Showing papers by "Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University published in 2015"

Emerging Risk Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases and Disorders

Abstract: Present review article highlights various cardiovascular risk prediction biomarkers by incorporating both traditional risk factors to be used as diagnostic markers and recent technologically generated diagnostic and therapeutic markers. This paper explains traditional biomarkers such as lipid profile, glucose, and hormone level and physiological biomarkers based on measurement of levels of important biomolecules such as serum ferritin, triglyceride to HDLp (high density lipoproteins) ratio, lipophorin-cholesterol ratio, lipid-lipophorin ratio, LDL cholesterol level, HDLp and apolipoprotein levels, lipophorins and LTPs ratio, sphingolipids, Omega-3 Index, and ST2 level. In addition, immunohistochemical, oxidative stress, inflammatory, anatomical, imaging, genetic, and therapeutic biomarkers have been explained in detail with their investigational specifications. Many of these biomarkers, alone or in combination, can play important role in prediction of risks, its types, and status of morbidity. As emerging risks are found to be affiliated with minor and microlevel factors and its diagnosis at an earlier stage could find CVD, hence, there is an urgent need of new more authentic, appropriate, and reliable diagnostic and therapeutic markers to confirm disease well in time to start the clinical aid to the patients. Present review aims to discuss new emerging biomarkers that could facilitate more authentic and fast diagnosis of CVDs, HF (heart failures), and various lipid abnormalities and disorders in the future.

Insights into structural and functional diversity of Dof (DNA binding with one finger) transcription factor

Abstract: Main conclusion The structural, functional and in-silico studies of Dof transcription factor attempted so far reveals immense opportunity to analyze the plant genomes in terms of number of Dof genes and discuss in light of the evolution. The multiple functions of Dof genes needs to explored for crop improvement. Transcription factors play a very vital role in gene regulation at transcriptional level and are being extensively studied across phylas. In recent years, sequencing of plant genomes has led to genome-wide identification and characterizations of diverse types of plant-specific transcription factor gene family providing key insights into their structural and functional diversity. The DNA binding with one finger (Dof), a class belonging to C2H2-type zinc finger family proteins, is a plant-specific transcription factor having multiple roles such as seed maturation and germination, phytohormone and light-mediated regulation and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Dof proteins are present across plant lineage, from green algae to higher angiosperm, and represent a unique class of transcription factor having bifunctional binding activities, with both DNA and proteins, to regulate the complex transcriptional machinery in plant cells. The structural and functional diversity of the Dof transcription factor family along with the bioinformatics analysis highlighting the phylogeny of Dof families is reviewed in light of its importance in plant biotechnology for crop improvement.

Green synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles and their applications in thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate and dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract: In this paper, we report on the green synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co 3 O 4 NPs) using leaves extract of plant Calotropis gigantea and characterize by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The green synthesized Co 3 O 4 NPs showed excellent catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and burning rate of composite solid propellants (CSPs). Kinetics of slow and rapid thermal decomposition has been investigated by isoconversional and ignition delay methods, respectively. Moreover, the electrocatalytic performance of green synthesized Co 3 O 4 NPs in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) has also been evaluated. The cyclic voltametry measurement shows good electrocatalytic activity of Co 3 O 4 NPs toward the reduction of I 3 − to I − ions.

Multiband optical variability studies of BL Lacertae

Abstract: We monitored BL Lacertae for 13 nights in optical B, V, R, and I bands during October and November 2014 including quasi-simultaneous observations in V and R bands using two optical telescopes in India. We have studied multi-band optical flux variations, colour variation and spectral changes in this blazar. Source was found to be active during the whole monitoring period and showed significant intraday variability on 3 nights in V and R filters while displayed hints of variability on 6 other dates in R passband and on 2 nights in V filter. From the colour-magnitude analysis of the source we found that the spectra of the target gets flatter as it becomes brighter on intra-night timescale. Using discrete correlation technique, we found that intraday light curves in both V and R filters are almost consistent and well correlated with each other. We also generated spectral energy distribution (SED) of the target using the B, V, R, and I data sets for all 13 nights which could help us investigate the physical process responsible for the observed variations in BL Lacertae objects. We also discuss possible physical causes of the observed spectral variability.

Efficiency of Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp. essential oil as a mycotoxicant against postharvest mycobiota of table grapes.

Abstract: BACKGROUND In order to get a potent botanical fungicide for the management of fungal decay of table grapes, an experiment was conducted in which 20 essential oils of higher plants were screened at 0.33 µL mL−1 against dominant fungi causing decay of table grapes, including Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and A. ochraceus. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory/fungicidal concentration, fungitoxic spectrum and mycotoxin inhibition activity of the most potent oil were determined. The efficacy of the most potent oil in preservation of table grapes, along with organoleptic evaluation, was also carried out by storing 1 kg of grapes in the oil vapour. RESULTS Artemisia nilagirica oil was found to be most toxic, exhibiting 100% mycelia inhibition of all test fungi. Moreover, 0.29 µL mL−1 A. nilagirica oil was fungistatic and 0.58 µL mL−1 was fungicidal for all tested species of Aspergillus. The oil exhibited a broad range of fungitoxicity against other grape berry-rotting fungi. Artemisia nilagirica oil completely suppressed the growth and mycotoxin (AFB1 and OTA) secretion of aflatoxigenic and ochratoxigenic strains of Aspergillus at 1.6 µL mL−1. During the in vivo experiment, fumigation of 1 kg of table grapes with 200 and 300 µL dosage of A. nilagirica oil enhanced the shelf life for up to 9 days. The oil did not show any phytotoxic effect. Besides, oil application did not substantively change the sensory properties of the fruits. CONCLUSION Artemisia nilagirica oil can be used as an alternative botanical fungicide for the control of fruit-rotting fungi of stored grapes. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry

Stabilization of Microtubules by Taxane Diterpenoids: Insight from Docking and MD simulations

Abstract: Microtubules are formed from the molecules of tubulin, whose dynamics is important for many functions in a cell, the most dramatic of which is mitosis. Taxol is known to interact within a specific site on tubulin and also believed to block cell-cycle progression during mitosis by binding to and stabilizing microtubules. Along with the tremendous potential that taxol has shown as an anticancer drug, clinical problems exist with solubility, toxicity, and development of drug resistance. The crystal structure of taxane diterpenoids, namely, 10, 13-deacetyl-abeo-baccatin-IV (I), 5-acetyl-2-deacetoxydecinnamoyl-taxinine-0.29hydrate (II), 7, 9-dideacetyltaxayuntin (III), and Taxawallin-K (IV), are very similar to the taxol molecule. Considerable attention has been given to such molecules whose archetype is taxol but do not posses long aliphatic chains, to be developed as a substitute for taxol with fewer side effects. In the present work, the molecular docking of these taxane diterpenoids has been carried out with the tubulin alpha-beta dimer (1TUB) and refined microtubule structure (1JFF) using Glide-XP, in order to assess the potential of tubulin binding of these cytotoxic agents. Results show that all the ligands dock into the classical taxol binding site of tubulin. Taxol shows the best binding capabilities. On the basis of docking energy and interactions, apart from taxol, molecule II has a better tendency of binding with 1TUB while molecule I shows better binding capability with bovine tubulin 1JFF. To validate the binding capabilities, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the best docked complexes of ligands with 1JFF have been carried out for 15.0 ns using DESMOND. Average RMSD variations and time line study of interactions and contacts indicate that these complexes remain stable during the course of the dynamics. However, taxol and molecule II prevail over other taxoids.

α-Fe2O3 hexagonal cones synthesized from the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica and its thermal catalytic activity

Abstract: A facile and eco-friendly method for the synthesis of α-Fe2O3 in a hexagonal cone (HC) like morphology by the addition of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract into the aqueous solution of ferric chloride has been developed. The morphology, optical, crystalline and structural properties of the synthesized α-Fe2O3 HC nanomaterials were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultra violet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. The α-Fe2O3 HCs synthesized by the A. indica leaf extract were used as a burn rate enhancer for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and the combustion of composite solid propellants (CSPs). The thermal properties were evaluated systematically using TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), burn rate data and activation energy calculations.

Multiband optical–NIR variability of blazars on diverse time-scales

Abstract: Tosearchforopticalvariabilityonawiderangeoftime-scales,wehavecarriedoutphotometric monitoring of two flat spectrum radio quasars, 3C 454.3 and 3C 279, plus one BL Lac, S5 0716+714, all of which have been exhibiting remarkably high activity and pronounced variability at all wavelengths. CCD magnitudes in B, V, R, and I passbands were determined for ∼7000 new optical observations from 114 nights made during 2011–2014, with an average length of ∼4 h each, at seven optical telescopes: four in Bulgaria, one in Greece, and two in India. We measured multiband optical flux and colour variations on diverse time-scales. Discrete correlation functions were computed among B, V, R, and I observations, to search for any time delays. We found weak correlations in some cases with no significant time lags. The structure function method was used to estimate any characteristic time-scales of variability. We also investigated the spectral energy distribution of the three blazars using B, V, R, I, J, and K passband data. We found that the sources almost always follow a bluer-when-brighter trend. We discuss possible physical causes of the observed spectral variability.

Hybrid Expansion Law for Dark Energy Dominated Universe in f ( R, T) Gravity

Abstract: In this paper, we search the existence of LRS Bianchi-I dark energy model in f(R,T) gravity with hybrid law expansion. Einstein’s field equations have been solved by taking into account the hybrid expansion law for scale factor that yields time dependent deceleration parameter (DP). We observe that in f(R,T) gravity, an extra acceleration is always present due to coupling between matter and geometry. We examine the nature of cosmological parameters and also discuss the physical properties of universe.

Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as novel inhibitors of O-acetyl-l-serine sulfhydrylase of Entamoeba histolytica: an in silico study

Abstract: Amoebiasis, a worldwide explosive epidemic, caused by the gastrointestinal anaerobic protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, infects the large intestine and, in advance stages, liver, kidney, brain and lung Metronidazole (MNZ)—the first line medicament against amoebiasis—is potentially carcinogenic to humans and shows significant side-effects Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compounds have been reported to demonstrate antiamoebic activity In silico molecular docking simulations on nine pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine molecules without linkers (molecules 1–9) and nine pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine molecules with a trimethylene linker (molecules 10–18) along with the reference drug metronidazole (MNZ) were conducted using the modules of the programs Glide-SP, Glide-XP and Autodock with O-acetyl-l-serine sulfhydrylase (OASS) enzyme—a promising target for inhibiting the growth of Entamoeba histolytica Docking simulations using Glide-SP demonstrate good agreement with reported biological activities of molecules 1–9 and indicate that molecules 2 and 4 may act as potential high affinity inhibitors Trimethylene linker molecules show improved binding affinities among which molecules 15 and 16 supersede MD simulations on the best docked poses of molecules 2, 4, 15, 16 and MNZ were carried out for 20 ns using DESMOND It was observed that the docking complexes of molecules 4, 15 and MNZ remain stable in aqueous conditions and do not undergo noticeable fluctuations during the course of the dynamics Relative binding free energy calculations of the ligands with the enzyme were executed on the best docked poses using the molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) approach, which show good agreement with the reported biological activities

Genome wide in silico characterization of Dof gene families of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.)

Abstract: The DNA binding with One Finger (Dof) protein is a plant specific transcription factor involved in the regulation of wide range of processes. The analysis of whole genome sequence of pigeonpea has identified 38 putative Dof genes (CcDof) distributed on 8 chromosomes. A total of 17 out of 38 CcDof genes were found to be intronless. A comprehensive in silico characterization of CcDof gene family including the gene structure, chromosome location, protein motif, phylogeny, gene duplication and functional divergence has been attempted. The phylogenetic analysis resulted in 3 major clusters with closely related members in phylogenetic tree revealed common motif distribution. The in silico cis-regulatory element analysis revealed functional diversity with predominance of light responsive and stress responsive elements indicating the possibility of these CcDof genes to be associated with photoperiodic control and biotic and abiotic stress. The duplication pattern showed that tandem duplication is predominant over segmental duplication events. The comparative phylogenetic analysis of these Dof proteins along with 78 soybean, 36 Arabidopsis and 30 rice Dof proteins revealed 7 major clusters. Several groups of orthologs and paralogs were identified based on phylogenetic tree constructed. Our study provides useful information for functional characterization of CcDof genes.

Molecular characterization of ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma as teris’ subgroup I-B associated with sesame phyllody disease and identification of its natural vector and weed reservoir in India

Abstract: An incidence of 12 to 35 % sesame phyllody (SP) disease was observed in sesame fields at Kushinagar and Gorakhpur districts in Uttar Pradesh and Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India during July-October 2013. The association of phytoplasma with sesame phyllody plants at all the three locations and a weed, Sclerocarpus africanus Jacq (SA) showing little leaf and witches’ broom symptoms at Gorakhpur was confirmed by direct and nested PCR amplification of phytoplasma 16S rDNA. Out of four predominant feeding leafhopper species in the symptomatic sesame fields, viz. Empoasca prima (Distant), Exitianus indicus (Distant), Hishimonus phycitis (Distant) (HP) and Cofana unimaculata (Signoret), only H. phycitis was found to be associated with phytoplasma in nested PCR assays with phytoplasma universal primer pair R16F2n/R16R2. Transmission test and population dynamics study further confirmed that H. phycitis was the proven natural and potential vector to transmit the SP phytoplasma from diseased to healthy sesame plants in transmission assays. BLAST analysis of 1.25 kb 16SrDNA partial sequences of nested PCR products obtained from symptomatic SP plants, weed (SA) and the leafhopper (HP) revealed 99 % sequence identities among themselves and 99 % identity with other reported strains of ‘Ca. P. asteris’ (16Sr I group). Phylogenetic analysis also suggested the closest phylogenetic relationship of SP, SA and HP phytoplasmas with those of ‘Ca. P. asteris’ group. RFLP analysis of R16F2n/R16R2 primed 16S rDNA sequences of SP, SA and HP phytoplasma isolates using iPhyClassifier online tool with 17 selected restriction enzymes confirmed the association of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ subgroup B with SP, SA and HP in India. The identity of natural vector and new alternative host of SP phytoplasma in the present study suggested that these may act as potential/natural source for secondary spread of sesame phyllody phytoplasma.

Toxic Effect of Herbicide 2,4-D on the Earthworm Eutyphoeus waltoni Michaelsen

Abstract: The toxicity of herbicide 2,4-D (2′-4′ dicholoro phynoxy acetic acid) was studied on earthworms in different combinations of biological wastes and different types of soils as feed materials under laboratory conditions. Eutyphoeus waltoni were exposed to different concentrations of 2,4-D (200, 300, 400, 450 mg/kg) in feed material (i.e., buffalo dung, wheat straw and gram bran) and different concentrations of 2,4-D (150, 300, 350, 400 mg/kg) in different types of soil (i.e., loamy soil, clay soil and sandy soil). Observations were recorded from 24 h up to 240 h. It was observed that the toxic effect of herbicide 2,4-D on the earthworm Eutyphoeus waltoni was both time and dose dependent. Maximum toxicity was observed in the sandy soil, whereas minimum in the feed material of buffalo dung with gram bran. There was no mortality observed in control.

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of Al/Fe2O3 nanothermite

Abstract: Nanothermites have attracted much attention owing to their excellent sensitivity and catalytic activity. In this paper, Fe2O3 is used to achieve Al/Fe2O3 nanothermite by mixing nano-Al with Fe2O3 nanopowder. X-ray diffraction, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectra, and transmission electron microscopy were employed to study the structural features of the nanothermite. Its catalytic activity was investigated on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and composite solid propellants (CSPs) using thermogravimetric analysis (TG), TG coupled with differential scanning calorimetry, and ignition delay measurements. Kinetics of thermal decomposition of AP with and without Al/Fe2O3 has also been investigated using model fitting and isoconversional methods which have been applied to data for isothermal TG decomposition. Activation energy values have been found to be lowered in case of AP + Al/Fe2O3. The results revealed enhancement in the rate of decomposition of AP and CSPs.

Frequency-dependent core shifts and parameter estimation for the blazar 3C 454.3

Abstract: We study the core shift effect in the parsec-scale jet of the blazar 3C 454.3 using the 4.836.8 GHz radio light curves obtained from three decades of continuous monitoring. From a piecewise Gaussian fit to each flare, time lags Delta t between the observation frequencies. and spectral indices a based on peak amplitudes A are determined. From the fit Delta t..1/kr, kr = 1.10 +/- 0.18 indicating equipartition between the magnetic field energy density and the particle energy density. From the fit A proportional to nu(alpha) alpha, a is in the range -0.24 to 1.52. A mean magnetic field strength at 1 pc, B-1 = 0.5 +/- 0.2 G, and at the core, B-core = 46 +/- 16 mG, are inferred, consistent with previous estimates. The measure of core position offset is Omega(r nu) = 6.4 +/- 2.8 pc GHz(1/kr) when averaged over all frequency pairs. Based on the statistical trend shown by the measured core radius r(core) as a function of., we infer that the synchrotron opacity model may not be valid for all cases. A Fourier periodogram analysis yields power-law slopes in the range -1.6 to -3.5 describing the power spectral density shape and gives bend timescales in the range 0.52-0.66 yr. This result, and both positive and negative a, indicate that the flares originate from multiple shocks in a small region. Important objectives met in our study include: the demonstration of the computational efficiency and statistical basis of the piecewise Gaussian fit; consistency with previously reported results; evidence for the core shift dependence on observation frequency and its utility in jet diagnostics in the region close to the resolving limit of very long baseline interferometry observations.

Monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons influence spicule formation in the early development of sea urchins (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus).

Abstract: We previously demonstrated that monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OHPAHs), which are metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), act on calcified tissue and suppress osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity in the scales of teleost fish. The compounds may possibly influence other calcified tissues. Thus, the present study noted the calcified spicules in sea urchins and examined the effect of both PAHs and OHPAHs on spicule formation during the embryogenesis of sea urchins. After fertilization, benz[a]anthracene (BaA) and 4-hydroxybenz[a]anthracene (4-OHBaA) were added to seawater at concentrations of 10− 8 and 10− 7 M and kept at 18 °C. The influence of the compound was given at the time of the pluteus larva. At this stage, the length of the spicule was significantly suppressed by 4-OHBaA (10− 8 and 10− 7 M). BaA (10− 7 M) decreased the length of the spicule significantly, while the length did not change with BaA (10− 8 M). The expression of mRNAs (spicule matrix protein and transcription factors) in the 4-OHBaA (10− 7 M)-treated embryos was more strongly inhibited than were those in the BaA (10− 7 M)-treated embryos. This is the first study to demonstrate that OHPAHs suppress spicule formation in sea urchins.

Identification of a novel phytoplasma (16Sr XIV-A subgroup) associated with little leaf and witches' broom of Cannabis sativa L. ssp. sativa and C. sativa L. ssp. indica in India.

Abstract: Symptoms of yellowing, little leaf and witches’ broom on Cannabis sativa L. ssp. sativa and C. sativa L. ssp. indica plants were recorded in and around sugarcane fields at Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, during May–June 2013. Symptomatic plants yielded phytoplasma DNA bands of ~1.2 kb from nested PCR assays using universal phytoplasma primers P1/P6 and R16F2n/R16R2. BLASTn search analysis of both C. sativa ssp. phytoplasma isolates showed that the 16S rDNA sequences shared a 99 % of sequence identity between each other and with those of the phytoplasma strains of 16SrXIV group (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis’). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16SrDNA sequences of both phytoplasma isolates revealed their closest relationship with members of the 16SrXIV group. This supports the association of phytoplasma strains of the 16Sr XIV group with Cannabis little leaf and witches’ broom diseases (Can LL-WB). Actual and virtual RFLP analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences of Can LL-WB phytoplasma isolates confirmed that they belonged to the 16Sr XIV-A subgroup. This is the first world report of a 16SXIV-A subgroup phytoplasma infection in C. sativa sp. sativa and C. sativa sp. indica plants.

Assessment of genetic diversity among cereals and millets based on PCR amplification using Dof (DNA binding with One Finger) transcription factor gene-specific primers

Abstract: The genetic diversity among cereals and millets were assessed based on PCR amplification pattern derived from 4 Dof domain and 20 Dof genes specific primers. Multiple bands showing variability in terms of both number and sizes of bands ranging from 0.1 to 3.0 kbp were observed. Out of a total of 906 bands, 894 polymorphic and 12 monomorphic bands were obtained and the percentage of polymorphism ranged from 69.23 to 100 %. A very high degree of polymorphism was observed with all the primers except Dof-24 primer and the genetic diversity ranged from 0.0601 to 0.2118 among these crops. The Jaccard’s similarity matrices based dendrogram obtained using UPGMA method revealed two major clusters designated as A and B. The major cluster A comprises of rice, sorghum, maize, finger millet, foxtail millet, barnyard millet and proso millet representing Oryzoideae, Panicoideae, Chloridoideae subfamilies while cluster B with wheat, barley, oat, little millet and kodo millet represents predominantly pooideae subfamily. These major clusters were further bifurcated into two sub-clusters each having members representing almost the same subfamilies.

Magnetogasdynamic Cylindrical Shock Waves in a Rotating Nonideal Gas with Radiation Heat Flux

Abstract: A similarity solution is presented for a cylindrical magnetogasdynamic shock wave in a rotating nonideal gas in the presence of a variable axial magnetic field in the case where the radiation heat flux is of importance. The initial angular velocity of the medium is assumed to vary as some power of the distance from the symmetry axis. The radiation heat flux is evaluated from the equation of motion without explicit use of the radiation transfer equations. It is shown that the gas nonidealness increases the shock strength but decreases the shock velocity. On the other hand, the presence of a magnetic field decreases the shock strength but increases the shock velocity. Moreover, the shock velocity increases with the ratio of specific heats. The total energy of the shock wave increases with time.

Nanoferrites of Transition Metals and Their Catalytic Activity

Abstract: Recent applications of transition metal nanoferrites as catalyst in thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and combustion of composite solid propellant (CSP), have been reviewed. Catalytic applications include the use of mainly cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, manganese, cadmium nanoferrites, as well as their mixed-metal combinations. The nanoferrites are obtained mainly by wet-chemical, sol-gel, solvo-thermal, auto-combustion and co-precipitation methods. Addition of nanoferrites to AP led to shifting of the high temperature decomposition peak toward lower temperatures which shows their catalytic activity. The burning rates of CSPs have also been enhanced by these nanoferrites. Contents of Paper

Toxicity of chlorophyllin in different wavelengths of visible light against Fasciola gigantica larvae

Abstract: Toxicity of chlorophyllin against redia and cercaria larvae of Fasciola gigantica was studied under irradiation of visible light. Highest and lowest toxicity of chlorophyllin against both larvae was noted under red (redia - 8 h LC₅₀ 7.88 mg/10 mL and cercaria - 11.99 mg/10 mL) and green (redia - 8 h LC₅₀ 32.12 mg/10 mL and cercaria - 8 h LC₅₀ 43.80 mg/10 mL) light irradiation respectively. The highest toxicity of chlorophyllin under red light irradiation against redia (8h LC₅₀ 7.88 mg/10 mL)/cercaria (8h LC₅₀ 11.99 mg/10 mL) was followed by white (8 h LC₅₀ redia - 20.48 mg/10 mL, 8 h LC₅₀ cercaria - 18.0 3mg/10 mL), blue (8 h LC₅₀ redia - 33.10 mg/10 mL/ 8 h LC₅₀ cercaria - 19.98 mg/10 mL) and yellow (8 h LC₅₀ redia - 23.87 mg/10 mL/ 8 h LC₅₀ cercaria - 23.48 mg/10 mL). Chlorophyllin treatment in darkness (control I) and without treatment of chlorophyllin, while all other conditions were same as treatment group (control II) caused no mortality of redia/cercaria larva. Chlorophyllin might be a promising new safe strategy to replace synthetic larvicide in fasciolosis control programme.

Marine Biomaterials in Therapeutics and Diagnostic

Abstract: Marine organisms are constituted of compounds with several properties and characteristics. In the last decade lot of biomaterials like various types of polymers and bioactive ingredients have been identified, isolated, and characterized. These biomaterials have a vast range of applications in the medical sector including controlled drug delivery, tissue engineering, and diagnostic device etc. In this chapter, biomaterials have been defined and classified in general, followed by an account of mainly various polymers like collagen, chitin, chitosan, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, alginate, biosilica, calcium carbonate and phosphate. Their structure, source, and application in the medical field have been discussed. A brief account of bioactive compounds as therapeutic agents has also been given. Marine biomaterials are also emerging as promising materials for the development of biosensors for medical diagnostics. This chapter also discusses biosensors and the role of biomaterials from marine origin in the development of biosensors for medical diagnostics. The chapter concludes with the scopes of the biomaterials in near future.