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Showing papers by "DECHEMA published in 1978"


Journal ArticleDOI
K. Buchholz1, B. Gödelmann1
TL;DR: The effectiveness of both enzymes is enhanced in the coupled reaction path, the overall effectiveness nevertheless is very low.
Abstract: Glucose oxidation by immobilized glucose oxidase (GlO) and catalase (Cat) has been investigated in batch and continuous reactions for operational studies. The macrokinetics of the process depend on coupled reaction steps and diffusion rates. The problem may be approximated by a simple pseudohomogeneous model taking into account both substrates of glucose oxidase and the intermediate reaction product H2O2. The effectiveness of both enzymes is enhanced in the coupled reaction path, the overall effectiveness nevertheless is very low. H2O2 causes the inactivation of both GlO and Cat. The rates of deactivation depend on the oxidation rates of glucose that give different quasistationary levels of H2O2 concentration. As a first approximation, the deactivation rates may be described by first-order reactions with respect to H2O2.

47 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Gerhard Kreysa1
TL;DR: In this paper, a macrokinetic model of three-dimensional electrodes is established by introducing overpotential distribution within the electrode into the microkinetic rate equation and analytical expressions for penetration depth of diffusion limiting cd into bed electrodes are derived for packed and fluidised bed electrodes.

37 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Gerhard Kreysa1
TL;DR: In this article, an automated full-scale plant has been developed in collaboration with an industrial firm for the treatment of copper-containing electroplating wash waters and the first results obtained in a trial run are given.
Abstract: Fixed-bed electrolysis – a process for purifying waste water contaminated with metals. In an effort to combine the purification of metal-containing electroplating wastes with the recovery of valuable materials and a recycling of the wash water greater substitution of the hydroxide precipitation will be necessary in the future. The electrochemical separation of dissolved metals represents an interesting alternative if material transport is intensified by use of a fixed-bed electrode and the specific surface area of the electrode is so increased that high yields of recovery are achievable from low concentrations. The separation of various metals and the influence of operating parameters have been investigated on a pilot-plant scale, and separations of down to less than one 1000th of the initial concentration and final concentrations below 0.1 ppm are currently being achieved. On the basis of these investigations an automated full-scale plant has been developed in collaboration with an industrial firm for the treatment of copper-containing electroplating wash waters. The first results obtained in a trial run are given.

30 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a qualitative assessment of the relationship between corrosion and creep deformation is possible, however, the feasibility of a quantitative description is still far away, as a rule, the aspect of a strength decrease will prevail although, in principle, corrosion may give rise to a strengthening, too.
Abstract: Einleitend werden kurz die Grundvorgange der Heisgaskorrosion und der Verformung unter Zeitstandbeanspruchung erlautert. Die Korrosion kann den Kriechwiderstand erhohen oder erniedrigen oder aber auch die anliegende Spannung vergrosern. Die einzelnen Mechanismen werden erlautert und – soweit moglich – durch Beispiele belegt. In der Regel wirken jedoch gleichzeitig mehrere Faktoren ein. Das Zusammenspiel wird durch Ruckwirkungen der Kriechverformung auf die Korrosionsvorgange weiter kompliziert. Fur Eisen- und Nickelbasislegierungen gibt es offenbar kritische Dehngeschwindigkeiten, bei deren Uberschreiten die Korrosion verstarkt und starker korngrenzenorientiert ablauft. Auch innere Korrosionsvorgange konnen dadurch besonders im Korngrenzenbereich ausgelost werden. Wahrend die Zusammenhange zwischen Korrosion und Kriechverformung qualitativ uberschaubar sind, liegt die Moglichkeit einer quantitativen Beschreibung noch in weiter Ferne. In der Regel werden die „Negativ-Punkte” uberwiegen, obgleich im Prinzip die Korrosion auch eine Verfestigung bewirken kann. Interactions between creep deformation and hot gas corrosion The paper starts with a short explanation of the basic processes during the high temperature corrosion and of deformation under creep stress. Corrosion may give rise to an increase or a decrease of creep resistance, or it may result in an increase of the stress applied. The individual mechanisms are explained and, as far as possible, illustrated by examples. As a rule, however, several factors act simultaneously. The concerted actions is further complicated by back effects of a creep deformation on the corrosion processes. In the case of iron and nickel base alloys there exist obviously critical strain rates beyond which corrosion is enhanced and then proceeds more pronouncedly at the grain boundaries. It is also possible that then internal corrosion processes are triggered, in particular, in the grain boundary regions. While a qualitative assessment of the relationships between corrosion and creep deformation is possible, the feasibility of a quantitative description is still far away. As a rule, however, the aspect of a strength decrease will prevail although, in principle, corrosion may give rise to a strengthening, too.

24 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1978
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the kinetics of the reactions of some aliphatic mercaptans with O(3P) atoms, and the experimental arrangement consists of a fastflow reactor, a supersonic molecular beam sampling system, a high resolution mass spectrometer as detector and a dosage system.
Abstract: The kinetics of the reactions of some aliphatic mercaptans with O(3P) atoms is described. The experimental arrangement consists of a fastflow reactor, a supersonic molecular beam sampling system, a high resolution mass spectrometer as detector and a dosage system. The rate constants were determined under O atomrich conditions ([O] ≈ 10−10 mol/cm3, 8 ≤ [O]/[RSH] ≤ 43) by measuring the mercaptan decay which was found to be pseudo-first order. The following Arrhenius parameters for CH3SH to C5H11SH were found; Frequency factors A: (8.5 ± 1), (5.75 ± 0.3), (8.33 ± 0.54), (5.78 ± 0.33), (6.18 ± 0.35) 1012 cm3/moles; activation energies E: (5.2 ± 0.3), (3.25 ± 0.15), (4.11 ± 0.18), (2.67 ± 0.16), (2.73 ± 0.16) in kJ/mol. With an excess of O atoms mainly SO2, CO2, HCHO, and H2S were found; for mercaptan-rich mixtures sulphides and disulphides were formed in addition, indicating the occurrence of thiyl radicals as intermediates. OH and CH3 radicals were also analysed. – As O2 is present in the atmosphere, in part II its influence on the reaction system is discussed, especially its reactions with thiyl radicals. In a CSTR, oxygen-nitrogen mixtures, containing small amounts of mercaptan (0.5 ± 10−9 – 30. mol/cm'), were irradiated with quanta of I, = 253.7 nm. The reactions of the originating thiyl radicals at different 0,concentrations were investigated. The identified reaction products were aldehyde, SO, and disulphide. Together with these results, a possible sequence of primary reaction steps in the reaction of mercaptans with 0 atoms is given. Die Kinetik der Reaktionen einiger aliphatischer Merkaptane mit O(3P)-Atomen wird beschrieben. Die Versuchsanordnung besteht im wesentlichen aus einem Stromungsreaktor, einem Uberschallmolekularstrahl-Probenahmesystem,einem hochauflosenden Massenspektrometer als Analysator und den Dosiereinrichtungen. Aus der zeitlichen Abnahme der Merkaptankonzentration bei 0-Atomuberschus ([O] ≈ 10−10 mol/cm3, 8 ≤ [O]/[RSH] ≤43) wurden die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten bestimmt; das Zeitgesetz entsprach einer Reaktion pseudo-erster Ordnung. Die folgenden Arrheniusparameter fur Methyl- bis Pentylmerkaptan wurden ermittelt; Frequenzfaktoren A: (8.5 ± 1). (5.75 ± 0,3), (8,33 ± 0,541, (5,78 ± 0.33). (6.18 ± 0,35) 10 12cm3/mol Aktivierungsenergien E: (5.2 ± 0.3). (3.25 ± 0.15 ). ( 4,11 ± 0,18), (2,67 ± 0,16), (2,73 ± 0,16) in Bei 0-Atomuberschus wurden hauptsachlich SO2, CO2 HCHO und HIS gefunden; fur hoheren Merkaptangehalt wurden daruber hinaus noch Sulfide und Disulfide gebildet. Dies kann als Hinweis auf gebildete Thiylradikale gewertet werden. OH- und CH,-Radikale wurden ebenfalls nachgewiesen. -Wegen des hohen 0,-Gehaltes der Atmosphare wird im zweiten Abschnitt dieser Arbeit der mogliche Einflus von 02, auf das Reaktionssystem diskutiert, insbesondere wird die Reaktion von Thiylradikalen mit O2 untersucht. In einem kontinuierlichen Ruhrkessel wurden Sauerstoff/Stickstoff-Mischungen, die geringe Mengen Merkaptan (0.5 · 109 bis 30 · 10−9-mol/cm) enthielten, mit Quanten der Wellenlange λ = 253,7 nm bestrahlt. Die Reaktionen der entstehenden Thiylradikale wurden in Abhangigkeit vom 02-Partialdruck verfolgt; sie fuhrten zu Aldehyd, SO2 und Disulfid. Zusammen mit diesen Ergebnissen wurde eine mogliche Folge von Primarschritten fur die Reaktion von Merkaptanen mit 0-Atomen ausgearbeitet.

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
W. Schwenk1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the practical importance of low-cycle loads in connection with strain-induced stress corrosion cracking, and show that these conditions exist when slow cycle and low amplitudes are present.
Abstract: Neuere Untersuchungen zur Spannungsriskorrosion zeigen, das neben der Zugspannung die Dehngeschwindigkeit einen wesentlichen Einflus hat. Hierbei tritt Spannungsriskorrosion nur innerhalb eines bestimmten Bereiches der Dehngeschwindigkeit auf. Es ist praktisch, je nach dem Wert der unteren Grenzgeschwindigkeit klassische und nicht-klassische Arten der Spannungsriskorrosion zu unterscheiden. Bei den ersten ist diese Grose ≤ 0, so das auch bei rein statischer Last Spannungsriskorrosion eintritt. Bei der zweiten ist diese Grose > 0, so das nur in Zeitphasen mit zunehmender Zugspannung Spannungsriskorrosion eintritt. Theoretische Uberlegungen zeigen in Ubereinstimmung mit Untersuchungsergebnissen, das dies bei langsam-zyklischer Belastung und bei kleinen Amplitude eintritt. Eine Abgrenzung zur Schwingungsriskorrosion wird erortert. Practical importance of low-cycle loads in connection with strain-induced stress corrosion cracking New investigations on stress corrosion cracking have shown that besides stresses the strain rates are essential factors. In general, stress corrosion cracking occurs within critical ranges of strain rate only. From practical point of view, stress corrosion cracking can be divided into two modes with respect to the lower limiting value of strain rate: classical and non-classical mode. In the first case this value is ≤ 0. Thus, stress corrosion cracking occurs at constant load. In the second case the value is > 0. Thus, stress corrosion cracking can only occur within periods of increasing stresses. Theoretical considerations are in keeping with testing results and show that these conditions exist when slow cycle and low amplitudes are present. Aspects to differentiate between stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue are discussed.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
R. Manner, Ewald Heitz1
TL;DR: In this paper, a pilot test loop conditions of thermal sea-water desalination were simulated, i.e., temperatures between room temperature and 120°C, oxygen contents between saturation and 2 ppb, flow velocities up to 6 m/s and various pH values were controlled over a long time with appropriate regulation devices.
Abstract: In a pilot test loop conditions of thermal sea-water desalination were simulated, i. e., temperatures between room temperature and 120°C, oxygen contents between saturation and 2 ppb, flow velocities up to 6 m/s and various pH values were controlled over a long time with appropriate regulation devices. In two specimen chambers of different design corrosion rates of non alloyed and low alloyed steels were measured and compared by weight loss and polarisation resistance. Good agreement was obtained in 100 hr experiments and short duration parameter studies. This work contains the experimental and methodical requirements for investigation into the influence of oxygen, flow velocity, pH value and impurities during sea-water desalination which will be presented in part II of the publication. Korrosionsversuche unter den Bedingungen der thermischen Meerwasserentsalzung I. Pilot-Prufkreislauf zum Simulieren von Betriebsbedingungen In einem Pilot-Prufkreislauf werden die Bedingungen der thermischen Meerwasserentsalzung simuliert, d. h. Temperaturen zwischen Raumtemperatur und 120°C, Sauerstoffgehalte zwischen Sattigung und 2 ppb, Stromungsgeschwindigkeiten bis zu 6 m/s und verschiedene pH-Werte werden mit entsprechenden Regelvorrichtungen uber lange Zeit konstant gehalten. In zwei unterschiedlichen Meszellenkonstruktionen werden die Korrosionsraten von unlegierten und niedriglegierten Stahlen uber den Gewichtsverlust und uber Polarisationswiderstandsmessungen ermittelt und miteinander verglichen. Es ergibt sich gute Ubereinstimmung sowohl bei 100-h-Versuchen als auch bei den Kurzzeit-Parameterstudien. Die vorliegende Arbeit enthalt die experimentellen und methodischen Voraussetzungen fur eine unter Teil II vorgesehene Untersuchung des Sauerstoffeinflusses, des Einflusses von Stromungsgeschwindigkeit, pH-Wert und der Wirkung von Verunreinigungen bei der Meerwasserentsalzung.

5 citations


Book ChapterDOI
K. Buchholz1, B. Godelmann1
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that at p ≅ 100 mbar the pressure drop increased very rapidly with the flow rate, and occlusion occured beyond about 500 mbar.
Abstract: Columns with fixed beds of immobilized enzymes or other proteins are commonly used in affinity chromatography and as reactors for continuous operation. Most carrier particles for protein immobilization are deformable or compressible by application of pressure. For non-compressible beds at low Reynolds-numbers, < 10, the pressure drop p is a linear function of flow rate; and the flow resistance is constant. With deformable particles in fixed beds p is a non-linear function of bed height h and volumetric flow rate v (1). This is shown in Fig. 1 where the flow resistance increased with p, finally leading to instability and occlusion. It is evident that at p ≅ 100 mbar the pressure drop increased very rapidly with the flow rate, and occlusion occured beyond about 500 mbar. The maximal flow rate depended on h as expected. Reproducibility was difficult, depending on pretreatment and hysteresis. The flow through a compressible bed must take into account varying hydraulic radii rh in the flow path, caused by particle deformation.

4 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Ewald Heitz1, R. Manner
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of a 100 hrs test and a short duration parameter studies at various oxygen concentrations at various levels of oxygen concentration were obtained, showing that above 100°C there is a minimum corrosion rate at 10 ppb oxygen.
Abstract: Corrosion rates determined on the basis of weight loss and polarization resistance are considerably lower for a 6% chromium steel than for an unalloyed steel C 15 (DIN 17210), a base-melt and a 5.5% Ni steel. The results of a 100 hrs test and a short duration parameter studies at various oxygen concentrations show that above 100°C there is a minimum corrosion rate at 10 ppb oxygen. At oxygen concentrations above 20 ppb there is a transition from uniform corrosion to pitting. The dependence of corrosion rate on pH is in accordance with expectations; the same is true with the dependence on flow rate. Sulphides as impurities in sea-water become corrosion stimulators only below pH 7, but are highly active even in the ppm range. Addition of 1 ppm copper ions gives rise to considerable stimulation, too. The results obtained in this study enable conclusions to be drawn with respect to the operation of sea-water desalination plant. Korrosionsversuche unter den Bedingungen der thermischen Meerwasserentsalzung. II. Einflus von Sauerstoffgehalt, pH-Wert, Stromungsgeschwindigkeit und Verunreinigungen auf die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit von unlegierten und niedriglegierten Stahlen Aus Massenverlust und Polarisationswiderstandsmessung ermittelte Korrosionsraten ergeben fur einen mit 6% Cr legierten Stahl eine gegenuber unlegiertem Stahl C 15 (DIN 17210), einer Basisschmelze und einem mit 5,5% Ni legierten Stahl erheblich niedrigere Werte. Aus 100 h – und Kurzzeit-Parameterstudien bei unterschiedlichen Sauerstoffgehalten ergibt sich oberhalb 100 V°C ein Minimum der Korrosionsrate bei 10 ppb Sauerstoff. Bei Sauerstoffgehalten groser als 20 ppb geht die gleichformige Korrosion in Lochkorrosion uber. Die Abhangigkeit der Korrosionsraten vom pH-Wert und von der Stromungsgeschwindigkeit ist wie erwartet. Sulfide als Verunreinigungen im Meerwasser beginnen erst unterhalb pH = 7, die Korrosion zu stimulieren, sind aber schon im ppm-Bereich sehr wirksam. Zusatze von 1 ppm Kupferionen stimulieren die Korrosion ebenfalls erheblich. Aus den Resultaten ergeben sich Konsequenzen fur den Betrieb von Meerwasserentsalzungsanlagen.

2 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: It is necessary to analyze the production and decomposition rates of H202 and the deactivation rates for both enzymes in the presence of this compound.
Abstract: Glucose oxidase (GOD) has been immobilized for both technical and analytical purposes. Since it is deactivated by its reaction product H202 (1), its activity may be stabilized by immobilized catalase (2). The catalase decomposes H202, but it is itself also deactivated by H202 (3). It therefore becomes necessary to analyze the production and decomposition rates of H202 and the deactivation rates for both enzymes in the presence of this compound.

1 citations


Patent
Klaus Buchholz1, Axel Borchert1
09 Feb 1978
TL;DR: In this article, a protein is concentrated on the surface of the porous carrier particles so that effective activity (e.g. enzyme activity) is increased, and the resulting prod. is sepd. from the reaction medium.
Abstract: Prodn. of water-insol. proteins bound covalently to a porous carrier comprises adsorption of an aq. soln. of a protein carrying -COO- or -NH3+ gps. to an aq. suspension of a finely divided carrier having -NH3 + or -COO- gps. respectively, and subsequently forming covalent bonds by reaction with a carbodiimide deriv. In this process, (a) the dissolved polymer to be bound to the carrier is used in an amt. substantially smaller than the amt. which corresponds to the max. adsorption capacity of the carrier for the protein, and (b) immediately after adsorption of the protein the protein is reacted with the carrier by addn. of a carbodiimide deriv., steps (a) and (b) being carried out within a short space of time such that the protein is only bound to the carrier by surface adsorption; and (c) the resulting prod. is sepd. from the reaction medium. Process enables the protein to be inhomogeneously distributed over the carrier particles. The protein is concentrated on the surface of the porous carrier particles so that effective activity (e.g. enzyme activity) is increased.