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Showing papers by "Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University published in 2008"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Though, both essential oil and oleoresins were found to be effective, essential oil was finding to be better than the olerosins.

369 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These essential oils reduced the oviposition potential, egg hatching rate, pupal formation and emergence of adults of F(1) progeny of the insect when fumigated with sublethal concentrations and caused chronic toxicity as the fumigating insects caused less damage to the stored grains.
Abstract: In the present study, the essential oil from seven common spices, Anethum graveolens, Cuminum cyminum, Illicium verum, Myristica fragrans, Nigella sativa, Piper nigrum and Trachyspermum ammi was isolated and its insecticidal, oviposition, egg hatching and developmental inhibitory activities were determined against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis. Essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation method using Clevenger apparatus. These essential oils caused death of adults and larvae of Callosobruchus chinensis when fumigated. The 24-h LC50 values against the adults of the insect were 8.9 μl, 10.8 μl, 11.0 μl, 12.5 μl, 13.6 μl, 14.8 μl and 15.6 μl for N. sativa, A. graveolens, C. cyminum, I. verum, P. nigrum, M. fragrans and T. ammi oils respectively. On the other hand, against larval stage these values were 6.4 μl, 7.9 μl, 8.9 μl, 11.1 μl, 11.7 μl, 12.2 μl and 13.5 μl for N. sativa, A. graveolens, C. cyminum, I. verum, P. nigrum, M. fragrans and T. ammi respectively. These essential oils reduced the oviposition potential, egg hatching rate, pupal formation and emergence of adults of F1 progeny of the insect when fumigated with sublethal concentrations. These essential oils also caused chronic toxicity as the fumigated insects caused less damage to the stored grains. The essential oil of N. sativa was found most effective against all the different stages of the Callosobruchus chinensis followed by A. graveolens, C. cyminum, I. verum, P. nigrum, M. fragrans and T. ammi oils. All the responses were found concentration-dependent. The toxic and developmental inhibitory effects may be due to suffocation and inhibition of various biosynthetic processes of the insects at different developmental stages.

131 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The molecular modeling studies on different quadruplex–berberine complexes show that berberine stacking at the external G‐quartet is mainly aided by the π–π interaction and the stabilization of the high negative charge density of O6 of guanines by the positively charged N7 of berberines.
Abstract: This study examines the characteristics of binding of berberine to the human telomeric d[AG(3)(T(2)AG(3))(3)] quadruplex By employing UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry, we found that the binding affinity of berberine to the human telomeric quadruplex is 10(6) The complete thermodynamic profile for berberine binding to the quadruplex, at 25 degrees C, shows a small negative enthalpy (DeltaH) of -17 kcalmol(-1), an entropy change with TDeltaS of +65 kcalmol(-1), and an overall favorable free energy (DeltaG) of -82 kcalmol(-1) Through the temperature dependence of DeltaH, we obtained a heat capacity (DeltaC(p)) of -94 (+/- 5) calmol(-1)K(-1) The osmotic stress method revealed that there is an uptake of 13 water molecules in the complex relative to the free reactants Furthermore, the molecular modeling studies on different quadruplex-berberine complexes show that berberine stacking at the external G-quartet is mainly aided by the pi-pi interaction and the stabilization of the high negative charge density of O6 of guanines by the positively charged N7 of berberine The theoretical heat capacity (DeltaC(p)) values for quadruplex-berberine models are -89 and -156 calmol(-1)K(-1)

105 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 2008
TL;DR: Experimental data indicate that garlic may have anticarcinogenic effect, and more studies on the way of delivery in environment and mode of action are still recommended for effective control of pest.
Abstract: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a bulbous herb used as a food item, spice and medicine in different parts of the world. Its medicinal use is based on traditional experience passed from generation to generation. Researchers from various disciplines are now directing their efforts towards discovering the effects of garlic on human health. Interest in garlic among researchers, particularly those in medical profession, has stemmed from the search for a drug that has a broad-spectrum therapeutic effect with minimal toxicity. Recent studies indicate that garlic extract has antimicrobial activity against many genera of bacteria, fungi and viruses. The role of garlic in preventing cardiovascular disease has been acclaimed by several authors. Chemical constituents of garlic have been investigated for treatment of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, platelet aggregation and blood fibrinolytic activity. Experimental data indicate that garlic may have anticarcinogenic effect. Recent researches in the area of pest control show that garlic has strong insecticidal, nematicidal, rodenticidal and molluscicidal activity. Despite field trials and laboratory experiments on the pesticidal activity of garlic have been conducted, more studies on the way of delivery in environment and mode of action are still recommended for effective control of pest. Adverse effects of oral ingestion and topical exposure of garlic include body odor, allergic reactions, acceleration in the effects of anticoagulants and reduction in the efficacy of anti-AIDS drug Saquinavir

95 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the chemical analysis of the essential oil and various oleoresins of Elettaria cardamomum (seeds and pods) by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/MS techniques was described.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: This paper describes the chemical analysis of the essential oil and various oleoresins of Elettaria cardamomum (seeds and pods) by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques. It also compares the effects of the different extraction solvents used (chloroform, methanol, ethanol and diethyl ether) on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and oleoresins. RESULTS: The essential oil was found to contain 71 compounds. The major components were α-terpinyl acetate (44.3%), 1,8-cineole (10.7%), α-terpineol (9.8%) and linalool (8.6%). The chloroform and methanol oleoresins both contained α-terpinyl acetate (21.8 and 25.9% respectively) as the main component, while 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (28.9%) was the most abundant compound in the ethanol oleoresin. However, very few components (total 0.61%) were found in the diethyl ether oleoresin. The antioxidant activities of the essential oil and oleoresins, studied in mustard oil by monitoring the peroxide value of the oil substrate, were comparable to those of the synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 0.02% concentration. The essential oil exhibited strong antibacterial activity against the micro-organisms Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi at 3000 ppm by the agar well diffusion method. Antifungal activity was tested against the food-borne fungi Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium purpurogenum, Fusarium graminearum and Penicillium madriti. The methanol and ethanol oleoresins gave the best results against A. terreus at 3000 ppm by the poison food method. CONCLUSION: This study provides important information about the chemistry and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of E. cardamomum. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry

86 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An alkaline pectin lyase secreted by Aspergillus flavus MTCC 7589 was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity using ammonium sulphate fractionation, anion exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose and gel filtration chromatography in order to show efficacy in retting of Crotalaria juncea fibers.

67 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The relative stabilities of human telomeric quadruplex structures under K+ ion conditions and their binding interaction with telomestatin, as determined by molecular dynamics simulations followed by energy calculations, show that, in the presence of K+ ions, mixed hybrid-type Tel-22 quadruplex conformations are more stable than other conformations.
Abstract: The formation and stabilization of telomeric quadruplexes has been shown to inhibit the activity of telomerase, thus establishing telomeric DNA quadruplex as an attractive target for cancer therapeutic intervention. In this context, telomestatin, a G-quadruplex-specific ligand known to bind and stabilize G-quadruplex, is of great interest. Knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of telomeric quadruplex and its complex with telomestatin in solution is a prerequisite for structure-based rational drug design. Here, we report the relative stabilities of human telomeric quadruplex (AG3[T2AG3]3) structures under K+ ion conditions and their binding interaction with telomestatin, as determined by molecular dynamics simulations followed by energy calculations. The energetics study shows that, in the presence of K+ ions, mixed hybrid-type Tel-22 quadruplex conformations are more stable than other conformations. The binding free energy for quadruplex−telomestatin interactions suggests that 1:2 binding is favore...

53 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: C. papaya and A. catechu may be used as potent molluscicides since the concentrations used to kill the snails were not toxic for the fish Colisa fasciatus which shares the same habitat with the vector snail L. acuminata.

50 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the propagation of shock waves in a dusty gas with heat conduction and radiation heat flux, in which density varies exponentially, and the effects of variation of the heat transfer parameters and time are investigated.
Abstract: The propagation of shock waves in a dusty gas with heat conduction and radiation heat flux, in which density varies exponentially, is investigated. The dusty gas is assumed to be a mixture of small solid particles and a perfect gas. The equilibrium flow conditions are assumed to be maintained, and the heat conduction is expressed in terms of Fourier's law and the radiation is considered to be of the diffusion type for an optically thick grey gas model. The thermal conductivity K and the absorption coefficient ?R are assumed to vary with temperature and density. The shock wave moves with variable velocity and the total energy of the wave is non-constant. Non-similar solutions are obtained and the effects of variation of the heat transfer parameters and time are investigated. The effects of an increase in (i) the mass concentration of solid particles in the mixture and (ii) the ratio of the density of solid particles to the initial density of the gas on the flow variables in the region behind the shock are also investigated at given times.

43 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There was little variation observed in most of the desired qualities of C. chlorideae in the range of 17–27°C, and it appears that the parasitoid is adapted to a wide range of temperatures.
Abstract: Development, survival, fecundity, progeny sex ratio (PSR) and age-specific life-table parameters of the parasitoid Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were examined at six different constant temperatures (12, 17, 22, 27, 32 and 37°C) in the laboratory [70 ± 10% RH and 10:14 h (light:dark) photoperiod]. Second instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were reared on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and used as the host. Development times shortened as the temperature increased from 12 to 37°C. The estimated lower developmental threshold (tL) was 3.4°C. The thermal summation for total immature stages was 379.97 degree-days. A reciprocal relationship between temperature and longevity was observed in the range of 12–17°C. The maximum mortality of pupae (71.8%) occurred at 37°C. At 22°C, the yield of a female parasitoid averaged 137.3 ± 14.7 (mean ± SD) progeny, of which 89.6 ± 7.6 were daughters. The number of daughters produced decreased when the females were kept either above or below 22°C, although the PSR was female biased in the range of 17–27°C. The analyses of life-table parameters, developmental rates, reproduction, mortality and PSR suggest that maximum population growth (rm) is near 27°C. There was little variation observed in most of the desired qualities of C. chlorideae in the range of 17–27°C, and it appears that the parasitoid is adapted to a wide range of temperatures. We suggest that for maximum production the parasitoid should be reared at 22 ± 4°C and be released in areas where the temperature ranges between 17° and 27°C, as in the plains of northern India.

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the catalytic activities of the MTTMF nanocrystallites on thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and ignition delay measurements.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase diagram of benzamide-benzoic acid system has been studied by the thaw-melt method and the linear velocities of crystallization of the components and the eutectic mixture were determined at different undercoolings.

Journal Article
TL;DR: A marked reduction of sulphate content in leaf was found during October when reduction in ambient air sulphur dioxide was recorded, and two way ANOVA finds the obtained values to be highly significant.
Abstract: Present study deals with the relationship between ambient air sulphur dioxide and sulphate content in leaf of selected tropical plant species, Ficus religiosa. The study reveals a positive correlation between ambient air sulphur dioxide and sulphate in the leaves. Two way ANOVA finds the obtained values to be highly significant (p<0.001). Amount of sulphate in leaves shows positive correlation with sulphur dioxide in air (p<0.001) during most part of the study. A marked reduction of sulphate content in leaf was found during October when reduction in ambient air sulphur dioxide was recorded.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, three hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) metal nitrate complexes such as [M(H 2O)4(H2O-HMTA)-2]-NO3]·4H2Os have been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography.
Abstract: Three hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) metal nitrate complexes such as [M(H2O)4(H2O-HMTA)2](NO3)·4H2O (where M=Co, Ni and Zn) have been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography. Their thermal decomposition have been studied by using dynamic, isothermal thermogravimery (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Kinetics of thermal decomposition was undertaken by applying model-fitting as well as isoconversional methods. The possible pathways of thermolysis have also been proposed. Ignition delay measurements have been carried out to investigate the response of these complexes under condition of rapid heating.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The compound containing two molecules of O,O-diethylchlorophosphate attached to isatin-3-(4-hydroxy phenoxy acetic acid) hydrazone (IIh) were proven to be more active than some prevalent commercial synthetic fungicides.
Abstract: A total of 20 novel organophosphorus derivatives have been synthesized by the reactions of O,O-diethylchlorophosphate/thiophosphate with isatin-3-(substituted benzoic acid/phenoxy acetic acid hydra...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A series of 2‐(arylidene)‐indan‐1, 3‐diones 1 were prepared by Knoevenagel reaction between indane‐ 1,3‐dione and the appropriate araldehydes to give novel heterocyclic systems 4 and 5, respectively, reported here for the first time.
Abstract: A series of 2-(arylidene)-indan-1, 3-diones 1 were prepared by Knoevenagel reaction between indane-1,3-dione and the appropriate araldehydes. The alpha,beta-enones 1 have been used as a component of Michael addition with equimolar amounts of 2-aminopyridine/2-aminopyrimidine to give novel heterocyclic systems 4 and 5, respectively. They are reported here for the first time. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR, and elemental analysis. All compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Some of them showed promising activities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The inhibition of AChE, ACP and ALP by arecoline and papain in the nervous tissue of L. acuminata may be the cause of molluscicidal activity of A. catechu and C. papaya, respectively.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used theoretical IR data of PAHs having 10 to 96 carbon atoms to obtain emission spectra, which were taken in size groups made up of small, medium, and large PAH cations.
Abstract: Aims. The observed variations in profiles of the interstellar aromatic infrared bands correlate with the object type and are indicative of PAH populations existing in different sources. Spectroscopic studies of PAHs can provide tools for interpreting the variations accompanying the AIBs. As the observed spectra results from a mix of possible species in the region, we try to model this composite spectra by co-adding emissions from PAHs in different size groups. Methods. Theoretical IR data of PAHs having 10 to 96 carbon atoms is used to obtain emission spectra. The models are taken in size groups made up of small, medium, and large PAHs. Results. The models show a good profile match with observations for the 7.7 μm complex having sub-features at 7.6 and 7.8 μm. The 7.6 μm sub-feature dominates in the spectra of medium-sized PAH cations, matching observations from UV-rich interstellar environments. The 7.8 μm component is more intense in the spectra of large PAH cations (model III), correlating with observations from benign astrophysical regions. A possible interpretation of the observations of C−H out-of-plane bend modes and the weak outliers on the blue side of the intense 11.2 μm band is proposed. The models provide pointers to possible PAH populations in different regions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The enzymatic characteristics Km, k(cat), pH and temperature optima of the purified laccase have been determined using 2, 6-dimethoxyphenol as the substrate and have been found to be 35 micromol/L, 0.30 min(-1), 4.5 and 37 degrees C respectively.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The essential oil and oleoresins (methanol, ethanol, isooctane and CCl4) from tejpat have been used as a natural food preservative for pineapple juice.
Abstract: The essential oil and oleoresins (methanol, ethanol, isooctane and CCl4) from tejpat have been used as a natural food preservative for pineapple juice. The stored samples were studied for pH, total and reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, peroxide value, titrable acidity and microbiological count at fixed time intervals of 7 days. Significant changes were observed during the storage period. The essential oil showed better preservative effect than the oleoresins did. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Essential oils and oleoresins derived from spices are considered luxurious items because of their uses in aromatherapy, confectionary, beverages and pharmaceutical industries. Moreover, they also possess antioxidant and antimicrobial efficiency. Essential oil and oleoresins extracted from tejpat are used in the preservation of pineapple juice, which is better and safer than synthetic conservers. This characteristic is of great interest for the food industries.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of admixtures such as black gram pulse (BGP) and sulfonated naphthalene based superplasticizer (SP) on the hydration of Portland cement has been studied.
Abstract: Effect of admixtures such as black gram pulse (BGP) and sulfonated naphthalene based superplasticizer (SP) on the hydration of Portland cement has been studied. The hydration characteristics of OPC in the presence of BGP and SP were studied with the help of non evaporable water content determinations, calorimetric method, Mossbauer spectroscopic and atomic force microscopic techniques. Results have shown that both BGP and SP get adsorbed at the surface of cement and its hydration products. The hydration of Portland cement is retarded in the presence of both the admixtures and nanosize hydration products are formed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An acidic pectin lyase produced by Aspergillus ficuum MTCC 7591 was purified to apparent homogeneity by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography and has been found to be very effective in the clarification of sweet lime and orange juices.
Abstract: An acidic pectin lyase (E.C. 4.2.2.10) produced byAspergillus ficuum MTCC 7591 of molecular weight 31.6 kD was purified to apparent homogeneity by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Eighty-six fold purification with 60% yield and a specific activity of 7.8 U/mg protein was obtained. The Km and calculated turnover number (kcat) of the purified enzyme were found to be 0.60 mg/ml and 74 s−1 respectively using citrus pectin as the substrate. The pH and temperature optima were 5.0 and 50°C respectively. Exposed to 24 hours at a particular pH the enzyme was found to be relatively stable in the pH range 2.0–9.0. Exposed to a particular temperature for 1 hour, the enzyme retains full activity up to 40°C. Metal ions and protein inhibitors did not have significant effects on the activity of the enzyme. The enzyme has been found to be very effective in the clarification of sweet lime and orange juices.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Cycloart-24-en-3beta-ol isolated from Euphorbia royleana latex possesses potent piscicidal activity against freshwater predatory fish Channa punctatus and may be advantageous for their use as environmentally safe piscicide for controlling the predatory fish C. punctatus population from carp culture ponds.
Abstract: Cycloart-24-en-3β-ol isolated from Euphorbia royleana latex possesses potent piscicidal activity against freshwater predatory fish Channa punctatus. Their short as well as long-term exposure causes significant (P<0.05) time and dose-dependent reversible alteration in the oxidative metabolism of the fish Channa punctatus Cycloart-24-en-3β-ol also shifts fish respiratory pathway, inhibits energy production and AChE activity reversibly may be advantageous for their use as environmentally safe piscicide for controlling the predatory fish C. punctatus population from carp culture ponds.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of impurity on the microstructures of eutectic mixtures of vanillin, p-anisidine and NHM was studied.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the reactions of bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV) chloride with a new series of Schiff bases (LH2), derived by condensing 3-(phenyl/2-chlorophenyl/4-nitrophenyl)-4-amino-5-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazoles with salicylaldehyde or 2-hydroxyacetophenone, have been studied both by conventional stirring method and also by using microwave technology.
Abstract: The reactions of bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV) chloride with a new series of Schiff bases (LH2), derived by condensing 3-(phenyl/2-chlorophenyl/4-nitrophenyl)-4-amino-5-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazoles with salicylaldehyde or 2-hydroxyacetophenone, have been studied both by conventional stirring method and also by using microwave technology. The products of type [(η5-C5H5)2Ti(L)] have been isolated in both cases. Tentative structural conclusions are drawn for the reaction products based upon physico-chemical and spectroscopic methods. The ligands behave as dibasic, tetradentate chelating agents and a six-coordinated structure have been assigned to these derivatives. Studies were conducted to assess the growth inhibiting potential of the free Schiff bases and their complexes against various bacterial strains.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the bidentate and monodentate behavior of pyrazoline ligands was confirmed by IR spectral data, and the complexes were examined for crystalline/amorphous nature through XRD; all complexes are amorphous.
Abstract: Iron(III)5(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-X-phenyl)pyrazolinates of the type (C15H12N2OX)3Fe [where X =–H,–Cl,–CH3,–OCH3] have been synthesized by reaction of anhydrous FeCl3 with the sodium salts of pyrazoline in 1 : 3 molar ratio. Their addition complexes with N and P donor ligands [2,2′-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline and triphenylphosphine] were prepared in 1:1 molar ratio. These newly synthesized derivatives have been characterized using elemental analysis (C, H, N and Fe), molecular weight measurement, magnetic moment data, FAB mass, 31P NMR and Mossbauer spectral data. The complexes have been examined for crystalline/amorphous nature through XRD; all complexes are amorphous. Octahedral geometry around iron(III) confirms the presence of three bidentate pyrazoline ligands in iron(III)5(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-X-phenyl)pyrazolinates. In addition complexes pyrazoline is monodentate. The bidentate and monodentate behavior of pyrazoline ligands was confirmed by IR spectral data. All the complexes were tested for ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Four phenylenediammonium dinitrate salts were prepared and characterized by elemental, Infrared spectroscopy (IR), Ultraviolet spectroscopic (UV) and gravimetric methods, which find application in propellant, explosives and pyrotechnics.

Journal ArticleDOI
27 Mar 2008-Ionics
TL;DR: In this article, an undoped sodium phosphate glass (Na2O-P2O5) has low electrical conductivity σ compared to all doped glasses except for 10% FeCl3-doped samples for which σ is found to be the lowest.
Abstract: Sodium phosphate glass undoped and doped with different concentrations of chlorides of iron, manganese, and zinc were prepared by melt quenching. The synthesized glasses were characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and electrical conductivity studies. The undoped sodium phosphate glass (Na2O–P2O5) has low electrical conductivity σ compared to all doped glasses except for 10% FeCl3-doped samples for which σ is found to be the lowest, and the trend is $$\sigma \left( {-{\text{ZnCl}}_2 } \right) >\sigma \left( {-{\text{MnCl}}_2 } \right) >\sigma \left( {-{\text{FeCl}}_3 } \right) >\sigma \left( {{\text{Na}}_2 {\text{O}}-{\text{P}}_2 {\text{O}}_5 } \right)$$ The Na2O–P2O5–5% ZnCl2, Na2O–P2O5–5% MnCl2 and Na2O–P2O5–1% FeCl3 glassy systems yielded maximum σ values. These results are explained on the basis of changes in the structure of sodium phosphate glass matrix by the addition of Fe, Mn, and Zn ions based on IR spectra and DSC studies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the strength of molecular interactions in the binary mixtures studied are discussed on the basis of variations in Grunberg-Nissan parameter ( d ). And it is suggested that molecular interactions are dipole-induced dipole type between components of binary mixture and the strength increases with increase in polarizability of aromatic hydrocarbons.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the present study snail attractant pellets prepared from binary combination of carbohydrates and amino acids in 2% agar solution were tested on Lymnaea acuminata, an intermediate host of the digenean trematodes Fasciol hepatica and Fasciola gigantica and the behavioral responses of snails were examined.