Showing papers by "Deakin University published in 1993"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated binary similarity coefficients and two multivariate approaches: cluster analysis and ordination, and found that Jaccard's coefficient of community was the most suitable as a similarity measure between samples under the conditions tested.
283 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the UNDP's Human Development Index (HDI) and conclude that its treatment of income is inappropriate; the lack of year-to-year comparability is undesirable; it is robust with respect to measurement error; and that its contribution to the assessment of development levels differs markedly among country groups.
Abstract: This paper critically examines the UNDP's Human Development Index (HDI). We conclude that its treatment of income is inappropriate; the lack of year-to-year comparability is undesirable; it is robust with respect to measurement error; and that its contribution to the assessment of development levels differs markedly among country groups.
261 citations
TL;DR: There is an error in their derivation of message lengths, which fortunately has no effect on the final inference, and two improvements to their coding techniques are suggested, one removing an inefficiency in the description of non-binary trees, and one improving the coding of leaves.
Abstract: Quinlan and Rivest have suggested a decision-tree inference method using the Minimum Description Length idea. We show that there is an error in their derivation of message lengths, which fortunately has no effect on the final inference. We further suggest two improvements to their coding techniques, one removing an inefficiency in the description of non-binary trees, and one improving the coding of leaves. We argue that these improvements are superior to similarly motivated proposals in the original paper.
Empirical tests confirm the good results reported by Quinlan and Rivest, and show our coding proposals to lead to useful improvements in the performance of the method.
216 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that carbohydrate fermentation enhances the suppression of HGP and FFA levels by oral glucose in man and serum free fatty acid concentrations were significantly reduced the morning after the barley meal.
Abstract: Fermentation of undigested carbohydrate produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), some of which have been shown to reduce hepatic glucose production (HGP) in animals. The aim of this study was to examine whether carbohydrate fermentation decreases HGP in man. Ten healthy subjects consumed 90-g carbohydrate portions of either brown rice or barley for dinner in random order 1 week apart. The following morning, glucose kinetics were measured basally and during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). HGP was calculated as the difference between the total rate of glucose appearance (calculated from % enrichment of 6,6 dideuterated glucose [6,6 D2 glucose]) and the rate of appearance of gut-derived glucose (calculated from 6-3H glucose in the glucose drink). To detect fermentation, breath H2 content was measured by end-expiratory sampling of alveolar air. Significantly more breath H2 was produced after barley consumption (24 +/- 4 v 4 +/- 1 ppm, P < .001), indicating that barley contains more fermentable carbohydrate than rice. Glucose tolerance improved after the barley meal, with the peak OGTT plasma glucose concentration being 0.7 mmol/L lower than that after the rice meal (7.7 +/- 0.4 v 8.4 +/- 0.3 mmol/L, P < .05). This was primarily due to a 30% reduction in HGP (area under the curve, 909 +/- 116 v 1,295 +/- 157 mumol/kg; P < .01). No difference in the rates of glucose disappearance or gut glucose absorption was observed. However, serum free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were significantly reduced the morning after the barley meal. In summary, carbohydrate fermentation enhances the suppression of HGP and FFA levels by oral glucose in man.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
175 citations
TL;DR: The impact and implications of the new information technologies as new intensities of media culture have only recently begun to register in mainstream educational theory and practice as discussed by the authors, and this can be u...
Abstract: The impact and implications of the new information technologies as new intensities of media culture have only recently begun to register in mainstream educational theory and practice. This can be u...
160 citations
TL;DR: The authors showed that Australian public education is taking up a series of market identities and raised a number of selected matters that caused us concern as we both surveyed the field and the available critical literature and considered the social justice issues which are raised by markets in education.
Abstract: This paper demonstrates that Australian public education is taking up a series of market identities and raises a number of selected matters that caused us concern as we both surveyed the field and the available critical literature and considered the social justice issues which are raised by markets in education. These matters are, first, the inadequacy of current conceptual, frameworks for categorizing various developments and, second, the relative blindness of commentators to the connections between the growth of markets in education and certain wider cultural as opposed to economic shifts. It seems to us that some more recent forms of education markets raise social justice issues that the literature has either not engaged or has engaged in a rather restricted manner. We will identify some of these in the process of exploring the possibilities which theories about postmodernity provide both for explaining the rapid momentum and acceptance of the market lexicon in education in Australia and elsewhere and ...
132 citations
TL;DR: Hyperinsulinemia showed a strong, positive association with impaired glucose tolerance, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels and a negative association with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
Abstract: Objective— To determine the age- and sex-specific prevalence of diabetes and to examine associations between related anthropometric and metabolic abnormalities in an Aboriginal community in central Australia with a long history of acculturation.
Research Design and Methods— We used a cross-sectional survey of 353 adults > 15 yr of age (87% response rate) and measured the following parameters: weight, height, circumferences of waist and hips; glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in fasting plasma; and plasma glucose and insulin 2 h after 75 g oral glucose.
Results— The prevalence of diabetes was 29.6% in survey participants > 35 yr of age and 5.3% in those 35 yr of age (14.8 vs. 4.7%). Of those > 35 yr of age, 75% of the women and 51% of the men were overweight or obese, with a body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2. A large insulin response to oral glucose was evident, with the upper tertile of the 2-h insulin response six times higher than the lower tertile (113 ± 43 vs. 19 ± 8 mU/L). Hyperinsulinemia showed a strong, positive association with impaired glucose tolerance, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels and a negative association with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Cholesterol levels were on average 0.5 mM higher in men than in women. Deteriorations in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism occurred before 40 yr of age: diabetes, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and fasting triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations peaked and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations reached their nadir at the end of the fourth decade.
Conclusions— These data suggest that any intervention programs developed to prevent or reduce diabetes prevalence in this population should be targeted at adolescents and young adults.
118 citations
TL;DR: For a variety of foods the in vitro assay produced an excellent estimate of starch escaping digestion in the small intestine of humans, and increasing the duration of incubation with alpha-amylase and amyloglucosidase to 15 h resulted in a very close agreement.
117 citations
Book•
24 Sep 1993TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss autonomy and the liberal ideal in a liberal society, and discuss the role of consensus in such a society and its effects on individual autonomy and health.
Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. Autonomy and the liberal ideal 3. Ending life 4. Beginning life 5. Disturbing health resources 6. Consensus in a liberal society.
115 citations
TL;DR: Gothic cathedrals like Chartres as discussed by the authors were built in a discontinuous process by groups of masons using their own local knowledge, measures, and techniques, and they had neither plans nor knowledge of structural mechanics.
Abstract: Gothic cathedrals like Chartres were built in a discontinuous process by groups of masons using their own local knowledge, measures, and techniques. They had neither plans nor knowledge of structural mechanics. The success of the masons in building such large complex innovative structures lies in the use of templates, string, constructive geometry, and social organization to assemble a coherent whole from the messy heterogeneous practices of diverse groups of workers. Chartres resulted from the ad hoc accumulation of the work of many men.
113 citations
TL;DR: Nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactivity was co-localised with NADPH diaphorase activity in preganglionic sympathetic neurons and in their terminals in pre- and paravertebral sympathetic ganglia, and the distribution of nerve cells and terminals suggests that NOS is present in more than one functional subpopulation of sympathetic pre ganglionic neurons.
TL;DR: In this paper, the two one-electron proccesses for reduction of the cobaltocenlum cation as the hexafluorophosphate salt have been studied extensively in both aprotic and protic solvents at a hanging mercury drop electrode and at conventionally and microsized platinum, goid, and glassy carbon disk electrodes of various radii.
Abstract: The two one-electron proccesses for reduction of the cobaltocenlum cation as the hexafluorophosphate salt have been studied extensively in both aprotic and protic solvents at a hanging mercury drop electrode and at conventionally and microsized platinum, goid, and glassy carbon disk electrodes of various radii. Under carefully chosen conditions, both the Cc + /Cc 0 and Cc 0 /Cc - couples (Cc=cobaltocene) can be used as reversible voltammetric reference systems
TL;DR: This paper derives from a study conducted by the Deakin Institute of Nursing Research between 1988 and 1990, whose major objective was to determine the impact of staffing mix on nursing resident's quality of care and life.
Abstract: This paper derives from a study conducted by the Deakin Institute of Nursing Research between 1988 and 1990, whose major objective was to determine the impact of staffing mix on nursing resident's quality of care and life. Resident satisfaction with life in the nursing home is a key element in determining the quality of care and quality of life provided. Both the literature review and the study objectives supported the view that resident outcome can be collected through assessing the quality of care and the quality of life, through assessment by informed observers using instruments derived from explicitly stated standards, and through eliciting the perceptions of residents themselves. A schedule designed to measure satisfaction with care was developed and resident interviews were undertaken using this measure and the Life Satisfaction Index (A). The majority of responses to the resident satisfaction schedule were positive. The high percentage of positive responses did not correlate with the observations of the research assistants and there was some concern that while residents were able to assess care they were reluctant to criticize the staff or their behaviour.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Results suggest that individuals with mental retardation have an unmet need for sexual knowledge, which has occurred, in part, because of the largely negative attitudes of caregivers and parents about the sexuality of these individuals.
Abstract: Data relating to sexual knowledge, needs, and experience of people with mental retardation and attitudes of caregivers and parents were evaluated. Results suggest that individuals with mental retardation have an unmet need for sexual knowledge, which has occurred, in part, because of the largely negative attitudes of caregivers and parents about the sexuality of these individuals. Their sexuality is either ignored or perceived as a problem. Available sex education programs are generally concerned with providing information on a limited range of subjects, with no assessments of individuals' needs or of reliability, validity, or effectiveness of programs. Adequate sex education must be provided to protect the rights of this population.
TL;DR: This paper argued that the characteristic discourses of much contemporary science and environmental education rarely encompass the narrative complexities that are needed in order to make problems of human interrelationships with environments intelligible (and thus, amenable to resolution) and conceptualize postmodern scientific understandings of nature and reality.
Abstract: In this paper science education and environmental education are considered as story‐telling practices and the narrative strategies used by educators in these fields to represent and problematize human transactions with the phenomenal world are critically examined. It is argued that the characteristic discourses of much contemporary science and environmental education rarely encompass the narrative complexities that are needed in order to (i) make problems of human interrelationships with environments intelligible (and, thus, amenable to resolution) and (ii) conceptualize postmodern scientific understandings of ‘nature’ and ‘reality’. It is suggested that these problems and concepts are modelled more appropriately‐and interrogated more critically‐by much literary fiction, especially the complex and complicating textual strategies of postmodern science fiction. I thus argue that critical readings of science fiction texts should be integral to both science and environmental education and that the narrative s...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe some of the basic questioning techniques employed in contemporary tape recorded interviews of suspects in criminal investigations, in which the aim is either to gather information or a confession.
Abstract: This paper describes some of the basic questioning techniques employed in contemporary tape recorded interviews of suspects in criminal investigations. First it shows how detectives attempt to question for information and/or confessions. Two basic questioning strategies are identified, in which the aim is either to gather information or a confession. The implications of each strategy are discussed, for example, certain confession oriented strategies may invite defences based on the suggestibility of the suspect. The second part of the paper shows how detectives cope with suspects who use their right of silence. Five distinct strategies are identified, ranging from avoidance, where officers terminate questioning immediately after silence is encountered, to rationalization, where officers argue directly against the use of silence in interviews. The questioning techniques are discussed in relation to the need for officers to receive training in interviewing skills.
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In the context of normalisation and rights recognition, capacity for decision-making by people with an intellectual disability has emerged as an important but potentially contentious issue as mentioned in this paper, and the relevance of theoretical research to issues of competence and empowerment, and to the small body of research on decisionmaking and cho...
Abstract: In the context of normalisation and rights recognition, capacity for decision-making by people with an intellectual disability has emerged as an important but potentially contentious issue. Although increased community integration has opened up many new options, opportunities for greater autonomy are still unnecessarily constrained. Perceptions of limited competence, the issue of who has control over choices, and organisational structures are some of the factors which influence the extent to which clients are able to make decisions. This paper argues that, in order to resolve these issues, decision-making by people with an intellectual disability should be studied within the broader context of psychological theories of decision-making and human behaviour. Theoretical findings are reviewed and areas identified in which decision-making behaviour may break down. The relevance of theoretical research to issues of competence and empowerment, and to the small body of research on decision-making and cho...
TL;DR: Phenomenology is suggested as a method for understanding nursing practice and some phenomenological research is reviewed and some examples of phenomenological enquiry in nursing are given.
TL;DR: A flow-injection methodology using tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chemiluminescence was developed and evaluated for the determination of codeine in process streams as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In exploring supplementation practices, a classification system separating the supplements into dietary supplements and nutritional erogogenic aids is proposed, characterised as a product which can be used to address physiological or nutritional issues arising in sport.
Abstract: Studies of the dietary practices of athletes report that nutritional supplements are commonly used. Supplementation practices vary between sports and individual athletes; however, there is evidence that at least some athletes use a large number of supplements concurrently, often in doses that are very high in comparison with normal dietary intakes.
TL;DR: The myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig ileum were prepared as whole-mounts and stained with NADH diaphorase histochemistry and immunhistochemistry using a “nerve cell body” antiserum, finding that both techniques stained the entire neuronal population.
Abstract: Two techniques that are thought to stain all of the neurons in the myenteric ganglia of the intestine are NADH diaphorase histochemistry and immunohistochemistry using a "nerve cell body" antiserum. However, this assumption has never been directly verified. In the present study myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig ileum were prepared as whole-mounts and stained with either of these techniques. All nerve cells that could be identified in the whole-mounts were counted. The whole-mounts were then embedded flat in resin and serially sectioned at 1 micron. Nerve cells were identified and counted from the serial sections, and the data compared to those obtained from the whole-mounts. NADH diaphorase histochemistry did not reveal all the neurons at incubation times that gave selective staining. In contrast, "nerve cell body" antiserum stained the entire neuronal population. To determine the total number of nerve cell bodies/ganglion and the proportion of nerve cell bodies with calbindin immunoreactivity, whole-mounts that had been processed for calbindin immunohistochemistry were serially sectioned and reconstructed. The total number of neurons per myenteric ganglion was 105 +/- 10 (SE). Calbindin-immunoreactive neurons comprised about 20% of the myenteric neurons, which is considerably less than previous estimates, because previously the total population has been underestimated. The spatial density of myenteric neurons in the undistended ileum of the guinea-pig is 17,300 nerve cells/cm2.
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between foreign aid and the fiscal behavior of the Indian government is analyzed. And the authors identify and correct some inconsistencies in this framework and propose a utility maximizing theoretical framework.
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that research in science education and environmental education needs to consider methodology in the political terms of ideology, rather than simply in the technical terms of method and technique.
Abstract: This paper begins by establishing the existence of a debate in the broader educational community about the nature, meaning and significance of educational research, and its recognition that different approaches to educational research do not simply represent different strategies for data collection but rest on and express different ideologies that implicate different political attitudes among teachers, students, subject‐matters,schools, support agencies and researchers themselves. Evidence can be seen that this debate is beginning to appear in the science education literature and it is believed that the arguments can be extended. It is argued that research in science education and environmental education needs to consider methodology in the political terms of ideology, rather than simply in the technical terms of method and technique. Some of the recent thinking about the politics of method in both science education and environmental education, is then considered briefly and a number of meta‐rese...
01 Sep 1993
TL;DR: All knowledge is inherently local and that localness provides the basis for comparison between indigenous scientific traditions or knowledge production systems, as contemporary technosciences are compared with the knowledge systems of the medieval mastermasons, the Anasazi, the Inca, the Australian Aborigines and the Pacific navigators.
Abstract: This article argues that all knowledge is inherently local and that localness provides the basis for comparison between indigenous scientific traditions or knowledge production systems. As collective bodies of knowledge, many of the significant differences between knowledge production systems lie in the work involved in creating assemblages from differing practices. Much of the work can be seen in the social strategies and technical devices employed in creating equivalences and connections whereby otherwise heterogeneous and isolated knowledges are enabled to move in space and time from the local site and moment of their production and application to other places and times. In this way contemporary technosciences are compared with the knowledge systems of the medieval mastermasons, the Anasazi, the Inca, the Australian Aborigines and the Pacific navigators.
TL;DR: Textilotoxin is structurally the most complex of any of the known snake venom neurotoxins, and interesting homology with other snake venom phospholipase A2 neurotoxin indicated.
TL;DR: This article examined the accounting policies adopted for goodwill and for identifiable intangibles by a sample of 150 Australian Stock Exchange listed companies over the five-year period 1985 to 1989 inclusive, revealing a general decrease in the diversity of goodwill accounting policies over the study period but the converse for identifiable intangible policies.
Abstract: Accounting for intangible assets represents one of the more controversial accounting standards issues. This study examines the accounting policies adopted for goodwill and for identifiable intangible assets by a sample of 150 Australian Stock Exchange listed companies over the five-year period 1985 to 1989 inclusive. Findings reveal a general decrease in the diversity of goodwill accounting policies over the study period but the converse for identifiable intangible policies. In particular, an increase in the percentage of companies electing not to amortize identifiable intangibles was found. The study provides evidence to support claims that companies have been recognizing identifiable intangibles to reduce the impact on reported operating profits of the requirement of accounting standards for the amortization of goodwill.
TL;DR: The use of silence did not affect the chances of conviction in court; however, it was linked to how suspects pleaded in court as discussed by the authors, which may be due to the possibility that police officers appear to equate the use of silent with perceived guilt.
Abstract: This paper is in three parts: (1) the incidence of the use of the right to silence in the Metropolitan Police and the case characteristics (such as offence severity and use of legal advice) statistically associated with its use; (2) the effects of silence on the decision to charge or release suspects; and (3) the effects of silence on the conviction of suspects. The data are derived from a study of over 1000 cases in which suspects were questioned by police officers. Silence was used in about 16% of cases; however, it had very little effect on the prosecution and conviction of suspects. Contrary to expectations, suspects who used silence were more likely to be charged than suspects who did not exercise the right. This may be due to the possibility that police officers appear to equate the use of silence with perceived guilt. The use of silence did not affect the chances of conviction in court; however, it was linked to how suspects pleaded in court. Suspects who had earlier used their right to silence were more likely to plead guilty at the outset of a trial than those who had not used this right.
TL;DR: In this article, a computer simulation is described which can produce randomly packed lattices consisting of spheres which obey the log-normal distribution with absolute standard deviations in the range 0 to 0.84.
TL;DR: Electronic data interchange is an example of a cooperative inter-organizational system capable of providing competitive advantage and the greatest benefits were gained by organizations in which EDI was not only used, but fully integrated into their internal application systems.
Abstract: Electronic data interchange (EDI) is an example of a cooperative inter-organizational system capable of providing competitive advantage. This article examines the inter-organizational impact that EDI has had on the first Australian industry-wide adoption of the technology — the Australian automotive industry. The research focused on the component sector of the automotive industry which supply parts primarily to the locally-based multinational car manufacturers. It was this sector that has felt the greatest impact of EDI adoption, and the sector that expected the least benefits. In fact, about two-thirds of suppliers indicated they adopted EDI only because they were told to by their much larger customers (the car companies). Despite their apparent pessimism, the component sector did receive benefits from EDI adoption. In assessing the benefits, participants cited improved relations with trading partners, enhanced customer service, improved data accuracy and increased productivity as ranked in the highest group of claimed benefits from adoption. The greatest benefits were gained by organizations in which EDI was not only used, but fully integrated into their internal application systems. The analysis also indicated that senior management support was an important factor in achieving the stated benefits.