Showing papers by "Dartmouth College published in 1990"
1,362 citations
TL;DR: A review of the cross-cultural training literature is presented in this paper, and it is determined that cross-culture training in general is effective, and a theoretical framework based on social learning theory is proposed for understanding past research and for guiding future research.
Abstract: Increased internationalization in the economic, political, and social arenas has led to greater interpersonal cross-cultural contact. Because much of this contact has not been successful, cross-cultural training has been proposed by many scholars as a means of facilitating more effective interaction. A review of the cross-cultural training literature is presented, and it is determined that cross-cultural training in general is effective. The article also offers a theoretical framework based on social learning theory for understanding past research and for guiding future research; this is important because in this context variables seem to operate differently in international versus domestic areas.
1,273 citations
TL;DR: Fama and Jensen as discussed by the authors argued that the individual owner has little interest in conducting, or even closely monitoring, the day-to-day activities in all of the firms in which he or she has a financial interest.
Abstract: Managers of contemporary publicly held organisations typically are not the owners. Rather, a specialisation of responsibilities has evolved whereby managers coordinate activities within the firm and position it appropriately in its competitive environment; the owners of the firm bear financial risk in the hope of retaining the difference between the firm’s productive cash-flows and the outflows of its promised payments (Fama and Jensen 1983a, 1983b). As the firm’s owners would suffer tremendous financial losses if the firm failed, they tend to diversify their holdings across a variety of firms as a hedge against such a possibility. As a result, the individual owner has little interest in conducting, or even closely monitoring, the day-to-day activities in all of the firms in which he or she has a financial interest (Fama 1980). The owners hire boards of directors who, in turn, hire managers to perform these duties.
1,169 citations
TL;DR: A framework to show how results have been generalized starting with a basic model that contains symmetric penalties, one machine and a common due date is provided and such features as parallel machines, complex penalty functions and distinct due dates are added.
Abstract: We consider the problem of scheduling n jobs to minimize the total earliness and tardiness penalty. We review the literature on this topic, providing a framework to show how results have been generalized starting with a basic model that contains symmetric penalties, one machine and a common due date. To this base we add such features as parallel machines, complex penalty functions and distinct due dates. We also consolidate many of the existing results by proving general forms of two key properties of earliness/tardiness models.
979 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of cell death induced by cisplatin in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines suggests that, irrespective of the primary site of action of a drug, cell death by most pharmacologic agents is mediated by activation of the signal transduction pathway for apoptosis.
895 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationships among control systems, resource sharing, and competitive strategies and their interactive effects on business units in diversified firms, focusing on business unit (SBUs).
Abstract: Focusing on business units (SBUs) in diversified firms, this study investigated the relationships among control systems, resource sharing, and competitive strategies and their interactive effects o...
691 citations
TL;DR: Possible relationships between the non-telomeric distribution of the (TTAGGG)n sequence and the process of karyotype evolution, during which these sites may provide potential new telomeres are discussed.
Abstract: The intrachromosomal distribution of non-telomeric sites of the (TTAGGG)n telomeric repeat was determined for 100 vertebrate species. The most common non-telomeric location of this sequence was in the pericentric regions of chromosomes. A variety of species showed relatively large amounts of this sequence present within regions of constitutive heterochromatin. We discuss possible relationships between the non-telomeric distribution of the (TTAGGG)n sequence and the process of karyotype evolution, during which these sites may provide potential new telomeres.
587 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Bowman et al. measured the focus of top managers on their external (input and output) and internal (internal and external) environments and found that managers of surviving firms pay equal attention to the internal and external environment and more attention to output environment than to the input environment.
Abstract: The authors would like to thank Edward Bowman, Rohit Deshpande, Jane Dutton, Leonard Greenhalgh, Robert Gunther, Donald Hambrick, Murray Low, Marshall Meyer, Gerald Salancik, Debra Shapiro, Robert Sutton, James P. Walsh, and Richard Woodman for their insightful comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this paper. The authors would also like to thank Donald Hambrick for his substantial help as a judge in the matched-pair selection process. We also thank Julia Andrew, Sunil Gupta, Tom Middleton, Carmen Ortiz, Brooke Stallworth, and Mary Beth Stone for their consistently thorough content coding of the letters. We also thank the Columbia University Strategy Research Center, the Business Foundation of North Carolina, Inc., and Amos Tuck School, Dartmouth College, for their support of this study. A special debt of gratitude is owed to Patricia Luciani of Mobley-Luciani Associates in New York City for her funding of the content analysis. This project would have been impossible without her patience, constant moral support, and enthusiasm for our two-year data collection effort. This exploratory study of 57 bankrupt firms and 57 matched survivors compared senior managers' letters to shareholders during demand-decline crises to see which aspects of the environment they pay attention to. Through content analysis of the letters from the five years preceding the bankruptcy of the failed firm in each pair, we measured the focus of top managers on their external (input and output) and internal environments. Results indicate that under normal circumstances managers of surviving firms pay equal attention to the internal and external environment and more attention to the output environment than to the input environment. When a crisis of demand decline occurs, they pay more attention to the critical aspects of their external environment. In contrast, managers of failing firms deny or ignore output factors during crisis and pay more attention to the input and internal environments. The results are consistent with the normative strategy literature's hypothesis that successful firms attend to critical success factors related to the output environment (e.g., customer needs and demand growth) and the decline literature's hypothesis that failing firms deny crises and avoid focusing on long-term problems because of short-run resource constraints and threat-rigidity response. These results are not predicted by previous studies of self-serving attributions in letters to shareholders.'
584 citations
TL;DR: The purpose of this review is to explain the protonmotive Q cycle, one of the most important mechanisms of cellular energy transduction, found in a phylogenetically diverse range of organisms.
579 citations
TL;DR: Case managers' ratings were more sensitive measures of current alcohol use disorders than research interviews, suggesting that schizophrenic patients may be particularly vulnerable to negative effects of alcohol.
Abstract: Alcohol use disorders are common comorbid conditions in schizophrenia, and their presence is associated with poor adjustment and poor treatment response. Standard alcohol assessment instruments have not been validated for use with schizophrenic patients, and several authors have questioned the validity of these patients' self-reports. A reliable and valid screening procedure for assessing alcohol use is needed. The present study used the following three methods to evaluate a rural sample of 75 outpatients with DSM-III-R schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: (1) clinical records; (2) research interviews using standard alcohol assessment instruments; and (3) case managers' ratings. In addition, consensus diagnoses, determined by combining information from all three methods with intensive case reviews, were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the other approaches. As expected, clinical evaluations frequently missed alcohol problems. Research interviews and case managers' ratings differentiated between alcoholic and nonalcoholic schizophrenic patients and were highly correlated. Case managers' ratings, which incorporated longitudinal observations of behavior and collateral reports as well as interview data, were more sensitive measures of current alcohol use disorders than research interviews. Subjects frequently manifested alcohol-related problems that interfered with community adjustment without the full dependence syndrome, suggesting that schizophrenic patients may be particularly vulnerable to negative effects of alcohol.
495 citations
TL;DR: The slow cell death reported here appears to occur at the G2/M transition and may involve events that normally occur at this stage of the cell cycle, demonstrating the importance of DNA degradation as an early and possibly essential step in cell death.
Abstract: DNA is the accepted target for cisplatin, but recent evidence has shed doubt on DNA synthesis as the critical process. L1210/0 cells incubated for 2 hours with cisplatin progress to the G2 phase of the cell cycle and are arrested there for several days. They then either progress in the cell cycle or die. In cells that eventually die, total transcription, polyadenylated [poly(A)+] RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis were markedly inhibited only after 48 hours. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels decreased after 3 days. Cell membrane integrity was lost after 4 days. These results demonstrate that cells can be lethally damaged, yet continue to undergo apparently normal metabolic activities for several days. In a previous study, DNA double-strand breaks were detected after 1 day. We now show that by 2 days, breaks are visible as fragmentation in the nucleosome spacer regions of chromatin. This type of damage is consistent with cell death occurring by the process of apoptosis. Cell shrinkage and morphology were also consistent with this type of cell death. The slow cell death reported here appears to occur at the G2/M transition and may involve events that normally occur at this stage of the cell cycle. These results demonstrate the importance of DNA degradation as an early and possibly essential step in cell death.
TL;DR: The authors argue that these "principles" used to replace both moral theory and particular moral rules and ideals in dealing with the moral problems that arise in medical practice do not function as claimed, and that their use is misleading both practically and theoretically.
Abstract: The authors use the term "principlism" to refer to the practice of using "principles" to replace both moral theory and particular moral rules and ideals in dealing with the moral problems that arise in medical practice. The authors argue that these "principles" do not function as claimed, and that their use is misleading both practically and theoretically. The "principles" are in fact not guides to action, but rather they are merely names for a collection of sometimes superficially related matters for consideration when dealing with a moral problem. The "principles" lack any systematic relationship to each other, and they often conflict with each other. These conflicts are unresolvable, since there is no unified moral theory from which they are all derived. For comparison the authors sketch the advantages of using a unified moral theory.
TL;DR: Treatment with beta carotene does not reduce the occurrence of new skin cancers over a five-year period of treatment and observation and there was no significant difference between treated and control groups in the mean number of new nonmelanoma skin cancers per patient-year.
Abstract: Background. Beta carotene has been associated with a decreased risk of human cancer in many studies employing dietary questionnaires or blood measurements, and it has had protective effects in some animal models of carcinogenesis. Methods. We tested the possible cancer-preventing effects of beta carotene by randomly assigning 1805 patients who had had a recent nonmelanoma skin cancer to receive either 50 mg of beta carotene or placebo per day and by conducting annual skin examinations to determine the occurrence of new nonmelanoma skin cancer. Results. Adherence to the prescribed treatment was good, and after one year the actively treated group's median plasma beta carotene level (3021 nmol per liter) was much higher than that of the control group (354 nmol per liter). After five years of follow-up, however, there was no difference between the groups in the rate of occurrence of the first new nonmelanoma skin cancer (relative rate, 1.05; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.22). In subgroup ...
TL;DR: Results suggest that the mechanism of fusion inhibition is likely to reflect a modification of the vacuole membrane at the time of its formation, as opposed to the secretion of a soluble inhibitor by the parasite.
Abstract: After actively entering its host cells, the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii resides in an intracellular vacuole that is completely unable to fuse with other endocytic or biosynthetic organelles. The fusion blocking requires entry of viable organisms but is irreversible: fusion competence of the vacuole is not restored if the parasite is killed after entry. The fusion block can be overcome, however, by altering the parasite's route of entry. Thus, phagocytosis of viable antibody-coated T. gondii by Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with macrophage-lymphocyte Fc receptors results in the formation of vacuoles that are capable of both fusion and acidification. Phagocytosis and fusion appear to involve a domain of the Fc receptor cytoplasmic tail distinct from that required for localization at clathrin-coated pits. These results suggest that the mechanism of fusion inhibition is likely to reflect a modification of the vacuole membrane at the time of its formation, as opposed to the secretion of a soluble inhibitor by the parasite.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: To help managers develop an activity-focused strategy, the authors offer a new way to approach competitive analyses, guidelines for determining which activities to outsource and which to retain, and an overview of the risks and rewards of strategic outsourcing.
Abstract: Services technologies are changing the way companies in every industry--manufacturers and service providers alike--compete. Vertical integration, physical facilities, even a seemingly superior product can no longer assure a competitive edge. Instead, sustainable advantage is more and more likely to come from developing superior capabilities in a few core service skills--and out-sourcing as much of the rest as possible. Within companies, technology is increasing the leverage of service activities: today, more value added comes from design innovations, product image, or other attributes that services create than from the production process. New technologies also let independent enterprises provide world-class services at lower costs than customers could achieve if they performed the activities themselves. These changes have far-reaching implications for how managers structure their organizations and define strategic focus. Companies like Apple, Honda, and Merck show that a less integrated but more focused organization is key to competitive success. They build their strategies around a few highly developed capabilities. And they outsource as many of the other activities in their value chain as possible. To help managers develop an activity-focused strategy, the authors offer a new way to approach competitive analyses, guidelines for determining which activities to outsource and which to retain, and an overview of the risks and rewards of strategic outsourcing. Throughout, they draw on the findings of their three-year study of the major impacts technology has had in the service sector.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify a separating equilibrium in which the value of the bidder firm is revealed by the mix of cash and securities used as payment for the target in a model of takeovers under asymmetric information.
Abstract: In a model of takeovers under asymmetric information, we identify a separating equilibrium in which the value of the bidder firm is revealed by the mix of cash and securities used as payment for the target. The model predicts that the revealed bidder value is monotonically increasing and convex in the fraction of the total offer that consists of cash. We examine the model restrictions using data from Canada where mixed offers are both relatively frequent and free of the confounding tax-related options characterizing mixed offers in the U.S.. We find that the average announcement-month bidder abnormal return in mixed offers is large and significant. However, maximum likelihood estimates of parameters in both linear and non-linear cross-sectional regressions fail to support the model predictions.
01 Aug 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the effects of cisplatin-induced cell death are reminiscent of apoptosis or programmed cell death, suggesting that these agents may all interact with the same signal transduction pathway leading to cell death.
Abstract: The anticancer drug cisplatin exerts its action as a consequence of interaction with DNA. Cell cycle progression facilitates sensitivity to the drug, but inhibition of DNA synthesis is not necessarily the critical step. Lethally damaged cells can progress to and arrest for several days in the G2 phase of the cell cycle before dying. Certain features of cisplatin-induced cell death, such as chromatin condensation and the activation of a DNA endonuclease, are reminiscent of apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Many other anticancer drugs produce the same phenotypic effects, suggesting that these agents may all interact with the same signal transduction pathway leading to cell death.
TL;DR: A study of the occurrence and relations between rare-earth element (REE) minerals in pelitic schists indicates that monazite forms at or near the P and T of the staurolite isograd as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A study of the occurrence of and relations between rare-earth element (REE) minerals in pelitic schists indicates that monazite forms at or near the P and T of the staurolite isograd. Samples at staurolite grade from the Silurian Perry Mountain Formation in the Rumford quadrangle of Maine yield monazite in sufficient quantities to permit accurate dating of the metamorphic events forming the monazites. The bulk chemistry of the metapelites, as seen in the major element abundances and REE patterns, does not vary significantly across the study area. Thus the appearance and disappearance of REE phases is assumed to reflect changes in metamorphic grade. In a sample from the biotite zone, scanning electron microscope and microprobe studies show allanite and monazite intimately associated on a 10 μm scale. The texture suggest that metastable detrital monazite breaks down, distributing its REE components to allanite. From samples below staurolite grade in which monazite is not present, our observations suggest that REEs are partitioned into allanite. At or near the staurolite isograd monazite forms as a metamorphic mineral, initiating its role as a geochronometer. Garnet-biotite geothermometry on samples at this grade from this and other studies places constraints on the minimum temperature necessary to form monazite: 525° C±25°C at 3.1±0.25 kbar. A total of 15 separates from nine schist samples ranging up to sillimanite grade have been dated. Each date is remarkably concordant, even though petrologic and textural studies by previous workers have shown that the rocks in the area have been affected by at least three metamorphic episodes. Calculations indicate insignificant Th disequilibrium in these monazites. The conditions associated with the metamorphic events suggest that monazite remains closed to lead loss provided that subsequent metamorphisms are at or below sillimanite grade. Two distinct metamorphic events are resolved, one at around 400 Ma and one at about 370 Ma. The latter was due to thermal effects of a nearby pluton that yields concordant monazite ages of 363 Ma. This work suggests that in addition to dating plutonism and high-grade metamorphism, monazite should be viewed as a reliable geochronometer for moderate metamorphism of pelitic schists.
TL;DR: The cytochrome bc1 complex is the most widely occurring electron transfer complex capable of energy transduction and the mechanism which links proton translocation to electron transfer through these proteins appears to be universal to all bc1 complexes.
TL;DR: In this article, a series of laboratory experiments were performed in order to systematically explore the dielectric response of soils to a frequency range of 1 to 50 MHz, and the authors found that the real and imaginary components of soil dielectrics vary with the amount of moisture in the soil.
Abstract: A series of laboratory experiments were performed in order to systematically explore the dielectric response of soils to a frequency range of 1 to 50 MHz. A network analyzer and a coaxial-transmission-line type of dielectric probe were used to measure the complex (both real and imaginary) dielectric response of moist soils. The dielectric probe was placed in a modified Tempe cell in which the moisture content of the soil under investigation could be varied. Both the real and imaginary components of the dielectric permittivity of the moist soils investigated are greatest at 1 MHz and monotonically decrease with frequency. The variation in the dielectric constant among these soils is also greatest at 1 MHz and decreases with increasing frequency. The soils that have a large imaginary dielectric constant also have the largest real dielectric constant dispersion. The loss tangent for a given soil is relatively independent of moisture content over a wide range of soil moisture conditions. At low water contents, both the real and imaginary dielectric values begin to drop rapidly with decreasing water content. There is a significant temperature dependence present in the dielectric response of moist soils, which changes markedly with frequency. Ionic conductivity is the predominant mechanism causing the imaginary dielectric response and can account for many features of the observed dielectric response. A Looyenga-type mixing model incorporating ionic conductivity can account for the frequency dependence of the dielectric constant of soils
Proceedings Article•
01 Oct 1990TL;DR: The dimensionality of a set of 160 face images of 10 male and 10 female subjects is reduced from 4096 to 40 via an autoencoder network, and it is found that the networks tend to confuse more distant emotions than humans do.
Abstract: The dimensionality of a set of 160 face images of 10 male and 10 female subjects is reduced from 4096 to 40 via an autoencoder network. The extracted features do not correspond to the features used in previous face recognition systems (Kanade, 1973), such as ratios of distances between facial elements. Rather, they are whole-face features we call holons. The holons are given to 1 and 2 layer back propagation networks that are trained to classify the input features for identity, feigned emotional state and gender. The automatically extracted holons provide a sufficient basis for all of the gender discriminations, 99% of the identity discriminations and several of the emotion discriminations among the training set. Network and human judgements of the emotions are compared, and it is found that the networks tend to confuse more distant emotions than humans do.
TL;DR: This paper examined the degree to which dual organizational commitments and multiple facets of cross-cultural adjustment relate to expatriate expat expatriates' commitment and adjustment, and found that they are correlated.
Abstract: Building on the commitment and adjustment literature, this article examines the degree to which dual organizational commitments and multiple facets of cross-cultural adjustment relate to expatriate...
TL;DR: The data show that the pretreatment at a higher temperature results in more enzyme adsorption on the cellulose fraction and less on the lignacious residue fraction, and the relationship between the hydrolysis rate and the amount of enzymes adsorbed is discussed.
Abstract: The adsorption of cellulase on cellulose and a lignacious residue was examined by using cellulase from Trichoderma reesei, hardwood pretreated by dilute sulfuric acid under high pressure, and a lignacious residue prepared by a complete enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated wood. A significant amount of cellulase was found to adsorb on the lignacious residue during the hydrolysis of the pretreated wood. Hence, the adsorption of enzyme on the lignacious residue as well as cellulose must be taken into account in the development of the hydrolysis kinetics. It was found that the adsorption of enzyme on cellulose and on the lignacious residue could be represented by Langmuir type isotherms. The data show that the pretreatment at a higher temperature results in more enzyme adsorption on the cellulose fraction and less on the lignacious residue fraction. The relationship between the hydrolysis rate and the amount of enzyme adsorbed is discussed.
TL;DR: Results provide direct evidence that the 43Kprotein causes clustering of AChRs and suggest that regulation of 43K protein clustering may be a key step in neuromuscular synaptogenesis.
TL;DR: Its presence in rat cardiac and skeletal muscle, where fatty acid synthesis rates are low, suggest that it might play alternative roles in these tissues such as regulation of fatty acid oxidation or microsomal fatty acid elongation.
TL;DR: Final aneurysm size was predicted by initial size, duration of follow-up, and both systolic and diastolic pressure, and was not predicted by the change in aneurYSm size observed during initial ultrasonographic follow- up.
Patent•
03 Apr 1990TL;DR: In this article, a rotary joint for singlemode optical fibers is proposed, having a fixed and a rotating part to permit the transmission of optical signals across a rotational interface (such as a winch or turret) with minimal insertion loss and low reflections.
Abstract: The invention is a rotary joint for singlemode optical fibers, having a fixed and a rotating part to permit the transmission of optical signals across a rotational interface (such as a winch or turret) with minimal insertion loss and, in particular, low reflections (good return loss). There is no need of conversion to electrical signals; the device is passive. It may be use an oil of refractive index matched to that of the glass fibers and to that of fiber tapers or lenses used to expand the beam emitted from one fiber and contract it for transmission into the other fiber. The device is bidirectional. By use foil, through precision techniques for building and mounting the optical and mechanical components, and by use of advanced bearings, both the insertion loss and unwanted reflections (return loss) can be minimized, thereby making it suitable for use with singlemode fiber. Insertion loss can be further reduced in conjunction with index-matching fluid by using optical elements (lenses, tapers, fibers) having angled or curved facets rather than perpendicular facets. Oil filling has the further advantage of pressure compensation allowing the device to operate at any ambient pressure. Lenses having curved surfaces can be accommodated by the use of fluid having a refractive index different from that of the lens material.
TL;DR: In this paper, the brittle compressive fracture under uniaxial loading of fresh-water, granular ice Ih has been studied, and the results are explained in terms of the frictional crack sliding-wing crack model.
Abstract: The brittle compressive fracture under uniaxial loading of fresh-water, granular ice Ih has been studied. Measurements are reported of the fracture stress at temperatures from −10 to −50°C at strain rates of 10 −3 and 10 −1 s −1 for grain sizes from approximately 1 to 10 mm. Also a summary is reported of measurements by Jones et al . (unpublished) of the kinetic coefficient of friction for ice on ice at temperatures from −10 to −40°C at sliding velocities from 5 × 10 −7 m s −1 to 5 × 10 −2 ms −1 . Observations via high speed photography of internal cracking during loading are included. The strength, albeit scattered, increases with decreasing grain size, with decreasing temperature and at −10°C with decreasing strain rate. Similarly, the coefficient of friction increases with decreasing temperature and at −10°C with decreasing sliding velocity. Wing cracks were observed on some inclined cracks nucleated during loading. The results are explained in terms of the frictional crack sliding-wing crack model [as developed by Ashby and Hallam, Acta metall. 34, 497 (1986)] of compressive fracture. Finally, a simple model is presented for the transition from ductile to brittle behavior. It is based upon the competition between the building up and the relaxation of internal stresses within the vicinity of the internal cracks, and it leads to a transition strain rate which can be expressed in terms of the fracture toughness, the creep rate, the kinetic coefficient of friction and the microstructural scale of the material.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the translocation of Glut 4 could largely account for the insulin effect on transport rate, but only if the intrinsic activity of Gluts 1 and 4 is much higher than that of GlUT 1.
TL;DR: In this paper, the magnetic behaviour of a number of solar-type stars over several years has been studied to find indirect evidence that these stars undergo brightness changes of more than the 0.1% observed during the last solar cycle, which calls into question the assumption of a constant Sun in calculations using general circulation models for climate forecasting.
Abstract: CHANGES in the brightness of the Sun may introduce further uncertainties into forecasts of global warming by the greenhouse effect. The Sun is known to vary in brightness, on a timescale of years, by 0.1% in phase with changes in magnetic activity during the solar cycle1–3, and variations of up to 0.4%, also correlated with surface magnetic activity, have been found in stars similar to the Sun4. To delimit the magnitude of solar luminosity variations on a timescale of centuries, we have looked at the magnetic behaviour of a number of solar-type stars over several years. Observed in random phases of their long-term variability, they give a sample of the behaviour of a solar-type star over a long period of time. We find indirect evidence that these stars undergo brightness changes of more than the 0.1% observed during the last solar cycle, a result that calls into question the assumption of a constant Sun in calculations using general circulation models for climate forecasting.