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Showing papers by "DePaul University published in 1996"


Journal ArticleDOI
Abstract: This study presents a classification of political regimes as democracies and dictatorships for a set of 141 countries between 1950 or the year of independence and 1990. It improves existing classifications by a better grounding in political theory, an exclusive reliance on observables rather than on subjective judgements, an explicit distinction between systematic and random errors, and a more extensive coverage.

769 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, participants completed measures of Decisional, Avoidant, and Arousal Procrastination at four public meetings and found that about 20% of respondents claimed to be chronic chronic chronic procrastinators.
Abstract: At four public meetings, 122 women and 89 men (M age = 47.6 yr.) completed measures of Decisional, Avoidant, and Arousal Procrastination. About 20% of respondents (42 adults) claimed to be chronic ...

252 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed that GEC has an indirect effect on purchase intentions for environmentally related products and the relation is mediated by product-specific attitudes about consequences of using the environmentally related product as well as the product's environmental attributes.

220 citations


Book ChapterDOI
William Sander1
TL;DR: There is substantial controversy regarding private school effects on academic achievement as mentioned in this paper, and some researchers claim that seemingly positive private school effect could be the result of selection rather than causation, while others claim that these effects are the product of selection.
Abstract: There is substantial controversy regarding private school effects on academic achievement. A number of studies, mostly by researchers in education and sociology, claim to show that Catholic schools and other private schools have a positive effect on academic achievement (e.g., Bryk, Lee, and Holland, 1993; Chubb and Moe, 1990; Coleman, Hoffer, and Kilgore, 1982; Greeley, 1982; and Hoffer, Greeley, and Coleman, 1985). Critics claim that seemingly positive private school effects could be the result of selection rather than causation (e.g., Goldberg and Cain, 1982; Murnane, 1984; Murnane, Newstead, and Olsen, 1985; and Noell, 1982).

195 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an empirical analysis of the patterns in which companies invest in advanced manufacturing technologies (AMTs) such as computer-aided design, computer aided manufacturing, and flexible manufacturing systems is presented.

172 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between identity orientation and decisional strategies was investigated and it was found that information-oriented individuals reportedly engaged in systematic, vigilant decisional practices whereas diffuse/avoidant-oriented subjects resorted to maladaptive decision-al strategies including procrastination, avoidance, and excuse making.

168 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the degree to which these elements of lean production are aided by investments in the supporting manufacturing infrastructure of the firm, and found that lean producers do invest in the development of the workforce and the support manufacturing infrastructure, rather than just paying lip service to the concept without following the underlying, core principles.
Abstract: Research on just‐in‐time (JIT) production and total quality management (TQM) has taken a variety of approaches. Focuses on the degree to which these elements of lean production are aided by investments in the supporting manufacturing infrastructure of the firm. The literature generally supports the hypothesis that manufacturers must support lean production with concurrent investments focusing on the training and development of the workforce in order to be successful. Uses data from a mail survey of 202 plants in the metalworking industries to examine this hypothesis. Examines four types of investment in the manufacturing infrastructure: quality leadership on the part of management, the use of small groups or teams for problem solving, training, and worker empowerment. Each of these types of infrastructural investment is shown to be highly correlated with the degree of managerial commitment to both JIT and TQM. Indicates that lean producers do invest in the development of the workforce and the supporting manufacturing infrastructure. Manufacturers in the metalworking industries appear to be making strong efforts to provide the necessary support to JIT and TQM programmes, rather than just paying lip service to the concept without following the underlying, core principles.

161 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A passive-star-based, broadcast-and-select, local lightwave network which can support a limited number of wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) channels, but serve a much larger number of nodes, is considered and exploits well-known results from scheduling theory to create efficient transmission schedules.
Abstract: A passive-star-based, broadcast-and-select, local lightwave network which can support a limited number of wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) channels, but serve a much larger number of nodes, is considered. Each node is equipped with one tunable transmitter and one fixed receiver, and each WDM channel is operated in a time-division multiplexed (TDM) fashion for carrying packet traffic. Bandwidth is allocated to the node pairs when traffic flow between them is nonuniform, while also accommodating transceiver tuning latency. Our approach exploits well-known results from scheduling theory to create efficient transmission schedules. Multiprocessor task scheduling heuristics that can be applied to load balancing in a multichannel network is also examined.

128 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined the effects of a first language orthographic system on second language word recognition strategies using Japanese kana (a syllabic script consisting of hiragana and katakana).
Abstract: This paper examines the effects of a first language (L1 ) orthographic system on second language (L2) word recognition strategies. Lexical judgment tests using Japanese kana (a syllabic script consisting of hiragana and katakana ) were given to native English and native Chinese learners of Japanese. The visual familiarity and length in test words were controlled to examine the involvement of phonological or visual coding in word recognition strategies. The responses of the English and Chinese subjects were compared on the basis of observed reaction time. The results indicated that (a) Chinese subjects relied more on the visual information in L2 Japanese kana words than did English subjects and (b) English subjects utilized the phonological information in Japanese kana words more than did Chinese subjects. Accordingly, these findings demonstrate that native speakers of English and Chinese utilize different word recognition strategies due to L1 orthographic characteristics, and such L1 word recognition strategies are transferred into L2 Japanese kana word recognition.

115 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the factor structure and criterion-related validity for two types of personality measures that are based on 5 factor models were studied and the results indicated that the 6 factor model provided a better fit for both measures compared with the 5 factor model.
Abstract: The factor structure and criterion-related validity for 2 types of personality measures that are based on 5 factor models were studied. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare a 5 versus 6 factor model in an applied setting. In addition, criterion-related validity coefficients were examined for the 2 inventories. Two Big Five measures were used-1 was an adjective-based bipolar inventory and the other was a questionnaire (NEO-Personality Inventory; PI)-to shed light on the relationships between inventory characteristics, factor structure, and criterion-related validity. The sample consisted of 423 flight attendant trainees. Results indicated that the 6 factor model provided a better fit for both measures compared with the 5 factor model. Scales from the NEO-PI were significantly correlated with measures oftraining success, whereas scales from the bipolar inventory were not.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Men and women completed measures of shame, guilt, self-critical cognitions, and perfectionism in order to explore gender differences in cognitive processes associated with moral affect, and found that women reported significantly higher rates of shame and guilt than men as mentioned in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Character analysis of fossil and extant oogonia suggest that Tolypella is polyphyletic, the genus comprising two sections, one in each of the two tribes of Characeae, and the data support the monophyly of the Characeae and Coleochaete, which together form a monophyletic sister group to embryophytes.
Abstract: Extant genera of Characeae have been assigned to two tribes: Chareae (Chara, Lamprothamnium, Nitellopsis, and Lychnothamnus) and Nitelleae (Nitella and Tolypella), based on morphology of the thallus and reprod4ctive structures. Character analysis of fossil and extant oogonia suggest that Tolypella is polyphyletic, the genus comprising two sections, one in each of the two tribes. Eleven morphological characters and sequence data for the Rubisco large subunit (rbcL) were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of genera, including the two sections of Tolypella. Parsimony analysis of the rbcL data, with all positions and changes weighted equally, strongly supports the monophyly of the Characeae. The two Tolypella sections form a robust monophyletic group basal to the family. Transversion weighting yielded the same tree but with a paraphyletic Tolypella. The rbcL data strongly support monophyly of tribe Chareae but tribe Nitelleae is paraphyletjc. Parsimony analysis of morphological data produced one unrooted tree consistent with monophyly of the two tribes; on this tree the Tolypella sections were paraphyletic. Combining morphological with rbcL data did not change the results derived from rbcL sequenc9s alone. The rbcL data support the monophyly of the Characeae and Coleochaete, which together form a monophyletic sister group to embryophytes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine two types of flexibility using two examples based on the automobile industry: process flexibility is defined as the ability of a single manufacturing plant to make more than a single product (in this case products are different car models).
Abstract: Managers have two basic alternatives for addressing the challenge posed by variable demand: (1) build manufacturing plants with excess capacity and /or stock excess goods in inventory to help smooth over fluctuations in demand, or (2) increase the flexibility of their manufacturing plants so that production can be varied more easily to match changes in demand. This paper focuses on the second alternative and examines two types of flexibility using two examples based on the automobile industry. First, process flexibility is defined as the ability of a single manufacturing plant to make more than a single product (in this case products are different car models), and its is shown that a limited degree of process flexibility is very valuable for dealing with variations in demand. Second, machine flexibility is defined in terms of a changeover cost, measured in terms of the capacity or production which is lost when a plant must produce more than a single car model. Machine flexibility is shown to have a moderating effect on process flexibility, but one which does not necessarily cancel out the benefits of process flexibility.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Delphi technique was used by the authors to compile a list of the key issues in information systems (IS) management in Slovenia, to quantify them, and, through iterations, to strengthen consensus about their importance.

Posted Content
Susan Bandes1
TL;DR: The authors argue that victim impact statements are narratives that should be suppressed because they evoke emotions inappropriate in the context of criminal sentencing, such as hatred, the desire for undifferentiated vengeance, and even bigotry.
Abstract: Part I of this Article considers the topic of emotion in the law. In large part, it is an appreciation of the current scholar ship, which has laid to rest the notions that law can be an emotionless endeavor and that reason can operate in a sphere untouched by emotion. However, it also identifies the need for a more nuanced exploration of these issues. Specifically, Part I notes that the current scholarship tends to treat emotions as monolithic, unambiguous entities; it has yet to contend with - much less incorporate in any meaningful way - the complex, unruly field of emotion theory. Part I concludes that the recent scholarly focus on benign emotions such as empathy, compassion, and caring has been crucial in challenging the marginalization of these emotional modes in the legal context. Nevertheless, we must avoid placing undue faith in the power of these benign emotions and ask the difficult questions of what role these emotions ought to play and in which legal contexts they ought to play that role. Part II follows a similar pattern. It is largely an appreciation of the scholarship on narrative, which has illuminated the pervasive narrative structure of legal discourse. Much of the narrative scholarship has focused on outsider narratives, which might be defined as stories by members of groups usually subordinated in, or excluded from, mainstream legal discourse. These stories both challenge preconscious assumptions about such subordinated or excluded groups and expose the partiality of the dominant narrative - that which masquerades as the universal perspective. Part II argues that the notion of outsider narrative is significant, first, because it provides a crucial normative grounding for narrative scholarship, and second, because in doing so it reveals the limiting principle that explains why more narrative is not always better. I conclude that neither narratives nor benign emotions such as caring, empathy, or compassion are always helpful or appropriate in the legal arena. Whether a particular narrative ought to be heard, or a particular emotion expressed, depends on the context and the values we seek to advance. Part III applies the normative analysis and the limiting principle developed in Parts I and II in the concrete context of victim impact statements. In Part III, I argue that victim impact statements are narratives that should be suppressed because they evoke emotions inappropriate in the context of criminal sentencing. Specifically, victim impact statements appeal to hatred, the desire for undifferentiated vengeance, and even bigotry. In doing so, they may block the sentencer's ability to perceive the essential humanity of the defendant. More subtly, victim impact statements, in their insistence on evaluating the worth of victims, offend the dignity of the victim as well.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Cigarette control laws that regularly enforce civil penalties for tobacco sales violations can successfully reduce minors' access to cigarettes.
Abstract: The majority of adolescent smokers are able to purchase cigarettes even though laws prohibit the sale of cigarettes to minors (Radecki & Zdunich, 1993). The present study focused on merchant licensing, civil penalties, and monitoring of merchant behavior. Several different schedules of enforcement in the city of Chicago were evaluated to determine the optimal schedules to reduce the sale of cigarettes to minors in a major metropolitan area. Schedules of 2,4, and 6 months were effective in reducing illegal sales, from 86% to 19%, 87% to 34%, and 87% to 42%, respectively. In a control condition, illegal sales remained high (approximately 84%). Cigarette control laws that regularly enforce civil penalties for tobacco sales violations can successfully reduce minors' access to cigarettes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed an integrated approach to study the freshman-year experience in order to develop comprehensive outcome measures for assessing freshman success and developed models of student satisfaction to determine critical components in freshman satisfaction.
Abstract: To meet higher education's challenge of accountability from a customer-satisfaction perspective, one urban institution has developed an integrated approach to studying the freshman-year experience in order to develop comprehensive outcome measures for assessing freshman success. Multiple sources of data (freshman satisfaction survey data, enrollment data, and academic performance data) are integrated into a database that provides the institution with a comprehensive set of outcome indicators and a model of the freshman experience. This institution used the integrated data set to develop models of freshman retention. In order to focus more clearly on customer satisfaction, models of student satisfaction were developed to determine critical components in freshman satisfaction.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors quantitatively characterized motility and adhesion properties of four species of motile pennate diatoms (Craticula sp., Pinnularia sp, Nitzschia sp., and Stauroneis sp.) isolated from the same freshwater pond.
Abstract: To better determine the ecological role of motility in pennate diatoms, we quantitatively characterized several motility and adhesion properties of four species of motile pennate diatoms (Craticula sp., Pinnularia sp., Nitzschia sp., and Stauroneis sp.) isolated from the same freshwater pond. Using computer-assisted video microscopy, we measured speed, size/shape, functional adhesion, path curvature, and light sensitivity for these species, each of which shows a distinctive set of motile behaviors. The average speeds of Stauroneis, Pinnularia, Nitzschia, and Craticula cells are 4.6, 5.3, 10.4, and 10.0 μm · s−1, respectively. Craticula and Nitzschia cells move in a relatively straight path ( 1 day for Nitzschia and Stauroneis. Direction reversal at light/dark boundaries, which appears to be the main contributor to diatom Phototaxis, is most responsive for Craticula, Pinnularia, and Nitzschia at wavelengths around 500 nm. Craticula and Nitzschia cells are the most sensitive in the photophobic response, with over 60% of these cells responding to a 30-1x light/dark boundary at 500 nm, whereas Pinnularia cells are only moderately responsive at this irradiance, showing a maximal response of approximately 30% of cells at 450 nm. Stauroneis cells, in contrast, had a maximal photosensitive response at 700 nm, suggesting that this cell type may use a different response mechanism than the other three cell types. In addition, Craticula and Pinnularia show a net movement out of the light spot when illuminated at 650 nm, whereas Stauroneis shows a net movement out of the light spot when illuminated at 450 nm. Such quantitative characterizations of species-specific responses to environmental stimuli should give us a firm foundation for future studies analyzing the behavior of interspecies diatom competition for limited light or nutrient resources.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that the facial action of moderately or widely opening the mouth is accompanied by brow raising in infnats, thus producing "surprise" expressions in non-surprise situations, and suggested that facial expression cannot be used as investigators' sole measure of “surprise” in infants.
Abstract: This study found that the facial action of moderately or widely opening the mouth is accompanied by brow raising in infnats, thus producing “surprise” expressions in non-surprise situations. Infants (age = 5 months and 7 months) were videotaped as they were presented with toys that they often grasped and brought to their mouths. Episodes of mouth opening were identified and accompanying brow, nose, and eyelid movements were coded. Results indicated that mouth opening is selectively associated with raised brows rather than to other brow movements. Trace levels of eyelid raising also tended to accompany this facial configuration. The findings are discussed in terms of a dynamical systems theory of facial behavior and suggest that facial expression cannot be used as investigators' sole measure of “surprise” in infants.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The competencies identified and refined through a collective, narrative process that took place from January through November 1994, and included directors of graduate programs in genetic counseling, ABGC board members and expert consultants, form the basis of the document “Requirements for Graduate Programs in Genetic Counseling Seeking Accreditation by the American Board of genetic Counseling”.
Abstract: In January 1996, the American Board of Genetic Counseling (ABGC) adopted 27 practice-based competencies as a standard for assessing the training of graduate students in genetic counseling. These competencies were identified and refined through a collective, narrative process that took place from January through November 1994, and included directors of graduate programs in genetic counseling, ABGC board members and expert consultants. These competencies now form the basis of the document “Requirements for Graduate Programs in Genetic Counseling Seeking Accreditation by the American Board of Genetic Counseling” (American Board of Genetic Counseling, 1996). The competencies are organized into four domains and are presented and discussed in this article.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It has been largely overlooked that Henri Lefebvre in his book The Production of Space draws heavily upon Lacanian psychoanalytic accounts of the emergence of subjectivity in theorizing political r...
Abstract: It has been largely overlooked that Henri Lefebvre in his book The Production of Space draws heavily upon Lacanian psychoanalytic accounts of the emergence of subjectivity in theorizing political r...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings suggest that the enforcement of cigarette control laws is an effective means by which access to cigarettes can be reduced for both younger and older minors.
Abstract: The purpose of the present study is to assess the effectiveness of an enforcement program in reducing cigarette sales to older minors in a community that had been successful in reducing illegal sales of cigarettes to younger minors. Cigarette sales rates were monitored over a 3-year period with quarterly compliance testing in Woodridge, Illinois. Sales rates for older minors werefound to be only slightly higher than those of younger minors with one exception. Thesefindings suggest that the enforcement of cigarette control laws is an effective means by which access to cigarettes can be reducedforbothyoungerand olderminors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the coradical filtration on a quantized enveloping algebra t/9(g) = U defined over Q(q) was studied and the biideals of U and the Hopf algebra automorphisms of U were described.
Abstract: We determine the coradical filtration on a quantized enveloping algebra t/9(g) = U defined over Q(q). As applications, we determine the biideals of U and describe the group of Hopf algebra automorphisms of U.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined people's lay beliefs regarding the causes of relational satisfaction among best friends and found that people have a detailed and elaborate set of assumptions regarding the causal relations between the sources of satisfaction.
Abstract: Three research questions were addressed to examine people's lay beliefs regarding the causes of relational satisfaction among best friends. The first question dealt with the specific beliefs that people hold about satisfaction with a best friend. Forty-three sources of relational satisfaction were identified. The second question focused on the dimensions underlying people's beliefs about satisfaction. Multidimensional scaling suggested that three general dimensions underlie people's beliefs about satisfaction with a best friend. The third question examined the perceived causal structure underlying people's beliefs about relational satisfaction. A network analysis revealed that people have a detailed and elaborate set of assumptions regarding the causal relations between the sources of satisfaction. Taken together, our results suggest that people have many, well-integrated beliefs about satisfaction in best friendships. Specifically, these beliefs are organized dimensionally and they are causally intertwin...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of procurement contracting is developed and tested in laboratory experiments for both fixed-price and cost-sharing contracts, where contracts are awarded with first price sealed-bid or second-price sealed bid auctions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a strong and a weak inequality for the average of the square function is given, where the strong inequality is a strong inequality m{Sf > λ ≤ (7000/λ) 1.
Abstract: Given the usual averages in ergodic theory, let n1 ≤ n2 ≤ … and . There is a strong inequality ‖Sf‖2 ≤ 25‖f‖2 and there is a weak inequality m{Sf > λ} ≤ (7000/λ)‖f‖1. Related results and questions for other variants of this square function are also discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Existence conditions are given for maximum likelihood (ML) parameter estimates for several families of 2-parameter software-reliability Poisson-process models and bounds are given on solutions to serve as initial intervals for search algorithms like bisection.
Abstract: Existence conditions are given for maximum likelihood (ML) parameter estimates for several families of 2-parameter software-reliability Poisson-process models. For each such model, the ML equations can be expressed in terms of one equation in one unknown. Bounds are given on solutions to these one equation problems to serve as initial intervals for search algorithms like bisection. Uniqueness of the solutions is established in some cases. Solutions are also tabulated for certain simple cases. Results are given for ungrouped failure data (exact times are available for all failures). ML estimation problems for such a situation are treated as limiting cases of problems based on failure times grouped into intervals of decreasing mesh.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used conjoint analysis to assess the joint effects of country-of-origin information and two marketing variables (price-discount level and advertising intensity) on the decision-making behavior of consumers in the Czech Republic.