study, the means and standard deviations of each response of the four groups of Western Australian students were calculated and then compared with the means and standard deviations of the US and Israeli students. In summary, statistically significant differences in the scores of the original study were noted between nineteen out of thirty of the US and Israeli students in their attitudes towards business ethics. However, “a closer examination and interpretation showed several of these differences to have little meaning.” (p. 946) The purpose of this current study therefore, was to see if the Curtin, AIBT and AIM students' results were statistically significant (different) to the US and Israeli student scores. The implications of understanding the way a selected group of business students in Western Australia react towards a range of ethical issues ought to have relevance for those involved in developing management education courses, particularly in view of the current economic and business climate. Studies into attitudes towards ethical issues in business have, as yet, received little attention in Australasia. This present study will hopefully lead to more thoughtful discussion of these issues.
TL;DR: In this paper, a pilot study using conjoint analysis was conducted to examine the trade-off nature of cues in a restaurant setting and found that price played a less important role in influencing service expectations and selection than more personal sources of information.
Abstract: Considers the need for research on cues used by consumers in service assessment and selection Reports on a pilot study using conjoint analysis to examine the trade‐off nature of cues in a restaurant setting Reveals that price played a less important role in influencing service expectations and selection than more personal sources of information Notes the effects of low price on service quality expectations Recommends that practitioners conduct a study among their own market segments and offers advice on developing a list of relevant cues
TL;DR: A model of social status which has implications for students both with and without mild academic disabilities in integrated classrooms is discussed, which was found to be related to social status for both groups of students.
Abstract: This article discusses the development and evaluation of a model of social status which has implications for students both with and without mild academic disabilities in integrated classrooms. Behavioral data relating to peer social status were collected from peers, teachers, and independent observers for 97 students with disabilities and 97 without disabilities from the same regular elementary school classes. Path analysis indicated that teachers' attitudes toward integration were not related to the social status of the students with disabilities. However, teacher perceptions of academic behavior, peer perceptions of academic behavior, and peer perceptions of disruptive behavior were found to be related to social status for both groups of students.
TL;DR: It is found that delaying or eliminating the onset of tobacco use and that multiple drug use should be recognized and addressed in health education programmes for youth are important goals of prevention programmes.
Abstract: A Guttman stages of drug use model was confirmed for Australian youth in this systematic household survey of 13-17-year-olds in Perth (n = 1093). The same model held for both sexes and all ages although the model was more efficient for the older youth. General drug use prevalence, expansion of drug repertoire and frequency of use all increased with age. Multiple drug use was prevalent. Marijuana use was not a necessary stage for the progression to other illicit drug use as 29% of current users of other illicit drugs reported never using marijuana. The hazard rate for use of marijuana or other illicit drugs, if one was a current tobacco smoker, was high. Alcohol and tobacco were implicated as important 'gateway' drugs though hazard rates showed tobacco to be the more important of the two. Implications of the study are that delaying or eliminating the onset of tobacco use are important goals of prevention programmes and that multiple drug use should be recognized and addressed in health education programmes for youth.
TL;DR: A novel method for reducing harmonic currents on the AC supply side of a three-phase bridge rectifier by injecting a third harmonic current into the neutral point of the transformer.
Abstract: A novel method for reducing harmonic currents on the AC supply side of a three-phase bridge rectifier is presented. The principle of the method is to modify the current waveforms in the DC windings of the converter transformer by injecting a third harmonic current into the neutral point of the transformer. Passive LC filters connected between the rectifier output and the secondary neutral point act as third harmonic current sources. The effectiveness of the method is confirmed by laboratory recordings. >
TL;DR: A technique is presented that identifies the significant or natural scales in a curve that greatly simplifies any reasoning processes applied to the curve.
TL;DR: The Science Laboratory Environment Inventory (SLEI) as discussed by the authors assesses students' or teachers' perceptions of five dimensions of actual or preferred classroom environment, namely, Student Cohesiveness, Open-Endedness, Integration, Rule Clarity, and Material Environment.
Abstract: A strong tradition in educational research has involved several widely-used instruments assessing student or teacher perceptions of characteristics of actual or preferred classroom psychosocial environment. Existing instruments, however, are unsuitable for one of the most important settings in science teaching, namely, the science laboratory class. Consequently, the present research aimed to develop and validate a new instrument, the Science Laboratory Environment Inventory (SLEI), which is specifically suited to science laboratory environments at the higher education level. The SLEI assesses students' or teachers' perceptions of five dimensions of actual or preferred classroom environment, namely, Student Cohesiveness, Open-Endedness, Integration, Rule Clarity, and Material Environment. A distinctive feature of the design of the study was that the instrument was field tested and validated cross-nationally in six different countries, namely, the USA, Canada, Australia, England, Israel, and Nigeria. The total sample consisted of 1720 students in 71 university laboratory classes. Various item and factor analyses guided the evolution of a refined version, and attested to each SLEI scale's internal consistency reliability, discriminant validity, factorial validity, predictive validity (i.e., ability to predict student outcomes), and ability to differentiate between the perceptions of students in different classes. An important finding was that the SLEI is equally valid for use in its actual and preferred versions, and for the individual or the class mean as the unit of analysis. As well, separate within-country analyses confirmed the validity and usefulness of the SLEI in each of the six countries involved in the field testing. Overall, the study attested to the general advantages of employing cross-national designs in learning environment research.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the benefits of using impromptu writing prompts in first and second-year algebra classes and concluded that the teachers' assessment of students' understanding of school mathematics was enhanced by reading their students' responses to in-class writing prompts.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the benefits to teachers who used impromptu writing prompts in firstand second-year algebra classes. The study attempted to answer two questions: (a) What can teachers learn about their students' understanding of school mathematics from reading their responses to in-class, impromptu writing prompts; and, (b) Are instructional practices influenced as a result of reading students' responses to in-class, impromptu writing prompts? An interpretive research methodology was used to collect and analyze data. The researchers concluded that the teachers' assessment of students' understanding of school mathematics was enhanced by reading their students' responses to impromptu writing prompts, and that the teachers in the study perceived that their instructional practices were influenced as a result of reading their students' responses to impromptu writing prompts.
TL;DR: Using the ion microprobe SHRIMP, the authors of as discussed by the authors have analysed zircons from the Ben Vuirich, Glen Kyllachy, Inchbae, and Vagastie Bridge granites from the Scottish Caledonides, in an attempt to resolve the ages of inherited zirons shown to be present in these granites by previous conventional multigrain analyses.
Abstract: Using the ion microprobe SHRIMP we have analysed zircons from the Ben Vuirich, Glen Kyllachy, Inchbae and Vagastie Bridge granites from the Scottish Caledonides, in an attempt to resolve the ages of inherited zircons shown to be present in these granites by previous conventional multigrain analyses. Middle Proterozoic age components were found in inherited zircons from all four granites. Late Proterozoic (900–1,100 Ma) components have been identified in zircons from the Glen Kyllachy and Ben Vuirich granites in the Grampian Highlands. A Late Archaean age has only been detected in one zircon from the Glen Kyllachy granite. The distribution of inherited components in the granite zircon populations could reflect fundamental divisions in the age composition of granite source rocks; however, detailed assessment of this possibility must await further ion microprobe analyses on zircons from many more granites.SHRIMP isotopic and U, Th and Pb analyses were made on successive shells of zoned zircon surrounding inherited cores from the Glen Kyllachy granite to monitor chemical changes during magmatic zircon growth. Results show that zircon shells have characteristic but significantly different Th, U and Pb concentrations. Magmatic zircon from the Vagastie Bridge granite also forms as clearly defined oscillatory zoned shells around unzoned nuclei of inherited zircon. However, the distinction between magmatic and inherited zircon in zircons from the Inchbae granite is less clear. Zircons from the Ben Vuirich granite occur as euhedral, magmatic zircons, or as rounded, subhedral, inherited zircon grains. A SHRIMP age of 597 ± 11 (2σ) Ma for euhedral magmatic zircon from this granite is identical, within the uncertainty, to the conventional multigrain zircon age of 590 ± 2 (2σ) Ma reported by Rogers et al. (1989) and confirms the conclusions of those authors that sedimentation of the Dalradian sequence took place in the Precambrian.
TL;DR: For example, this article found 40 students from a pool of students who experienced cooperative and individualistic concept mapping experiences for six months and adjudged to be good concept mappers to be significantly more successful in solving three biological problems than 20 subjects who served as control.
Abstract: Problem solving is an enduring issue in science education, ostensibly because science itself is basically concerned with problem solving—exploring the universe and seeking answers to intriguing phenomena in nature. Remarkable strides have been made in psychology about recording the minutiae of problem solving as a cognitive process. Concept mapping, a metalearning tool, is appearing on the scene as a potential pathway for promoting the acquisition of problem‐solving skills. Drawing 40 subjects from a pool of students who experienced cooperative and individualistic concept‐mapping experiences for six months and adjudged to be good concept mappers, this study found the concept‐, mapping group to be significantly more successful in solving three biological problems than 20 subjects who served as control. Written and think‐aloud procedures and interviews were conducted as part of the administration of the Biology Problem Solving Test. No statistically significant difference was found between students...
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure for the analysis of phenols in crude oil was developed, which involves isolation of the phenolic components of crude oil by extraction with alkaline aqueous methanol, followed by the removal of carboxylic acids using a back extraction step.
TL;DR: Nightclubs, taverns and hotels emerged as "high-risk" in comparison with clubs and restaurants in Perth Traffic Police region of Western Australia, with the role of such factors as different customer characteristics, opening hours, types of entertainment, restrictions on clientele and provision of meals discussed.
Abstract: Drink-driving offenses, alcohol-related traffic accidents and number of assault charges were used as indicators of the degree of alcohol-related problems associated with individual licensed premises in the Perth Traffic Police region of Western Australia. These indicators were used to rank five main categories of licensed premises according to the levels of harm experienced by their customers while controlling for the amounts of alcohol sold in each category. Nightclubs, taverns and hotels emerged as "high-risk" in comparison with clubs and restaurants. The role of such factors as different customer characteristics, opening hours, types of entertainment, restrictions on clientele and provision of meals are discussed as possible explanations underlying this finding.
TL;DR: In this article, the isotopic composition of cale-mylonite micro-samples from five sites along the Glarus thrust was determined in order to assess: (1) equilibrium-disequilibrium relationships; (2) isotopic compositions of the fluid phase, its provenance and water/rock ratios; (3) sources of Sr in the calc-Mylonite; (4) deformation temperatures.
Abstract: At the Glarus thrust in the Swiss Helvetic Alps, Permian Verrucano siltstones are allochthonously superimposed over Tertiary Flysch with an intermediate, about 1 metre thin layer of intensively deformed calcmylonite of probable Mesozoic provenance. The H−O−C- and Sr-isotope compositions of minerals from the calc-mylonite and strongly mylonitized Verrucano siltstones were determined in order to assess: (1) equilibrium-disequilibrium relationships; (2) isotopic composition of the fluid phase, its provenance and water/rock ratios; (3) sources of Sr in the calc-mylonite; (4) deformation temperatures. The isotopic composition of cale-mylonite micro-samples from five sites along the thrust varies from 22 to 12‰ and 2 to-10‰ for δ18O and δ13C respectively. All samples are 18O depleted by up to 14‰ relative to the presumed marine Helvetic carbonate protoliths (δ18O=25.4‰±2). A pronounced geographic trend of 18O depletion from 22‰ in the north to 12‰ in the south is observed. In calc-mylonites, 87Sr/86Sr ratios range from typical Mesozoic marine carbonate protolith signatures (0.708±0.005) to more radiogenic values as high as 0.722. A variable contribution of radiogenic 87Sr to the calc-mylonite is though to reflect interaction with fluids that aquired their Sr from the Hercynian granitic basement. Chlorites and muscovites from the calc-mylonite and Verrucano have uniform δ18O values but display δD values from-40 to-147%: the D-enriched values correspond to the primary metamorphic or formational fluids expelled during thrusting, whereas the D-depleted samples reflect selective H-isotope exchange with meteoric fluids during uplift of the Alpine belt. The isotopic composition of the calc-mylonites requires exchange with 18O—depleted, 87Sr—enriched fluids at very high water/rock ratios. Possible sources for these are dewatering of the underlying Flysch and/or metamorphic fluids, or formation brines expelled along the thrust from greater depth. These could be derived from compaction and dewatering of the Flysch in the northern part of the thrust; in the south, however, where Verrucano is thrust over 18O-rich Mesozoic carbonates, the extreme 18O depletion of the calc-mylonite has to be explained either by fluid advection within the Verrucano hanging wall and thrust zone or alternatively by exchange with metamorphic fluids from greater depth, expelled along the thrust. Microstructural evidence (abundant veins, stylolites, breccias) suggests that fluids played an important role in deformation and strain localization. Excepting albite all major components (quartz, chlorite, muscovite, calcite) are both dynamically recrystallized and crystallized as secondary minerals in pressure shadows and syn-mylonitic veins, indicating that these minerals were potentially open to oxygen isotopic exchange during alpine metamorphism and thrust deformation. Within the mylonitized Verrucano silstones, isolated quartz-chlorite and quartz-calcite fractionations yield temperatures of around 320°C close to values obtained from calcite-dolomite thermometry (355°C±30) and in agreement with the regional lower greenschist facies metamorphism. Quartz-calcite and quartz-albite fractionations indicate slightly lower temperatures around 250°C, owing to selective lower temperature re-equilibration of the calcite and albite during post peak metamorphism.
TL;DR: In this paper, the benefits of manual therapy for chronic back pain and manipulation in the treatment of the acute painful locked back were discussed, together with the problems associated with working or recreational postures involving prolonged loading at or near the limit of joint range of motion.
Abstract: Manual therapy, with its emphasis on joint movement and exercise, has become increasingly important for the treatment of pain and dysfunction of the musculoskeletal system. The rationale used to explain the success of manual therapy has changed radically in recent years. Early explanations, which included concepts such as adjusting joint subluxations, restoring bony alignment, and reducing nuclear protrusion, have been shown to have no basis in fact. Current biological research shows the value of movement in maintaining the health and strength of collagenous, muscular, and bony tissues and emphasizes the need for joint movement and for relatively high levels of activity throughout the life cycle. The musculoskeletal system thrives on stress and movement and reacts adversely to prolonged rest or immobilization. The problems associated with working or recreational postures involving prolonged loading at or near the limit of joint range of motion are considered together with a rationale for appropriate therapeutic management. Explanations are provided to enable an understanding of the success of intensive physical therapy for chronic back pain and for manipulation in the treatment of the acute painful locked back.
TL;DR: The principle that an edge-evaluation measure should have certain qualitative properties is used to develop a method for combining these error components into a single combined measure.
TL;DR: The results of this study have implications for the efficacy of educational campaigns designed to encourage safe and responsible drinking practices through the monitoring of personal intake and the design and administration of alcohol consumption questionnaires.
Abstract: The term 'standard drink' is commonly used when researchers collect alcohol consumption data and when educators create campaigns to encourage people to drink responsibly. However, little is known about community knowledge of the term 'standard drink' or what it represents in terms of what people are drinking in their own homes or on unlicensed premises. This study measured the amounts of a variety of alcoholic beverages that a sample of Perth metropolitan people use when drinking on unlicensed premises. The level of knowledge of the alcohol content of a variety of beverages and the knowledge of the term standard drink and what it represents in terms of commonly consumed beverages was also measured. The results showed that knowledge of the alcohol content of beverages was very poor. Knowledge of the term standard drink and what it represents in terms of absolute alcohol was also poor. Regarding the amounts of beverages poured, red and white wine, champagne and spirits are likely to be poured in amounts well in excess of a standard drink when people are drinking in their own homes. The results of this study have implications for the efficacy of educational campaigns designed to encourage safe and responsible drinking practices through the monitoring of personal intake. Before these can be effective, the terminology used must be familiar and well understood by the community towards which they are aimed. The results also discussed with respect to the design and administration of alcohol consumption questionnaires.
TL;DR: The results showed that germination of lupin seeds reduced the concentration of the anti-nutritive factors; however, it also reduced protein quality.
Abstract: The chemical composition and protein quality of the kernels from Lupinus angustifolius seeds were compared with that for sprouts after 6 days germination. Germination resulted in an apparent increase in protein content from 395 g kg−1 to 435 g kg−1 DM. Fat and carbohydrate contents decreased. The oligosaccharide content of the sprouted lupin fell to a negligible level, while the phytate and alkaloid concentrations fell from 4.7 g kg−1 to 1.6 g kg−1 and from 0.72 g kg−1 to 0.16 g kg−1, respectively.
The quality of lupin kernel protein was poor with a protein efficiency ratio (PER) of 1.45±0.15. Supplementation of kernel with DL-methionine (2.0 g kg−1) increased the protein quality (PER = 2.87±0.17) to that of casein (PER = 2.86±0.18). Germination reduced protein quality (PER = 0.44±0.16), and did not improve apparent protein digestibility (APD kernel = 80.4%; APD sprout = 77.5%). Supplementation of sprout protein with DL-methionine (2.0 g kg−1) increased the protein quality (PER = 2.57±0.20). The total sulphur-containing amino acid concentration of lupin kernel protein, 1.9 g per 16 g N was low, and decreased further to 1.3 g per 16 g N in the sprout, a drop of 32%.
The results showed that germination of lupin seeds reduced the concentration of the anti-nutritive factors; however, it also reduced protein quality.