Showing papers by "DePaul University published in 1991"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a theory developed to explain why consumers make the choices they do, including the choice to buy or not buy (or to use or not use) cigarettes and the choice of one type of cigarette over another.
3,502 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the extent to which social and academic integration and student educational objectives and intents to reenroll are predictive of persistence for community college students and concluded that nonpersistence at the institution may be an indicator of student success if the student has transferred or accomplished his/her goals.
Abstract: This article examines the extent to which social and academic integration and student educational objectives and intents to reenroll are predictive of persistence for community college students. An instrument designed to operationalize the concepts of social and academic integration for four-year college students was largely replicated with the two-year college population. Student educational objectives/intents discriminated most powerfully between persisters and nonpersisters, although academic and social integration and employment status also contributed significantly to differentiating the two groups. The article concludes with a brief discussion about the nature of community colleges and the fact that nonpersistence at the institution may be an indicator of student success if the student has transferred or accomplished his/her goals.
296 citations
TL;DR: Cigarette control laws can be effective in significantly reducing the rate of cigarettes sold by merchants and rates of cigarette use by adolescents.
Abstract: Objective. —To assess the effect that cigarette legislation would have on reducing merchant sales rates of cigarettes to minors and the affect on adolescent smoking behavior. Design. —Observational survey of merchant selling behaviors and adolescent smoking habits before and after passage of legislation. Setting. —The setting for the merchant survey was Woodridge, Ill (population 25 200), a suburban community of Chicago. The surveys were distributed to adolescents in the local junior high school. Participants. —Convenience sample of both merchants and adolescent students. Intervention. —Passage of community antismoking legislation. Main Outcome Measures. —Percentage of stores selling cigarettes to minors in Woodridge and percentage of students who had experimented with cigarettes or were regular smokers. Results. —Merchant sales rates in Woodridge decreased from a baseline of 70% before legislation to less than 5% in 1.5 years of compliance checking after legislation. Student surveys showed that the rates of cigarette experimentation and regular use of cigarettes by adolescents were reduced by over 50%. Conclusion. —Cigarette control laws can be effective in significantly reducing the rate of cigarettes sold by merchants and rates of cigarette use by adolescents. Key elements of successful legislation implementation are consistent compliance checking and heightened community awareness of the problems and prevalence of adolescent smoking. ( JAMA . 1991;266:3159-3161)
281 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two dual classes of bialgebras related to the concepts of quantum group and quantum lie algebra are introduced, and they are shown to have similar properties to our dual classes.
Abstract: (1991). Two dual classes of bialgebras related to the concepts of “quantum group” and “quantum lie algebra”. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 19, No. 12, pp. 3295-3345.
141 citations
TL;DR: An initial study of relative performance for a number of the labor tour scheduling heuristic methods proposed in the literature revealed that effective tour schedule solutions were generated by both LP-based and construction methods.
Abstract: This paper presents an initial study of relative performance for a number of the labor tour scheduling heuristic methods proposed in the literature. These heuristic methods were classified as either linear programming (LP) based or construction. Each of the methods was applied to a tour scheduling problem, subject to a variety of labor demand requirements distributions, with the singular objective being the minimization of total labor hours scheduled. Statistical analysis revealed that effective tour schedule solutions were generated by both LP-based and construction methods. Since the performances of the Keith [13], Morris and Showalter [18], and Bechtold and Showalter [5] methods were superior, their solutions were also compared across a number of secondary criteria. An overall analysis of the performances of these three methods resulted in the identification of a number of important managerial and decision-making issues. We conclude that service operations management should consider integrating these heuristic methods into a decision support system. Finally, suggestions for future research are provided.
127 citations
TL;DR: The concept of q-deformation of Hopf algebras has been introduced by Manin this article, where the Hopf algebra resulting from such a qdeformation, being in general neither commutative nor cocommutative, is not in fact still associated with a Lie group or algebra.
115 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a situational model of ethical consideration in consumer behavior is proposed and examined for Personal vs. Vicarious effects using a path analytic approach, unique structures are reported for Personal and Vicarious situations in the evaluation of a seller's unethical behavior.
Abstract: The managerial ethics literature is used as a base for the inclusion of Ethical Attribution, as an element in the consumer's decision process. A situational model of ethical consideration in consumer behavior is proposed and examined for Personal vs. Vicarious effects. Using a path analytic approach, unique structures are reported for Personal and Vicarious situations in the evaluation of a seller's unethical behavior. An attributional paradigm is suggested to explain the results.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a survey of 48 operating managers in a Midwestern department store chain showed that a significant positive relationship exists between commitment and the perception that a fairness motive underlies personnel/human resource management activities.
Abstract: Attribution theory is used to hypothesize a positive relationship between one's perception that a fairness motive underlies personnel/human resource management activities and one's organizational commitment. The hypothesis is tested via a survey of 48 operating managers in a Midwestern department store chain. Using hierarchical regression to control for job satisfaction and length of service, a significant positive relationship exists between commitment and the perception that a fairness motive underlies personnel/human resource management activities. Commitment is not significantly related to the perception that a legal compliance motive underlies the activities.
87 citations
TL;DR: The 16S-like ribosomal RNA genes from Mallomonas papillosa and Tribonema aequale Pascher (Xanthophyceae) were sequenced and compared to those of other eukaryotes as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The 16S-like ribosomal RNA genes from Mallomonas papillosa Harris et Bradley (Synurophyceae) and Tribonema aequale Pascher (Xanthophyceae) were sequenced and compared to those of other eukaryotes. Mallomonas is closely related to Ochromonas (Chrysophyceae) and supports the general hypothesis of a close phylogenetic relationship between the Synurophyceae and Chrysophyceae. Tribonema is specifically related to Costaria costata (C. A. Agardh) Saunders (Phaeophyceae) demonstrating an unexpected phylogenetic relationship between the Xanthophyceae and Phaeophyceae. Distance and parsimony analysis place these four chromophyte genera in a complex evolutionary assemblage that includes the Bacillariophyceae and Oomycetes but excludes the Dinophyceae. The close relationship between the chromophyte algae and the Oomycete fungi supports the hypothesis that protists with tripartite hairs form a natural assemblage.
78 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined differences in consumers' means-end chain knowledge structures that are developed during the evaluation of a seller's prior ethical/unethical behavior, and found marked differences between means end chain structures utilized when the ethical situation has personal versus social (nonpersonal) consequences to the subjects.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, facial expressions of 18 female day care workers were observed during their natural interactions at their day care centers and they participated twice in a social referencing procedure, once with each of two infants for whom they cared (M age = 14.6 months, SD = 2.72).
Abstract: Facial expressions of 18 female day care workers were observed during their natural interactions at their day care centers. Subsequently, they participated twice in a social referencing procedure, once with each of two infants for whom they cared ( M age = 14.6 months, SD = 2.72). The procedure involved presentation of two ambiguous toys and caretaker posing of enjoyment/joy and fear/avoidance expressions. Results showed that infants approached closer to the toy after seeing an enjoyment/joy as opposed to a fear/avoidance expression. In addition, caretakers who were more expressive in their natural interactions were referenced more during the fear/avoidance episode, and their infants maintained a greater distance from the toy in response to the fear/avoidance expression. In particular, caretaker use of masked or mitigated negative expressions predicted greater avoidance of the toy in the fear/avoidance condition. Thus, social referencing behavior occurred with respect to nonmaternal caretakers and was related to caretakers' natural expressive behavior.
TL;DR: This paper examined three constructs: functional flexibility, self-complexity and Lennox and Wolfe's Revised Self-Monitoring Scale and found that only moderate degrees of overlap among these dimensions of competence.
TL;DR: In this article, a primary preventive, community-based program designed to facilitate high school transition and reduce dropout and an evaluation of the program are described; participants in the study were 154 ninth-grade, predominantly Hispanic, inner-city students.
Abstract: A primary preventive, community-based program designed to facilitate high school transition and reduce dropout and an evaluation of the program are described. Participants in the study were 154 ninth-grade, predominantly Hispanic, inner-city students. Students were assessed on midyear and end of 9th-grade academic achievement, grade averages, course failures, absences, class cutting, class rank, number of counseling referrals, and leave rate. Control group students were found to exhibit significantly higher Iowa Math Test Scores compared to experimental students. Significant time effects were found indicating experimental and control students' decreases in grades and overall class rank, and increases in course failures, absenteeism, and class cutting. Limitations of the study are discussed based on the program's comparison to the similar, yet effective, project conducted by Felner, Ginter, and Primavera (1982).
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of choosing the optimal order quantity and its associated number of standard containers making up the order for single-period inventory models under standard container size discounts is analyzed.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the problem of choosing the optimal order quantity and its associated number of standard containers making up the order for single-period inventory models under standard container size discounts. A range is determined that contains the optimal order quantity. Two algorithms are presented. The first algorithm solves the general case in which there is no restriction on the types of containers included in an order. The second algorithm solves a more restricted policy that requires the buyer to accept the order with successively smaller container sizes.
TL;DR: In this paper, fast protein liquid chromatography (anion exchange) was used to separate glutathione S-transferase isozymes in nontreated etiolated maize shoots and those treated with the herbicide safener CGA -1542814-(dichloroacetyl)-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-2 H-1,4-benzoxazine.
Abstract: Abstract Fast protein liquid chromatography (anion exchange) was used to separate glutathione S-transferase isozymes in nontreated etiolated maize shoots and those treated with the herbicide safener CGA -1542814-(dichloroacetyl)-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-2 H-1 ,4-benzoxazine. Nontreated shoots contained isozymes active with the following substrates: trans-cinnamic acid (1 isozyme), atrazine (3 isozymes), 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (1 isozyme), metolachlor (2 isozymes) and the sulfoxide derivative of S-ethyl dipropylcarbamothioate (2 isozymes). Pretreatment of shoots with the safener CGA -154281 (1 μM) had no effect on the activity of the isozymes selective for trans-cinnamic acid and atrazine but increased the activity of the constitutively-expressed isozymes that exhibit activity with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, metolachlor and the sulfoxide derivative of S-ethyl dipropylcarbamothioate. The safener pretreatment also caused the appearance of one new isozyme active with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and one new isozyme active with metolachlor. The results illustrate the complexity of glutathione S-transferase activity in etiolated maize shoots, and the selective enhancement of glutathione S-transferase isozymes by the safener CGA -154281.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that community psychologists, in collaboration with community groups, can use technology as part of a new social ecology that emphasizes the pubfic good, and the implications of these methods in influencing social practices and policies are discussed.
Abstract: Described a series of studies designed to influence regulatory and legislative policies. It is argued that there is a need for community psychologists to become more actively involved in working on these types of social action initiatives. Community psychologists, in collaboration with community groups, can use technology as part of a new social ecology that emphasizes the pubfic good. The implications of these methods in influencing social practices and policies are discussed. In 1971, as a first-year graduate student, I was attracted to the emerging field of community psychology because of the relevance of its values and orientation for addressing our country's problems. Although I was impressed with the new conceptualizations of expanding the reach of psychological services, and the more ecological approach for understanding problems, clearly it was the social action feature of the ideology that captured my im
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss some of the key trends in business ethics in the academic and corporate communities and conclude that the adage that good ethics is good business is still true and highlight fourteen business attitudes or practices that may put a firm at ethical risk.
Abstract: This paper is designed to do three things. First, it discusses some of the key trends in business ethics in the academic and corporate communities. Initiatives like the Arthur Andersen Business Ethics Program are noted. Secondly, the paper examines certain basic misconceptions about the field and concludes that the adage that good ethics is good business is still true. Finally, the paper highlights fourteen business attitudes or practices that may put a firm at ethical risk. For example, the paper discusses the risk of using ethics as simply a public relations initiative. Man's life is not a state of unalloyed happiness. The earth is no paradise. Although this is not the fault of social institutions, people are wont to hold them responsible for it. The foundation of any and every civilization, including our own, is private ownership of the means of production. Whoever wishes to criticize modern civilization, therefore, begins with private property. It is blamed for everything that does not please the critic, especially those evils that have their origin in the fact that private property has been hampered and restrained in various respects so that its full social potentialities cannot be realized.1
Ludwig von Mises
TL;DR: The authors argue that marketing should enhance the information and the freedom the potential customer brings to the market transaction, rather than imposing some "add-on" ethic internal to marketing arising from marketing's societal function.
Abstract: We should seek an ethic internal to marketing arising from marketing's societal function, rather than imposing some “add-on” ethic. This suggests that marketing should enhance the information and the freedom the potential customer brings to the market transaction. Defining and achieving this information and freedom is difficult, but marketers suggest that the market itself drives out major violators, a suggestion less persuasive concerning increasingly complex goods and services. Marketing also is tempted to appeal to our baser, darker side. These problems are better addressed through self-regulation guided by a vision of advertising and business in the service of society, and by the marketer's own sense of integrity than through external regulation.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This study examined sex and race bias in recently published research on adolescent pregnancy prevention and found that of 33 articles that focused on a single sex, only one was on males (inner city, presumably minority).
Abstract: This study examined sex and race bias in recently published research on adolescent pregnancy prevention Descriptive statistics from 71 citations showed that of 33 articles that focused on a single sex, only one was on males (inner city, presumably minority) Of the remaining articles, the majority either did not differentiate between the sexes or provided only minimal data on sex differences The consequences of research that ignores or minimizes the male contribution to the adolescent pregnancy problem are discussed
TL;DR: The findings suggest that short-term mass media programs by themselves were probably not very effective, but when supplemented by a self-help manual and support groups may be able to produce significant short- term weight loss.
Abstract: Background. This article describes the evaluation of a media-based weight loss and nutrition program. Methods. Fifteen broadcasts were aired on a Chicago television news program over a three-week period in November of 1986. Some participants (n = 37) received the television program and an accompanying manual, and some (n = 37) received, in addition to the television and media interventions, encouragement to attend self-help groups dealing with obesity. Results. Repeated measures analysis of variance tests were performed, and planned comparisons were conducted only if main effects were significant. At posttesting, those participants attending the self-help groups lost an average of more than nine pounds, whereas those provided only the television program and manual had decreased by less than a pound. Those attending the groups had significantly decreased their percent of dietary fat intake, significantly increased aerobic exercise, and had significantly more hopefulness, motivation, and stimulus c...
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that a subteratogenic dose of caffeine can potentiate the teratogenic effect of acetazolamide in C57BL/6J mice when dams are treated on day 9 of gestation, and skeletal examination provided evidence that simultaneous treatment with both agents delayed fetal development.
Abstract: Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were treated with 0 or 50 mg of caffeine (CAFF) per kg, and 0, 200 mg/kg (L) or 1,000 mg/kg (H) of acetazolamide (ACZM) during day 9 of gestation (9DPC). Individual fetuses were examined for gross morphological abnormalities and skeletal variations. The increase in fetal malformations seen, especially right forelimb electrodactyly, was augmented at both dose levels of acetazolamide by concomitant exposure to caffeine. Both frequency and severity of ectrodactyly were potentiated by caffeine. Skeletal examination revealed a reduction of the number of ossified cervical and caudal vertebral centra among litters exposed to ACZM at either dose. In either case (ACZM-H, ACZM-L) that effect was augmented by co-administration of CAFF. The first cervical vertebra (C1) appeared to provide the most sensitive index of teratogenic exposure.
This study provides evidence that a subteratogenic dose of caffeine can potentiate the teratogenic effect of acetazolamide in C57BL/6J mice when dams are treated on day 9 of gestation. In addition, skeletal examination provided evidence that simultaneous treatment with both agents delayed fetal development. Many litters exposed to ACZM or both agents displayed a reduction in skeletal ossification even in the absence of gross morphological abnormalities, suggesting that ossification can be used as an indicator of prenatal exposure to potentially harmful substances in the C57BL/6 mouse strain.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In the context of both evolution and civilization, the manipulation of inedible environmental objects is the most important use of the hands as mentioned in this paper, which requires refined control of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and finger joints, as well as specific postural adjustment of the trunk and legs.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The hands are used in an enormous range of actions involving feeding, locomotion, body maintenance (cleaning, soothing, and protection), communication, play, social cohesion, and emotional regulation. However, in the contexts of both evolution and civilization, the manipulation of inedible environmental objects is the most important use of the hands. Most human characteristics depend, directly or indirectly, on the manual skills needed to use implements and construct tools. Effective manual action in these skills requires refined control of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and finger joints, as well as specific postural adjustment of the trunk and legs. Failure to achieve the appropriate postural “set” can preclude the expression of a manual skill. The execution of manual actions has a special priority in the organization of central nervous system activity, co-opting a diverse set of neuro-anatomical structures that are involved in a wide range of functions. Reaching and grasping are prehensile skills established during infancy and serve as the basis for most of the infant's manipulatory actions. Intelligent behavior almost always involves acts of prehension and manipulation (e.g., searching for hidden objects, using tools). Accordingly, processes involved in the acquisition of various manual skills during infancy may serve to either facilitate or constrain cognitive development, and manual skill is often used as a means of assessing the cognitive ability of infants.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of local taxes and schooling on private non-farm employment growth in Illinois since 1980 are examined, and the determinants of educational outcomes (ACT scores, school attendance, and dropout rates) in Illinois are assessed.
TL;DR: It is suggested that throughout chick embryo development the left ovary lacks specific receptors for TSH and FSH.
11 Sep 1991
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that model selection based on the commonly used maximum likelihood approach may in fact have good predictive performance.
Abstract: Model selection based on a predictive performance measure is compared to model selection based on maximum likelihood. Both procedures exhibit unstable relative performance when predictive performance is measured over time periods that may contain overly small proportions of total failures. Both procedures may be stabilized by bounding this proportion away from zero. In that case, both procedures exhibit similar predictive performance relative to the other. This provides evidence that model selection based on the commonly used maximum likelihood approach may in fact have good predictive performance. >
TL;DR: This paper examined the influence of takeover threats on the stock price of firms proposing antitakeover amendments and found that shareholders of the average firm are not harmed by such threats because they provide either a better bargaining position or an information signal to the market.
Abstract: We examine the influence of takeover threats on the stock price of firms proposing antitakeover amendments. Stock prices of the majority of firms, which are not takeover targets during the four years surrounding the amendments, are unaffected, while prices of firms that become takeover targets within two years increase significantly. We document weak evidence of wealth losses only for a sample of prior targets. Our findings suggest that shareholders of the average firm are not harmed by antitakeover amendments because they provide either a better bargaining position or an information signal to the market.