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Showing papers by "Dartmouth College published in 1988"


Journal ArticleDOI
27 May 1988-Science
TL;DR: Because T cell clonal proliferation after antigen challenge is obligatory for immune responsiveness and immune memory, the IL-2-T cell system has opened the way to a molecular understanding of phenomena that are fundamental to biology, immunology, and medicine.
Abstract: Interleukin-2 (IL-2), the first of a series of lymphocytotrophic hormones to be recognized and completely characterized, is pivotal for the generation and regulation of the immune response. A T lymphocyte product, IL-2 also stimulates T cells to undergo cell cycle progression via a finite number of interactions with its specific membrane receptors. Because T cell clonal proliferation after antigen challenge is obligatory for immune responsiveness and immune memory, the IL-2-T cell system has opened the way to a molecular understanding of phenomena that are fundamental to biology, immunology, and medicine.

2,140 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1988-Chest
TL;DR: The results show that the BDI, MRC scale, and OCD provide significantly related measures of Dyspnea, and the clinical ratings of dyspnea correlate significantly with physiologic parameters of lung function; and breathlessness may be related to the pathophysiology of the specific respiratory disease.

1,374 citations


Book
01 Dec 1988
TL;DR: Reprint of entire volume Discrete probability distributions ( chapter 1) Continuous probability densities ( chapter 2) Combinatorics ( chapter 3) Conditional probability ( chapter 4) Important distributions and densities( chapter 5) Expected value and variance ( chapter 6) Sums of independent random variables ( chapter 7)
Abstract: Reprint of entire volume Discrete probability distributions (Chapter 1) Continuous probability densities (Chapter 2) Combinatorics (Chapter 3) Conditional probability (Chapter 4) Important distributions and densities (Chapter 5) Expected value and variance (Chapter 6) Sums of independent random variables (Chapter 7) Law of large numbers (Chapter 8) Central limit theorem (Chapter 9) Generating functions (Chapter 10) Markov chains (Chapter 11) Random walks (Chapter 12) Appendices Index.

1,081 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on what is perhaps the most critical aspect of strategy implementation in large multibusiness organizations: recognizing that different business units within the same corporation often pursue different strategies and that the administrative mechanisms that corporate headquarters use to manage those businesses should differ.
Abstract: This study focused on what is perhaps the most critical aspect of strategy implementation in large, multibusiness organizations: recognizing that different business units within the same corporation often pursue different strategies and that the administrative mechanisms that corporate headquarters use to manage those businesses should differ. This study compared the results of bivariate and systems approaches to fit. Implications of the results for theory development and managerial practice are discussed.

890 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the coping mechanisms employees used to adapt to a major organizational transition and found that perceived uncertainty and fears about the impact of the transition were related to employee stress.
Abstract: This article examines the coping mechanisms employees used to adapt to a major organizational transition. Research was conducted to assess both coping resources and coping responses. The sample consisted of employees of the Bell Telephone System who had to cope with the company's recent divestiture. The results of a multivariate analysis suggest that perceived uncertainty and fears about the impact of the transition were related to employee stress. This relationship was only moderately affected by the coping mechanisms. Feelings of personal control and the ability to tolerate ambiguity were linked with improved stress levels, whereas active attempts to structure the situation by obtaining information and feedback either failed to affect or actually increased stress levels. The author concludes with implications of this research for the management of change.

517 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using a two-stage case identification process, patients from a rural primary care practice were assessed for psychiatric disorders over a 15-month period, finding that suggests restricted usefulness of specialty-based categories for the range of clinical presentations in primary care.
Abstract: • Using a two-stage case identification process, patients from a rural primary care practice were assessed for psychiatric disorders (Research Diagnostic Criteria [RDC] categories) over a 15-month period. The prevalence of all psychiatric disorders was 26.5%; 10.0% were specific RDC depressive disorders, and 5.3% were disorders without depression, usually anxiety related. Another 11.2% of patients were thought to have a disorder with significant depressive symptomatology that could not be classified into a specific depressive disorder category, a finding that suggests restricted usefulness of specialty-based categories for the range of clinical presentations in primary care. The relationship of demographic variables to specific disorders was examined; there were age, sex, and marital status differences in the rates for certain disorders, although these findings need replication using large patient samples. The prevalence findings emphasize the need for research on outcome and treatment response for depression presentations in primary care.

513 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
James P. Walsh1
TL;DR: Results indicate that turnover rates in acquired top management teams are significantly higher than ‘normal’ turnover rates, and that visible, very senior executives are likely to turn over sooner than their less-visible colleagues.
Abstract: Little is known about the effects of a merger or an acquisition on an acquired company's management team. This research follows the employment status of target companies' top managers for 5 years from the date of acquisition. Results indicate that turnover rates in acquired top management teams are significantly higher than ‘normal’ turnover rates, and that visible, very senior executives are likely to turn over sooner than their less-visible colleagues. Variations in top management turnover rates, however, are not accounted for by type of acquisition (i.e. related or unrelated).

495 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
James P. Walsh1
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of managers' entire work histories, their belief structures, and three indexes of information processing in an ill-structured decision situation is presented. But, contrary to prevailing belief about managers' information processing limitations, the managers in this investigation did not emerge as simple-minded information processors.
Abstract: Dearborn and Simon's evidence of departmental bias in problem identification has prompted a scholarly concern about managers' information-processing capabilities. Through measures of managers' entire work histories, their belief structures, and three indexes of information processing in an ill-structured decision situation, the present research conceptually replicated and extended Dearborn and Simon's early work.’ Contrary to prevailing belief about managers' information-processing limitations, the managers in this investigation did not emerge as simple-minded information processors.

474 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors defined the former relative positions and motions of the plates whose motions have controlled the geological evolution of the Caribbean region and defined the poles of rotation defining the approximate spreading histories of the central North and the South Atlantic oceans.

372 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There is strong evidence that rotifers cannot become abundant members of freshwater zooplankton communities in the presence of large Daphnia, and small cladocerans generally do not mechanically interfere withRotifers, are less likely to deplete food resources, are themselves more likely to be suppressed by exploitative competition with rotifer, and usually are more susceptible to invertebrate predation.
Abstract: There is strong evidence that rotifers cannot become abundant members of freshwater zooplankton communities in the presence of large (z 1.2 mm) Daphnia. Indirect evidence comes from field observations and experiments showing that rotifers are replaced by Daphnia in seasonal successions, that rotifers are much Jess common in communities with than without Daphnia, and that the experimental addition of zooplanktivorous fish causes the removal of Daphnia and a simultaneous increase in rotifer abundance, while the experimental removal of fish has just the opposite effect. Direct evidence comes from field experiments showing that the removal of Daphnia from communities causes a marked increase in the fertility and abundance of rotifers, and from laboratory experiments showing that Daphnia can kill and rapidly exclude rotifers in mixed-species cultures. Rotifers are suppressed by large Daplznia both through exploitative competition for shared, Iimiting food resources and through mechanical interference. This interference can cause high mortality rates on susceptible rotifer species, even at low (1-5 ind. liter–]) Daphtzia densities and should affect the species structure of rotifers able to coexist with Daphnia in natural communities. Rotifers seem to be much less inhibited by small (S 1.2 mm) cladocerans and often co-occur with them at high densities in natural communities in the absence of large Daphnia. There are several reasons why small c[adocerans are less likely than large Daphnia to competitively suppress rotifers: small cladocerans generally do not mechanically interfere with rotifers, are less likely to deplete food resources, are themselves more likely to be suppressed by exploitative competition with rotifers, and usually are more susceptible to invertebrate predation. High rotifer abundance in the absence of Daphnia competition may have an important secondary effect in natural communities —the development of populations of invertebrate predators dependent on rotifer prey.

Book
Anna C. Salter1
01 Jun 1988
TL;DR: Pithers et al. as discussed by the authors discussed the role of the spouse and child in the treatment of child sexual abuse, and proposed a method of enhancing maintenance of change in Sex Offenders.
Abstract: PART ONE: OCCURRENCE OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE: PREVALENCE AND RESPONSIBILITY Prevalence The Case Against the Victim and Nonoffending Family Members The Role of the Offender The Role of the Spouse and Child PART TWO: PHILOSOPHY AND STRUCTURE Philosophy of Treatment Programs Structuring a Response to Child Sexual Abuse - William M Young PART THREE: OFFENDER ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT Differences in Treating Child Sex Offenders and Other Clients Offender Denial Offender Treatment Relapse Prevention - William D Pithers et al A Method of Enhancing Maintenance of Change in Sex Offenders Measuring the Offender's Progress in Treatment Offender Assessment PART FOUR: SPOUSE AND VICTIM ISSUES Spouse and Victim Treatment Victim Identification and Behavior of Sexually Abused Children Conclusions

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Premorbid social stability, especially stable employment history, proved a more effective predictor of long-term outcome than the severity or chronicity of addiction.
Abstract: Summary This article reviews the treatment history of 100 hospital-treated heroin addicts and 100 hospital-treated alcohol-dependent individuals. The two cohorts were prospectively followed for 20 and 12 years respectively and factors related to relapse and freedom from relapse were sought. Premorbid social stability, especially stable employment history, proved a more effective predictor of long-term outcome than the severity or chronicity of addiction. Inpatient treatment exerted little effect on long-term course. For both samples, encountering one or more of the following—community compulsory supervision, a substitute dependence, new relationships, and inspirational group membership—appeared associated with freedom from relapse. The challenge of preventing relapse in diabetes is offered as a useful analogy for preventing relapse in the addictions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that displacement from the true vanishing point is due to a high-level cognitive mechanism capable of utilizing knowledge about probable target location.
Abstract: The judged vanishing point of a target traveling along a vertical or horizontal trajectory at uniform velocity was examined. In Experiments 1 and 2, subjects indicated the vanishing point by positioning a cross hair. Judged vanishing point was displaced forward in the direction of motion, and the magnitude of the displacement increased with the apparent velocity of the target. Displacement was greater for horizontal than for vertical motion. In Experiment 3, similar patterns were found using a forced-choice paradigm. Experiments 4 and 5 assessed the role of knowledge of the target’s likely behavior. In Experiment 4, the target bounced within the confines of a square frame. Judged vanishing point was displaced in the anticipated direction, even 9 when the anticipated direction was opposite to the current path of motion. Experiment 5 was a control experiment that ruled out the presence of the frame as the sole cause for displacement. The results suggest that displacement from the true vanishing point is due to a high-level cognitive mechanism capable of utilizing knowledge about probable target location.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For non-small-cell lung cancer, socio-economic as well as medical factors determine treatment and it is concluded that privately insured and married patients were more aggressively treated and did not survive longer after diagnosis.
Abstract: We reviewed 1808 hospital charts representing virtually all patients given a diagnosis of non-small-cell lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont between 1973 and 1976 and found that the treatment of patients varied according to their marital status, medical insurance coverage, and proximity to a cancer-treatment center. Patients were more likely to be treated with surgery if they were married (odds ratio, 1.67; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.08 to 2.57) or had private medical insurance (1.52; 1.03 to 2.26). Among patients who did not have surgery, those with private insurance were more likely to receive another form of anticancer therapy--either radiation or chemotherapy (1.57; 1.18 to 2.09). Residing farther from a cancer-treatment center was associated with a greater chance of having surgery. Patients 75 years of age and older were less likely to have surgery (0.16; 0.08 to 0.35) or any other tumor-directed therapy (0.32; 0.19 to 0.54). The relation between the type of treatment and a patient's characteristics was not based on apparent differences in tumor stage or functional status, although both these factors were also strongly predictive of the type of treatment. Despite the fact that privately insured and married patients were more aggressively treated, they did not survive longer after diagnosis. We conclude that for non-small-cell lung cancer, socio-economic as well as medical factors determine treatment.

Journal ArticleDOI
27 May 1988-JAMA
TL;DR: It is concluded that patient preferences should be the dominant factor in the decision whether to recommend prostatectomy, and immediate surgery was favored with a net utility benefit when adjustments were made for quality of life.
Abstract: The rate of resection for benign prostatic hypertrophy shows considerable variability among small geographic areas. To help inform the decision to recommend prostatectomy to men with prostatism without signs of chronic retention, we performed a decision analysis to compare the expected outcomes with immediate transurethral resection and watchful waiting. Data used in the model originated from the medical literature, Medicare claims data, and patient interview studies. In our base-case analysis for 70-year-old men, immediate surgery resulted in the loss of 1.01 months of life expectancy, but when adjustments were made for quality of life, immediate surgery was favored with a net utility benefit of 2.94 quality-adjusted life-months. However, the analysis was particularly sensitive to the degree of disutility attributed to the index symptoms of prostatism. We conclude that patient preferences should be the dominant factor in the decision whether to recommend prostatectomy. (JAMA1988;259:3010-3017)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a class of models indexed by two shape parameters is introduced, both to extend the scope of the standard logistic model to asymmetric probability curves and improve the fit in the noncentral probability regions.
Abstract: A class of models indexed by two shape parameters is introduced, both to extend the scope of the standard logistic model to asymmetric probability curves and improve the fit in the noncentral probability regions. One-parameter subclasses can be used to examine symmetric or asymmetric deviations from the logistic model. The delta algorithm is adapted to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. A review is made of other proposed generalizations. The standard linear logistic model is widely used for modeling the dependence of binary data on explanatory variables. Its success is due to its broad applicability, simplicity of form, and ease of interpretation. This model works well for many common applications; however, it assumes that the expected probability curve μ(η) is skew-symmetric about μ = ½ and that the shape of μ(η) is the cumulative distribution function of the logistic distribution. Symmetric data with a shallower or steeper slope of ascent may not be fitted well by this model...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presented results of an analysis of New England employment growth from 1939 to 1984, using U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data, which they termed dynamic shift-share analysis, also allowing unusual years and years of economic transition to be identified, which is important when the study period is characterized by either large changes in regional industrial mix or major differences between regional and national growth rates.
Abstract: Most applications of shift-share analysis to regional employment change have used a study period of several years and have examined conditions only at the beginning and end years. This comparative static approach does not take into account the continuous changes in both industrial mix and size of total employment of the region over the study period. Calculating the national growth effect, the industrial mix effect, and the competitive effect on an annual basis and then summing the results over the study period provides a more accurate allocation of job changes among the three shift-share effects. This approach, which we term dynamic shift-share analysis, also allows unusual years and years of economic transition to he identified. We illustrate the use of dynamic shift-share by presenting results of an analysis of New England employment growth from 1939 to 1984, using U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data. The use of the dynamic form of shift-share is important when the study period is characterized by either large changes in regional industrial mix or major differences between regional and national growth rates.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined 713 product decisions made by 29 firms in a simulated business environment and found that these structural properties are systematically related to product and firm performance, including realized coverage and realized consensus.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The complexity of sets formed by boolean operations (union, intersection, and complement) on NP sets are studied, showing that in some relativized worlds the boolean hierarchy is infinite, and that for every k there is a relativization world in which the Boolean hierarchy extends exactly k levels.
Abstract: In this paper, we study the complexity of sets formed by boolean operations (union, intersection, and complement) on NP sets. These are the sets accepted by trees of hardware with NP predicates as leaves, and together these form the boolean hierarchy.We present many results about the structure of the boolean hierarchy: separation and immunity results, natural complete languages, and structural asymmetries between complementary classes.We show that in some relativized worlds the boolean hierarchy is infinite, and that for every k there is a relativized world in which the boolean hierarchy extends exactly k levels. We prove natural languages, variations of VERTEX COVER, complete for the various levels of the boolean hierarchy. We show the following structural asymmetry: though no set in the boolean hierarchy is ${\text{D}}^{\text{P}} $-immune, there is a relativized world in which the boolean hierarchy contains ${\text{coD}}^{\text{P}} $-immune sets.Thus, this paper explores the structural properties of the...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that among those using any mental health services, factors affecting use of the two sectors differ, and indicators of need have the strongest relationships with utilization, the effects of predisposing and enabling factors are contingent upon the presence of need.
Abstract: This study compares the extent to which need, predisposing, and enabling factors affect the use of mental health services in the specialty and general medical health sectors during a 6-month period. Data are drawn from the first wave of interviews of the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) project at the Yale University site. The results indicate that 1) in the general population, factors affecting use of the two sectors differ; 2) among those using any mental health services, factors affecting use of the two sectors differ; 3) indicators of need have the strongest relationships with utilization; and 4) the effects of predisposing and enabling factors are contingent upon the presence of need.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an econometric technique for estimating the single firm residual demand curve that does not require the estimation of demand cross-elasticities is presented, where an instrumental variables technique is employed, using firm-individuated factor prices to identify firm specific residual demand.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The relaxed heap is a priority queue data structure that achieves the same amortized time bounds as the Fibonacci heap—a sequence of m decrease_key and n delete_min operations takes time O(m + n log n).
Abstract: The relaxed heap is a priority queue data structure that achieves the same amortized time bounds as the Fibonacci heap—a sequence of m decrease_key and n delete_min operations takes time O(m + n log n). A variant of relaxed heaps achieves similar bounds in the worst case—O(1) time for decrease_key and O(log n) for delete_min. Relaxed heaps give a processor-efficient parallel implementation of Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm, and hence other algorithms in network optimization. A relaxed heap is a type of binomial queue that allows heap order to be violated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a hierarchy of work force reduction strategies and a series of propositions focusing on organizational and environmental variables that influence the managerial choice of WF reduction strategies are presented, and evaluated.
Abstract: Declining organizations frequently, sometimes necessarily, reduce their work forces. This paper introduces a hierarchy of work force reduction strategies and advances a series of propositions focusing on organizational and environmental variables that influence the managerial choice of work force reduction strategies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The finding that these anxiolytic agents attenuate both conditional responses suggests that the freezing and analgesia are mediated by a common fearlike process.
Abstract: When rats are placed in a situation that has come to be associated with footshock through the process of Pavlovian conditioning, they react with the species-specific defensive response of freezing and a reduction in sensitivity to painful stimulation. In the present experiments, the effects of three benzodiazepines on both of these responses were examined. Pain sensitivity was measured with the formalin test. Concurrent observations of formalin-induced recuperative behavior and freezing were recorded while the animals were in the presence of shock-associated contextual stimuli. It was found that midazolam (Experiments 1 and 2), chlordiazepoxide (Experiment 3), and diazepam (Experiment 4) were capable of significantly attenuating the conditional analgesia. Midazolam and diazepam also reduced the freezing response. The finding that these anxiolytic agents attenuate both conditional responses suggests that the freezing and analgesia are mediated by a common fearlike process.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The conclusion is drawn that local bone ingrowth cannot ensure a general freedom from pain, especially with partially coated prostheses, as indications of pain and looseness are evidence that fibrous tissue ingrowth alone is not always sufficient to ensure stability.
Abstract: The host response to porous-coated prostheses appears favorable; there is little evidence of any adverse tissue response or significant osteoclastic activity except in grossly loose specimens While the nature of retrieval specimens makes any statistical correlation problematic, some generalizations can be made Femoral hip prostheses are most likely to present bone ingrowth along the lateral quadrant of their porous coating The frequency of bone ingrowth of femoral components was nearly twice that of acetabular devices Pore size, geometry, and porous-coating composition did not appear to influence the appearance of bone and fibrous tissue ingrowth Direct bonding of bone to the uncoated portion of the prosthesis was rarely seen and occurred only in closest proximity to the porous-coated regions Indications of pain and looseness are evidence that fibrous tissue ingrowth alone is not always sufficient to ensure stability Additionally, some bone-ingrown prostheses were retrieved because of pain, which leads to the conclusion that local bone ingrowth cannot ensure a general freedom from pain, especially with partially coated prostheses Bone and fibrous tissue response to the porous coatings generally consists of interdigitation, while the response to uncoated regions is fibrous tissue encapsulation Burnishing the distal tips of many of the partially coated femoral prostheses is an indication of relative motion in that region, which may be a potential source of pain

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article present a commentary on the paper "Conceptualizing and measuring organizational and psychological climate: Pitfalls in multilevel research,” by W. H. Glick.
Abstract: The article presents a commentary on the paper “Conceptualizing and measuring organizational and psychological climate: Pitfalls in multilevel research,” by W. H. Glick. The authors note that Glick's paper contains some inconsistencies. They explain that it is difficult to understand how Glick defined organizational climate (OC) as a nonpsychological, organizational variable that is different from a shared assignment of psychological meaning. The authors contend that methodological discussion and decisions should follow questions such as whether it makes sense to aggregate a psychological variable to a situational level of analysis.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The results indicate that Fc gamma RI plays a major but not exclusive role in the regulation of ADCC and phagocytosis by IFN-gamma and DEX.
Abstract: Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) normally express two distinct types of IgG Fc gamma R, the 40-kDa Fc gamma R referred to as Fc gamma RII and the low affinity 50- to 70-kDa Fc gamma R designated Fc gamma RIII. A third type of Fc gamma R, the 72-kDa high affinity receptor known as Fc gamma RI, is also detectable on PMN that have been activated by IFN-gamma. Using mAb that discriminate among the three known types of Fc gamma R, we examined the effects of IFN-gamma and glucocorticoids on human PMN Fc gamma R expression. We also studied effects of IFN-gamma and the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) on antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) of chicken erythrocytes and phagocytosis of IgG-coated ox RBC by human PMN. In 20 donors studied, we found that treatment of PMN with 400 U/ml IFN-gamma induced a 9- to 20-fold increase in the number of Fc gamma RI sites per cell, and DEX inhibited this induction of Fc gamma RI by 39 to 73%. Similarly, DEX significantly reduced the IFN-gamma stimulation of ADCC and phagocytosis. IFN-gamma had no effect on expression of Fc gamma RII or Fc gamma RIII. Fc gamma RI and Fc gamma RII expression was unaltered by 24 h of treatment with DEX alone, but Fc gamma RIII expression was sometimes increased by about 20% on PMN cultured with DEX. Nevertheless, we found a small but significant inhibition of ADCC and phagocytosis by 200 nM DEX. Our results indicate that Fc gamma RI plays a major but not exclusive role in the regulation of ADCC and phagocytosis by IFN-gamma and DEX.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1988-Geology
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that a 1 km offset of the basement acted as a buttress that caused the central Salt Range-Potwar Plateau thrust sheet to ramp to the surface, exposing Mesozoic and Paleozoic strata.
Abstract: The Salt Range is the active frontal thrust zone of the Himalaya in Pakistan. Seismic reflection data show that a 1 km offset of the basement acted as a buttress that caused the central Salt Range-Potwar Plateau thrust sheet to ramp to the surface, exposing Mesozoic and Paleozoic strata. The frontal part of the thrust sheet was folded passively as it overrode the subthrust surface on a ductile layer of Eocambrian salt. Lack of internal deformation of the rear part of the thrust sheet is due to decoupling of sediments from the basement along this salt layer. Early to middle Pliocene (~4.5 Ma) conglomerate deposition in the southern Potwar Plateau, previously interpreted in terms of compressional deformation, may instead document uplift related to basement normal faulting. Stratigraphic evidence, paleomagnetic dating of unconformities, and sediment-accumulation rates suggest that the thrust sheet began to override the basement offset from 2.1 to 1.6 Ma. Cross-section balancing demonstrates at least 20 to 23 km of shortening across the ramp. The rate of Himalayan convergence that can be attributed to underthrusting of Indian basement beneath sediments in the Pakistan foreland is therefore at least 9-14 mm/yr, about 20%-35% of the total plate convergence rate.