Showing papers by "DePaul University published in 1982"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the relationships between some of the various concepts and scales that have been used to characterize innovative attitudes and behaviours and found that change attitudes, as measured by these same four attitude-value scales, do consistently predict multiple innovative intentions and behaviours but not, as expected, single behaviours or single intentions.
Abstract: In this paper we explore the relationships between some of the various concepts and scales that have been used to characterize innovative attitudes and behaviours. A sample (N = 123) of undergraduate and graduate business students with full-time jobs or the equivalent provided questionnaire data to test two initial hypotheses. It was found that four attitude-value scales which have been used to measure change values, innovation orientation, readiness for change, and innovativenesss, are intercorrelated significantly when no distinction is made between the respondents’intentions to be innovative and respondents’actual innovative behaviour. Innovative and change attitudes, as measured by these same four scales, do consistently predict multiple innovative intentions and behaviours but not, as expected, single behaviours or single intentions. The single best predictor in a multiple regression of the combined multiple innovative intention-behaviour measure was found to be a creative scale (R2= 0.43, p < 0.01). The innovative behaviour scale was tentatively called attitude toward being innovative. A factor analysis of this scale revealed dimensions related to innovative behaviour in organizations: the innovator, the preserver of the status quo, and the unchallenged, dissatisfied person.
Two other hypotheses were also tested. The first was that the perceived organization risk-taking climate would moderate the relationship between these attitude measures. This hypothesis was not supported by the overall results. However, moderate support was found for the hypothesis that the more formal authority a person has in an organization, the greater the consistency between change attitudes and innovative behaviours as measured by self-report methods.
153 citations
TL;DR: Four studies are presented that examine various aspects of theft in the convenience store industry and showed that convenience store employees with more tolerant attitudes toward theft and violence, as measured by a pre-employment psychological test, were more likely to engage in theft and other types of counterproductive behavior.
Abstract: Four studies are presented that examine various aspects of theft in the convenience store industry. Study 1 was a survey of both managers' (n = 24) and retail clerks' (n = 54) opinions on how and why convenience store employees steal. Results showed that the most frequently used theft techniques involved various ways of stealing cash from a register. Major reasons for employees' theft included financial need, low wages, revenge, and thrill-seeking. Major perceptions about why some employees never steal included fear of apprehension and personal honesty. Study 2 (N = 61) showed that convenience store employees with more tolerant attitudes toward theft and violence, as measured by a pre-employment psychological test, the Personnel Selection Inventory, were more likely to engage in theft and other types of counterproductive behavior. Study 3 showed that the use of the inventory for 19 months by a 30-unit convenience store chain, for the purpose of screening out potential employee thieves and other counterpro...
91 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated various aspects of environmental uncertainty and their impacts on innovativeness (new products and processes) and found that specific causes of perceived uncertainty have little or no influence on adoption of major process innovation and act to impede adoption of minor process innovations.
Abstract: Reports a study of 54 organizations, 30 of which were nonservice firms. The purpose of the study was to evaluate various aspects of environmental uncertainty and their impacts on innovativeness (new products and processes). In a recursive, causal path model of the nonservice sample of firms, it was found significantly (p<;0.05) that the impact of a global measure of perceived environmental uncertainty on firm innovativeness is mediated by an aggressive technology policy and, in turn, the presence of a special equipment evaluation group in the organization, for major process innovations only. For minor process innovations, this global perceived uncertainty promoted adoption directly, as expected, with no mediated effects. In addition, it was found that specific causes of perceived uncertainty (competition, customers, and government regulation) have little or no influence on adoption of major process innovation and act to impede adoption of minor process innovations.
79 citations
TL;DR: The results and previously reported field and laboratory data for E. superba and other euphausiid species suggest a 4+ year life span for this species, suggesting that E.superba may reproduce in successive years.
Abstract: The effect of temperature on molting, growth, and maturation rates was studied on laboratory-maintained Euphausia superba. The length of intermolt periods (IMP's) was inversely proportional to temperature (20.10 d, SD=1.60, at 0.12°C; 16.87 d, SD=1.68, at 0.97°C; and 12.48 d, SD=0.90, at 4.48°C), and directly proportional to krill size at 0.12°C and 0.97°C. For individually maintained krill the maximum growth rate at 4.48°C (0.068 mm d-1) was nearly twice that at 0.68°C (0.037 mm d-1). There was no observable temperature effect on maturation rates. The maturation changes of juveniles at all temperatures indicated that more than two years are probably required to reach maturity. Mature males and females regressed to immature forms, suggesting that E. superba may reproduce in successive years. These results and previously reported field and laboratory data for E. superba and other euphausiid species suggest a 4+ year life span for this species.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented information on a study which examined absenteeism and its correlates in a low status work environment in the United States and discussed the relationship between job dissatisfa...
Abstract: The article presents information on a study which examined absenteeism and its correlates in a low status work environment in the United States. It discusses the relationship between job dissatisfa...
36 citations
TL;DR: Posting of no-smoking signs was found to decrease levels of smoking only minimally, however, when smokers were verbally prompted not to smoke, in the presence of the signs, marked decreases in smoking occurred in the target area.
Abstract: Passive smoking has been shown to be hazardous to the health of nonsmokers. Given this documented link between exposure to smoke-filled environments and deleterious health consequences, there is a need to develop effective procedures that establish and maintain no-smoking areas in various public settings. The present study focused on decreasing cigarette smoking in a section of a university cafeteria. Posting of no-smoking signs was found to decrease levels of smoking only minimally. However, when smokers were verbally prompted not to smoke, in the presence of the signs, marked decreases in smoking occurred in the target area.
32 citations
TL;DR: The present study involved an entire class of ninth graders in a treatment condition featuring either role-playing and discussion, or only discussion, which effectively reduced levels of smoking among early smokers.
30 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In the United States, a complex set of relationships exist between levels of expressed support for democratic norms among the general public, levels of support for such norms among political elites, and the actual status of constitutional and political rights in American society as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In the United States, a complex set of relationships exist between levels of expressed support for democratic norms among the general public, levels of support for such norms among political elites, and the actual status of constitutional and political rights in American society. The present study endeavors to shed some light on these relationships by examining the request by American Nazis for permission to hold a demonstration in Skokie, Illinois, a predominantly Jewish community, and the two-year decision-making process that ensued. The article attempts to extract from this controversy certain general propositions about the role of various actors -- the general public, community leaders, public officials, and the courts -- in the creation and resolution of a challenge to the right to demonstrate in the United States.
27 citations
TL;DR: In a study of 40 federally sponsored innovation projects from five government agencies (UMTA, MARAD, DOE, NSF, and EPA), 35 of these cases had complete data on all variables for path analysis and it was found that the probability of commercial succes of these innovations is predicted by the degree to which the innovations incorporate incremental as opposed to radically new technology.
26 citations
24 citations
TL;DR: In three separate studies, significantly more pedestrians jaywalked when walking in the long-delay as opposed to short-delay direction and traffic planners might use these findings to establish safer pedestrian signal systems.
Abstract: Each year, thousands of pedestrians are killed or injured while crossing streets in the United States. Pedestrians who jaywalk across busy intersections increase their risk of being injured by an automobile. The present series of studies investigated pedestrian jaywalking behaviors under temporal conditions which appeared to control noncompliance and compliance with pedestrian walk signs. An intersection involving three major streets was the target site of the studies. The timing of walk and no-walk light sequences was different in the clockwise and counterclockwise direction and produced differential delays. In three separate studies, significantly more pedestrians jaywalked when walking in the long-delay as opposed to short-delay direction. Traffic planners might use these findings to establish safer pedestrian signal systems.
TL;DR: In this paper, confidence intervals are constructed for real-valued parameter estimation in a general regression model with normal errors, and when the error variance is known these intervals are optimal (in the sense of minimizing length subject to guaranteed probability of coverage) among all intervals estimates which are centered at a linear estimate of the parameter.
TL;DR: Microspectrophotometric measurements show that both pigments are components of the distal and proximal screening pigment granules in E. superba ommatidia, and are likely contaminants of visual pigment extracts, and may consequently introduce artifacts into visual pigment characterizations.
Abstract: Ommin and a xanthommatin-like ommochrome pigment have been extracted from the eyes of Euphausia superba, and identified by their absorbance spectra and redox reactions invarious solvents. The absorbance spectrum of ommin is relatively stable, but that of the xanthommatin pigment is sensitive to light, pH, and hydroxylamine. Both pigments are readily soluble in 2% digitonin. They are therefore likely contaminants of visual pigment extracts, and may consequently introduce artifacts into visual pigment characterizations. Microspectrophotometric measurements show that both pigments are components of the distal and proximal screening pigment granules in E. superba ommatidia.
TL;DR: The results suggest the importance of subjects’ processing strategies in cross-modality performance and suggest that informed subjects showed better performance in the haptic-visual condition, while for the uninformed subjects, visual-haptic performance was better.
Abstract: Subjects were tested on cross-and within-modality matching conditions with either a 5-sec or a 20-sec delay imposed between standard and comparison stimuli. Half the subjects were informed before the trial of what the comparison modality would be, while the others were not. There was a strong effect of instructions on the cross-modality conditions, but little on the within-modality conditions. The informed subjects showed better performance in the haptic-visual condition, while for the uninformed subjects, visual-haptic performance was better. The results suggest the importance of subjects’ processing strategies in cross-modality performance.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the use of several types of feedback (e.g., self-monitoring, alone and in combination with meter recording) to reduce television watching in two individuals manifesting excessively high levels of television viewing.
Abstract: The present study investigated the use of several types of feedback (e.g., self-monitoring, alone, and in combination with meter recording) to reduce television watching in two individuals manifesting excessively high levels of television viewing. At the end of a self-recording phase, meters were placed in their television sets. For one participant, reductions in television viewing were found during both self-monitoring alone and in combination with meter recording; for the other participant, television watching was reduced only when self-monitoring was paired with monitoring the meter. At a 2-mo. follow-up, increases in television watching were noted by one individual and decreases by the other. Installation of a meter and daily recording once again reduced television watching in the individual whose rates had increased.
TL;DR: Levels of E1 in female embryos demonstrate a statistically significant increase from days 9.5 to 17.5 and are statistically significantly lower than those of female embryos, while in male embryos, plasma E1 concentrations remain at a relatively steady level throughout development.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported the results of research conducted for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in connection with the Ohio River Basin Energy Study (U.S.-EPA Grant No. 805585, Subcontract No. R805588) to estimate monetary losses to agricultural producers in the study region from airborne residuals.
Abstract: This paper reports the results of research conducted for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in connection with the Ohio River Basin Energy Study (U.S.-EPA Grant No. 805585, Subcontract No. R805588). The purpose of the research is to estimate monetary losses to agricultural producers in the study region from airborne residuals. Estimates of physical crop losses were provided under the direction of Dr. Orie Loucks at The Institute of Ecology and were used for estimating the related monetary losses. Economic losses are defined as producer surplus losses to the agricultural sector due to reductions in productivity from airborne residuals. Research results support the following general conclusions; monetary losses to agricultural producers in the region are on the order of 12% of the present discounted value of clean air production through the year 2000. Losses from utilities alone are on the order of 4.8%. Losses are highly concentrated in the ORBES portions of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio and primarily ...
TL;DR: In this article, Finitistic dimensions of ring extensions are discussed. But the authors focus on ring extensions and do not consider ring extensions with ring extensions in the ring extension model.
Abstract: (1982). Finitistic dimensions of ring extensions. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 10, No. 9, pp. 993-1001.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared programmed versus non-programmed strategies in enhancing study related behaviors and concluded that both strategies are effective methods of increasing study-related behavior, and that both treatments are effective in reducing off-task behavior.
Abstract: The present studies contrasted programmed versus naturalistic strategies in enhancing study related behaviors. The first study focused on a withdrawn and inattentive learning disabled child. Two treatment conditions consisted of a programmed consequence control strategy, reinforcing the child for on‐task behavior, and a nonprogrammed tactic, providing the child a paraprofessional helper. Both treatments were effective in reducing off‐task behavior. The second study examined more closely the nonprogrammed tutor strategies which effectively facilitated on‐task behavior. Paraprofessionals, in working with a group of maladjusted elementary school children, naturalistically used a package of teaching strategies (i.e., information, requests, praise) when interacting with the target youngsters. These studies indicate that both programmed and naturalistic treatments are effective methods of increasing study‐related behavior.
TL;DR: This study analyzes the auditory and cognitive processing profiles of children with disorders of syntax to conclude that syntax disorders in children are not isolated problems; rather they exist within a matrix of cognitive processing skills which vary along with the type of syntactic profile.
Abstract: This study analyzes the auditory and cognitive processing profiles of children with disorders of syntax. Six-year-olds who were identified, using the LARSP, as having two different patterns of imbalanced syntactic development, were given a battery of tests to assess receptive and expressive processes related to grammatical development. These groups were found to differ significantly in terms of their profiles on tests of discrimination, comprehension, memory, sequencing and rule application of linguistic information. The study concludes that syntax disorders in children are not isolated problems; rather they exist within a matrix of cognitive processing skills which vary along with the type of syntactic profile. Implications of the research for diagnosis and remediation are discussed.
01 Dec 1982
TL;DR: For instance, this article found that emotional support was rated significantly higher than sociopolitical change and behavior change/advice in men and women, and that participants appeared to be more concerned with the fulfillment of emotional and social needs in their groups and less concerned with behavioral and political change.
Abstract: This study contrasted the nature and function of consciousness-raising (CR) groups for men and women. Questionnaires were filled out by 61 individuals representing 10 CR groups. There were no significant differences between sexes in terms of rankings for services rendered by the CR groups. This suggests that consciousness-raising groups for men and women may be more alike than different. Combining sexes, it was found that emotional support was rated significantly higher than sociopolitical change and behavior change/advice. CR participants appear to be more concerned with the fulfillment of emotional and social needs in their groups and less concerned with behavioral and political change.
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: When dealing with primary prevention interventions, behavioral-community practitioners can select classical conditioning, operant, modeling, or cognitive restructuring strategies either to prevent the onset of specific disorders; ensure that children from high-risk populations do not succumb to disorders; and strengthen competences to enable people to better withstand life stresses; or help individuals cope with major transitions.
Abstract: When dealing with primary prevention interventions, behavioral-community practitioners can select classical conditioning, operant, modeling, or cognitive restructuring strategies either to (1) prevent the onset of specific disorders; (2) ensure that children from high-risk populations do not succumb to disorders; (3) strengthen competences to enable people to better withstand life stresses; or (4) help individuals cope with major transitions (Glenwick & Jason, 1980; Jason, 1980). Primary preventive interventions might also focus on using activist or consultative tactics to stimulate the formation of both formal or informal support groups in the community (Gottlieb, in press).
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that if R is a prime ring andg is an automorphism of R such that (g(x)−x)n = 0 for allx∈R, wheren≥1 is a fixed integer, theng=1.
Abstract: In this paper we obtain the following result: ifR is a prime ring andg is an automorphism ofR such that (g(x)−x)n=0 for allx∈R, wheren≥1 is a fixed integer, theng=1.
TL;DR: The quaternion algebra of degree 2 over a commutative ring as defined by Parimala and Sridharan is generalized to a separable cyclic extension B [j ] of degree n over a non-commutative circle in this paper.
Abstract: The quaternion algebra of degree 2 over a commutative ring as defined by S. Parimala and R. Sridharan is generalized to a separable cyclic extension B [ j ] of degree n over a noncommutative ring B . A characterization of such an extension is given, and a relation between Azumaya algebras and Galois extensions for B [ j ] is also obtained.
TL;DR: The compatibility of Marxism with family planning policies is examined and the relationship between population programs and economic modernization in China is discussed in this article, where the authors argue that family planning is not only consistent with Marxism but is fundamental to its concept of socioeconomic transformation and that the Chinese population policy developed throughout the 1970s and early 1980s is consistent with the conceptual framework of Marx and Engels.
TL;DR: In this article, a simple way of assessing an organization's preliminary responsiveness to citizen requests is to monitor the time elapsed for establishing telephone contact, which can be used to assess the degree to which an organization is responsive to citizen needs.
Abstract: An important dimension of a community is the degree to which its agencies, broadly defined, are responsive to citizen needs While the term "responsiveness" is a multifaceted concept, at its most basic level, an individual initially has to gain entry into an organization before a particular reguest for services or information can be addressed. One rather simple way of assessing an organization's preliminary responsiveness to crtizen requests is to monitor the time elapsed for establishing telephone contact. This system was utilized with three sets of data bases, within a major metropolitan area, consisting of critical social service agenc ies as defined in a phone book, diverse transportation systems, and agencies listed by a Department of Social Services pamphlet. Concurrent validity data were subsequently collected by interviewing a random sample of individuals to assess their perceptions of agency responsiveness. Direct behavioral manifestations of agency responsiveness, as well as citizen perceptions, ...
01 Apr 1982