Showing papers by "Deakin University published in 1992"
TL;DR: The recent evidence that identifies NADPH diaphorase as nitric oxide synthase raises the possibility that some spinal preganglionic neurons may synthesize nitricoxide.
201 citations
TL;DR: Amounts of RS in food decreased with increased chewing, indicating that chewing can also affect the amount of starch escaping digestion in the small intestine.
201 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a computer simulation which can randomly pack hard spheres for gravitationally stable lattices ranging from random loose packing to random close packing is described, and the model predicts that random packings form a quadrilateral in the packing density/mean coordination plane with packing densities ranging from 0.509 to 0.638 and mean coordination numbers ranging from 4.4 to 5.9.
193 citations
TL;DR: Postprandial satiety and plasma amino acid, insulin, and glucose concentrations in six lean male subjects after the ingestion of three types of protein were compared and satiety was greater after the fish meal.
Abstract: We compared postprandial satiety and plasma amino acid, insulin, and glucose concentrations in six lean male subjects after the ingestion of three types of protein (beef, chicken and fish). Satiety was greater after the fish meal (P less than 0.01). The observed difference in satiety could be correlated with two of the putative satiety signals measured in this study: 1) serotoninergic activity, due to differences observed in the postprandial tryptophan to large neutral amino acid ratio; and 2) digestibility, reflected in the significantly (P less than 0.05) longer time it took for the plasma amino acid concentrations to peak after the fish meal. Correlations between dietary and plasma amino acid concentrations were determined and good correlations (r = 0.90) were observed for essential amino acids other than lysine and tryptophan. There were no differences in insulin or glucose concentrations in subjects after consuming each of the three meals. Whether other differences that we observed, such as increased concentrations of taurine and methionine following the fish meal, had any effect on satiety or were of biological significance is not known.
161 citations
TL;DR: In young gay men, a negative mood state is associated with unsafe sex, an opposite finding to that obtained with older gay men.
Abstract: This study investigated the types of justifications if any that young gay men give themselves at the time they make the decision to have unprotected anal intercourse and the types of occasions on which they are most at risk of having unprotected intercourse. In structured interviews gay men ages 15-21 were asked to recall 2 sexual encounters from the preceding 6 months; 1 in which they had unprotected anal intercourse ("unsafe" encounter) and 1 in which they had resisted a strong temptation to have unprotected intercourse ("safe" encounter). The authors studied both types of encounters to enable them to identify those situational variables which were distinguishable between them. The 1st 2 factors which emerged from a Factor Analysis of the self-justification data ("unsafe" encounter n=219) involved respectively high-risk behavior in response to a negative mood state and inferring from perceptible characteristics that the partner was unlikely to be infected. The most commonly reported self-justification was of this latter type. In respondents recalling both encounters (n=115) sexual desires mood communication and use of "dirty talk" distinguished between the encounters. In contrast type of partner consumption of alcohol or drugs desire for excitement and use of pornography did not. Results are discussed in relation to those obtained in their earlier study of older gay men. Young gay men appear to be more single-minded about what they want to do sexually and more likely to infer from perceptible characteristics that their partner is unlikely to be infected. In young gay men a negative mood state is associated with unsafe sex an opposite finding to that obtained with older gay men. The results also suggest the possible importance of failure to communicate about desires concerning safe sex and the use of "dirty talk"; these may help to facilitate the occurrence of unsafe sex. (authors)
158 citations
TL;DR: The hidden curriculum has served the very useful purpose in educational discourse of alerting educators to the complexity of physical education teaching and learning as discussed by the authors, however, the ambiguity of the phenomena the term attempts to describe has led to a certain notoriety, and there is now considerable confusion over the meaning of the hidden curriculum.
Abstract: The hidden cumculum has served the very useful purpose in educational discourse of alerting educators to the complexity of physical education teaching and learning. However, the ambiguity of the phenomena the term attempts to describe has led to a certain notoriety, and there is now considerable confusion over the meaning of the term hidden curriculum. This paper reviews selected studies of the hidden curriculum in physical education and other literature. The aim of this review is to assess its potential for helping us to better understand physical education as a cultural practice. Building on this review, it is suggested that the terms discourse and ideology locate the hidden agendas of physical education teaching and learning within the realm of communication and meaning making. The implications of this perspective for physical education teaching and research are examined. It is suggested in conclusion that the more precise identification of the hidden curriculum as an aspect of communication and meanin...
149 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, higher-order implicit numerical methods which are suitable for stiff stochastic differential equations are proposed and the regions of absolute stability of these implicit and related explicit methods are also examined.
Abstract: Higher-order implicit numerical methods which are suitable for stiff stochastic differential equations are proposed. These are based on a stochastic Taylor expansion and converge strongly to the corresponding solution of the stochastic differential equation as the time step size converges to zero. The regions of absolute stability of these implicit and related explicit methods are also examined.
129 citations
TL;DR: Heterosexual students were asked to recall two sexual encounters from the preceding six months: one in which they had unprotected intercourse ('unsafe' encounter) and one inWhich they resisted a strong temptation to have unprotected intercourse 'safe' encounter to identify factors that distinguished between the encounters.
Abstract: Heterosexual students were asked to recall two sexual encounters from the preceding six months: one in which they had unprotected intercourse ('unsafe' encounter) and one in which they resisted a strong temptation to have unprotected intercourse ('safe' encounter). The aims were to record justifications for unprotected intercourse that respondents had given themselves during the unsafe encounter and to identify factors that distinguished between the encounters. In respondents recalling an unsafe encounter (n = 284), the most common self-justification reported was that there was no need for concern since measures to avoid pregnancy had been taken. The first factor that emerged from a Factor Analysis of the self-justification data involved using perceptible characteristics to infer that the partner was unlikely to be infected. Among respondents recalling both encounters (n = 173), there was a trend for type of partner to distinguish between the encounters. With this variable controlled (n = 115), desires, knowledge of condom availability, communication about condom use, degree of boredom, and level of intoxication differentiated between the encounters. The results are discussed in relation to those obtained in our earlier study of gay men.
107 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it is suggested that the variability in isotopic composition and the budget of alkalis (Na2O versus K2O) in the lavas can be explained by invoking a heat source from an intruding asthenospheric MORB-type mantle into a cooler lithospheric crust/mantle during the opening of the Tyrrhenian basin.
Abstract: Volcanic rocks on the island of Lipari show the entire range of Sr, Nd, Pb isotopic compositions displayed by other islands in the Aeolian archipelago. The rapid isotopic evolution of subaerial volcanic rocks on Lipari towards crustal values together with the appropriate isotopic composition of the neighbouring Calabrian crust (Serre) indicate that many geochemical characteristics observed in the lavas can be attributed to contamination and mixing with crustal materials and melts. Interpretation of the data is complicated by the fact that underplating onto the crust-mantle boundary and the specific lithologies present in the crustal section differ underneath each individual sector of the island. In the central and northern parts of the island, metapelitic rocks were incorporated to provide the more radiogenic Sr isotopic compositions of some lavas. The products from M. Guardia in the southern part of Lipari, where activity is restricted to the last 30–40 ka, bear geochemical similarities to the island of Vulcano, where it is proposed that considerable remobilization of the crust took place in the presence of mafic mantle-derived melts. On Lipari the petrogenetic processes of magma mixing and assimilation dominate over fractional crystallization, and the observed increase of K2O over Na2O can be correlated with contributions from metapelitic crustal lithologies. It is suggested that the variability in isotopic composition and the budget of alkalis (Na2O versus K2O) in the lavas can be explained by invoking a heat source from an intruding asthenospheric MORB-type mantle into a cooler lithospheric crust/mantle during the opening of the Tyrrhenian basin.
103 citations
TL;DR: Excess weight at one month postpartum, as determined by a body mass index above the normal range, was found to be an independent risk factor for early cessation of breast feeding and together with smoking, maternal age, occupation, and the time the infant is first put to the breast can be used to identify those women most likely to benefit from counselling in order to breast feed their infants successfully.
Abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim was to determine whether excess weight in lactating women is associated with earlier cessation of breastfeeding. DESIGN--The study was to prospective cohort analysis using a community sample of women. SETTING--Geelong the regional centre of the Barwon Region of Victoria, Australia, in 1984-85. SUBJECTS--All women who were breast feeding and whose first infant was born between 1 May 1984 and 30 April 1985 were asked to participate. Of these, 739 women participated, a response rate of 81%. MAIN RESULTS--Smoking, mother's age and occupation, the time the infant was first put to the breast, and mother's body mass index at one month postpartum all exerted statistically significant independent effects on the duration of breast feeding, assessed using Cox's proportional hazards regression modelling. The strongest effects were for smoking, with an adjusted relative risk for cessation of breast feeding of 2.5 (95% CI 1.9 to 3.1) for 10 cigarettes per day v no smoking, and maternal age, with relative risk of 2.2 (95% CI 1.5 to 3.1) for a 20 year old mother relative to a 30 year old. The relative risk for women with a body mass index above 26 was 1.5 (95% CI 1.1 to 2.0). CONCLUSIONS--Excess weight at one month postpartum, as determined by a body mass index above the normal range, was found to be an independent risk factor for early cessation of breast feeding and together with smoking, maternal age, occupation, and the time the infant is first put to the breast can be used to identify, early in the postpartum period, those women most likely to benefit from counselling in order to breast feed their infants successfully.
96 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the allocation of British bilateral foreign aid among developing countries is simultaneously modelled, focusing on allocations during the period 1980-87, and two aid allocation decisions are analysed using a variant of the Lee-Maddala econometric model.
Abstract: The allocation of British bilateral foreign aid among developing countries is simultaneously modelled, focusing on allocations during the period 1980–87. Two aid allocation decisions are analysed using a variant of the Lee-Maddala econometric model. The first decision concerns the determination of developing country eligibility for aid, while the second concerns the amount of aid eligible countries are allocated. Given the implied two-part decision-making process, sample selection techniques are employed. It is hypothesized that British bilateral aid eligibility and amount decisions are based on Bristain's humanitarian, commercial and political interests in developing countries. Results obtained indicate that these decisions are generally consistent with each of these interests, especially those relating to the political importance of Commonwealth members.
TL;DR: Previous findings that PP release is diminished in obesity, together with the present findings of PP increase in anorexia nervosa, suggest that this peptide may play a role in appetite control mechanisms.
TL;DR: The extent to which weight was underestimated and height overestimated was no greater than that observed in adults and suggests that group means reported for weight and Height are likely to be as valid a measure of actual weight and height as in adults.
TL;DR: Until European colonization of Australia just over 200 years ago, Aborigines lived as hunter-gatherers all over the continent under widely varying geographical and climatic conditions.
Abstract: Prehistorians believe that Aborigines came to Australia from South-East Asia at least 40-50 000 years ago [l]. Until European colonization of Australia just over 200 years ago, Aborigines lived as hunter-gatherers all over the continent under widely varying geographical and climatic conditions, ranging from the tropical coastal regions of the north (latitude 1l0-2Oo S), through the vast arid regions of the centre (latitude 20"-30" S), to the cool-temperature regions of the south (latitude 30O-43" S). The ' more fertile coastal areas, both north and south, could sustain larger populations than the arid inland or desert areas. Each tribal group hunted and gathered food in a defined territory, which could be as extensive as 100 000 km2 in the desert regions, or as small as 500 km2 in fertile coastal country [2].
TL;DR: Dietary cobalamin absorption was significantly reduced in healthy adults aged 55‐75 years compared with young adults, with a further reduction in those older than 75 years, and no difference was detected between dietary cobalamina absorption in patients with isolated low serum cobalamine and controls of a similar age group.
Abstract: A modified protein-bound cobalamin absorption test was used to study dietary cobalamin absorption in healthy adults of different age groups and patients with isolated low serum concentrations of cobalamin. Dietary cobalamin absorption was significantly reduced in healthy adults aged 55-75 years compared with young adults, with a further reduction in those older than 75 years. No difference was detected between dietary cobalamin absorption in patients with isolated low serum cobalamin and controls of a similar age group. Cobalamin malabsorption was associated with elevated serum gastrin. The diagnostic value of this protein-bound cobalamin absorption test in the elderly was limited by the frequent finding of reduced absorption in healthy elderly people with normal serum cobalamin concentrations. The performance of such tests should be evaluated in different age groups before application in diagnosis.
TL;DR: This paper investigates the handling of time as it has been applied to the fields of data modelling and artificial intelligence.
TL;DR: It was suggested that concerns could be reduced through the introduction of education in study skills, the provision of the opportunity to gain hands-on experience with technical equipment, and the development of social skills.
Abstract: Questionnaire data was collected from a sample of 306 student nurses from three institutions (university, college of advanced education and hospital) during the second week of the first year of their course, and from 189 students from two of the institutions (university and CAE) at the conclusion of their first year of education. The main sources of stress on both occasions were essentially the same for women and men, and for students from the different institutions. These concerns focussed on study-related issues, the emotional demands of nursing, the use of technical equipment, interpersonal interaction, and lack of time for family and personal pursuits. It was suggested that these concerns could be reduced through the introduction of education in study skills, the provision of the opportunity to gain hands-on experience with technical equipment, and the development of social skills.
TL;DR: A review of the database generated to the present concerning trace metals, organochlorines, and petroleum-derived hydrocarbons in water, sediments and biota of Port Phillip Bay is presented in this article.
TL;DR: It was found that the genus-specificMAbs were very useful for rapidly identifying vibrios in the screening of acute infections, while the species-specific MAbs and others were useful for completing the diagnosis.
Abstract: Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Vibrio species that infect humans, fish, and shellfish were developed for application in rapid identifications. The pathogens included Vibrio alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. carchariae, V. cholerae, V. damsela, V. furnissii, V. harveyi, V. ordalii, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. Three types of MAbs were selected. The first important group included MAbs that reacted with only a single species. A second group comprised a number of MAbs that reacted with two, taxonomically closely related Vibrio species. For example, of 22 MAbs raised against V. alginolyticus, 6 recognized a 52-kDa flagellar H antigen common to both V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus; V. anguillarum and V. ordalii also shared antigens. A third group included three genus-specific MAbs that reacted with almost all Vibrio species but did not react with other members of the family Vibrionaceae (e.g., members of the Aeromonas, Photobacterium, and Plesiomonas genera) or a wide range of gram-negative bacteria representing many genera. This last group indicated the possible existence of an antigenic determinant common to Vibrio species. Two of these three genus-specific MAbs reacted with heat-stable antigenic determinants of Vibrio species as well as lipopolysaccharide extracted from Vibrio species. The use of the MAbs in blind tests and diagnosis of clinical isolates indicated that three different types of bacteria, viz., live, formalin-fixed, and sodium azide-killed bacteria, were detected consistently. Overall, it was found that the genus-specific MAbs were very useful for rapidly identifying vibrios in the screening of acute infections, while the species-specific MAbs and others were useful for completing the diagnosis. Images
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: Focus groups in Health Research: A Methodological Review as mentioned in this paper, a review of focus groups in health social science, is a good starting point for this paper, with a focus group-based approach.
Abstract: (1992). Focus Groups in Health Research: A Methodological Review. Annual Review of Health Social Science: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 7-20.
TL;DR: For example, this paper assessed the degree of agreement among English-speaking Australian adults in allocating numerical probabilities to these verbal expressions of probability, 966 interviewees provided estimates for 60 isolated expressions and a sequence of seven items placed in a sequence.
Abstract: Verbal expressions of probability are used in daily conversations, physician-physician and physician-patient communications, and questionnaire and interview responses To assess the degree of agreement among English-speaking Australian adults in allocating numerical probabilities to these verbal expressions of probability, 966 interviewees provided estimates for 60 isolated expressions of probability and a sequence of seven items placed in a sequence Means and median scores appeared to be consistent with common sense and with findings from other countries Mirror-imaged terms were neither symmetrical nor equidistant, with the means and medians for the positive terms being closer to the mid-points of the scale than the means and medians of the negative terms Items in a sequence of probability terms showed greater symmetry and less variability than isolated expressions For most items, there was an unacceptably high level of within-subject and between-subject variability Although subjects with higher levels of education and/ or mathematics education showed less variability, these factors accounted for very little of the variance The greater variability in Australian results relative to those reported elsewhere was partly attributed to the use of interviews rather than questionnaires There were no particular stems that yielded greater consistency It was concluded that the use of these expressions leads to very imprecise communication
TL;DR: In this article, square wave voltammograms of lead and mercury mechanically transferred to the surface of a paraffin impregnated graphite electrode by abrasion are compared with the responses of these metals on the same electrode after their electrodeposition from solution.
TL;DR: In this paper, an equation of state was used to prepare a standard table for the solubility of oxygen in sodium chloride sobutions at temperatures between 0 and 35°C and for concentrations up to saturation (260 ppt).
Abstract: An equation of state was used to prepare a standard table for the solubility of oxygen in sodium chloride sobutions at temperatures between 0 and 35°C and for concentrations up to saturation (260 ppt). The uncertainty introduced by linear interpolation between DO values in the table is less than the experimental uncertainty of data which was used to generate the equation of state. Where pressures differ from 1 atm the DO value from the table can be corrected provided the equilibrium vapour pressure of the salt solution is known. Where this is not the case an approximate correction (±0.5 per cent) can be used provided atmospheric pressure is in the range 950 to 1030 mbar. Predictions made using the standard tables will provide near but probably low ( 70 per cent by mass).
TL;DR: A similar pattern of results was obtained in the two studies indicating a significant effect on cognitive functioning, after controlling for confounding variables, occurring in those with more than 30 years of exposure.
Abstract: Two comparable cross-sectional studies were carried out employing the same methodology but involving two separate solvent-exposed populations (N = 90, N = 144). In each study, solvent-exposed workers were compared with age-matched controls on tests selected from the Neurobehavioral Evaluation System and on standardized questionnaire measures of symptomatology and psychiatric state. A similar pattern of results was obtained in the two studies indicating a significant effect on cognitive functioning, after controlling for confounding variables, occurring in those with more than 30 years of exposure. A more specific effect on learning processes was observed in those with more than 10 years of exposure. There were no indications in either study of a solvent-related increase in psychiatric symptoms.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the testing and development of a model of student progress for distance education students, including four scales, made up from 17 subscales, which emerged from the factor analysis.
Abstract: Summary. This paper reports the testing and development of a model of student progress for distance education students. The constructs which have been used to explain drop-out in on-campus courses are not directly applicable to distance education. The Distance Education Students' Progress (DESP) inventory has been developed, containing four scales, made up from 17 subscales, which emerged from the factor analysis. The scales relate to approach to learning, motivation, language ability and the extent to which the student is able to integrate study demands with personal, family, work and social commitments. Semi-structured interviews were used to assist in deriving and interpreting the scales and to help establish their validity. The identified constructs have been used to test a theoretical model using path analysis techniques. The four scales serve as intervening variables between enrolment characteristics and grade and persistence criteria. The results support open entry for the courses as the identified constructs have a higher correlation than entry qualifications with the grades attained by students.
TL;DR: The greater frequency of glucose intolerance among Aborigine appears to persist despite the higher proportion of Europid genetic mix with these urbanized south-eastern groups than with Aborigines from remote settings.
TL;DR: The authors in this article reviewed some of this research and found that since 1975, the distribution of earnings became significantly less equal in Australia and that the growth of inequality accelerated after 1983, particularly for women working full-time.
Abstract: International evidence shows a marked increase in the dispersion of earnings since the 1970s. In this paper the authors review some of this research. Earnings data for Australia indicate that since 1975, the distribution of earnings became significantly less equal there too. This cannot be entirely accounted for by the growth of part-time employment, cyclical influences, demographic change or greater labor market flexibility. In Australia in 1983 an "Accord" was reached between employers, unions and government. One stated aim of this incomes policy was to bring about an equitable redistribution of income, but it did not in fact reverse the trend to rising earnings inequality. On some measures the growth of inequality actually accelerated after 1983, particularly for women working full-time. Copyright 1992 by Scottish Economic Society.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The data suggest that, in addition to the NK1 receptor, another type of tachykinin receptor may exist in this tissue and that BHSP and INKA bind partly and BHELE predominantly to high affinity NK1 receptors.
Abstract: In homogenates of guinea pig lung, binding of 125I-Bolton-Hunter-labeled substance P (BHSP), Bolton-Hunter-labeled eledoisin (BHELE), and [125I]iodohistidyl neurokinin A (INKA) was investigated. Equilibrium dissociation constants (derived from "cold" saturation experiments) for BHSP, INKA, and BHELE were 0.96 +/- 0.15, 1.61 +/- 0.26, and 1.98 +/- 0.12 nM, respectively. Specific binding of all three radioligands was increased 2-3-fold by 10 microM phosphoramidon. The rank order of potency of unlabeled tachykinins in competing against BHSP was substance P (SP) greater than [Sar9,Met(O2)11]-SP greater than SP methyl ester greater than neuropeptide gamma greater than neurokinin A greater than or equal to neurokinin B = kassinin greater than or equal to eledoisin greater than or equal to scyliorhinin II much greater than neuropeptide K, indicating binding to sites with the general characteristics of NK1 receptors. Similar rank potency orders were observed for INKA and BHELE, showing binding to NK1 sites, rather than to NK2 or NK3 sites, which are labeled with high affinity by these radioligands in other tissues. For all radioligands, competition curves for SP and the NK1-selective agonist [Sar9,Met(O2)11]-SP could be resolved into two components, representing high and low affinity binding sites. These were present in the approximate ratios 2:3 (for BHSP), 1:1 (for INKA), and 8:1 (for BHELE). Other agonist competition curves also yielded high and low affinity components. The data suggest that BHSP and INKA bind partly and BHELE predominantly to high affinity NK1 receptors. The nature of the low affinity site(s) could be another tachykinin receptor or a low affinity state of the NK1 receptor. Binding to a "classical" NK2 receptor is unlikely, because selective NK2 receptor antagonists and analogs were very weak competitors. Our data suggest that, in addition to the NK1 receptor, another type of tachykinin receptor may exist in this tissue. The inability to detect NK2 binding sites is strikingly at variance with functional studies.
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: Responses to additional questions indicated that staff believe residents should be encouraged to participate in decision-making, but in practice are constrained by a perceived lack of resources or available options, or a lack of decision- making skills on the part of the resident.
Abstract: In an exploratory investigation, 20 residents with mild or moderate intellectual disability and 17 staff in Community Residential Units responded to questionnaires about decision-making by resident...