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Showing papers by "DePaul University published in 2008"


Proceedings ArticleDOI
23 Oct 2008
TL;DR: This work presents a personalization algorithm for recommendation in folksonomies which relies on hierarchical tag clusters and presents extensive experimental results on two real world dataset, suggesting that guysonomies encompassing only one topic domain, rather than many topics, present an easier target for recommendation.
Abstract: Collaborative tagging applications allow Internet users to annotate resources with personalized tags. The complex network created by many annotations, often called a folksonomy, permits users the freedom to explore tags, resources or even other user's profiles unbound from a rigid predefined conceptual hierarchy. However, the freedom afforded users comes at a cost: an uncontrolled vocabulary can result in tag redundancy and ambiguity hindering navigation. Data mining techniques, such as clustering, provide a means to remedy these problems by identifying trends and reducing noise. Tag clusters can also be used as the basis for effective personalized recommendation assisting users in navigation. We present a personalization algorithm for recommendation in folksonomies which relies on hierarchical tag clusters. Our basic recommendation framework is independent of the clustering method, but we use a context-dependent variant of hierarchical agglomerative clustering which takes into account the user's current navigation context in cluster selection. We present extensive experimental results on two real world dataset. While the personalization algorithm is successful in both cases, our results suggest that folksonomies encompassing only one topic domain, rather than many topics, present an easier target for recommendation, perhaps because they are more focused and often less sparse. Furthermore, context dependent cluster selection, an integral step in our personalization algorithm, demonstrates more utility for recommendation in multi-topic folksonomies than in single-topic folksonomies. This observation suggests that topic selection is an important strategy for recommendation in multi-topic folksonomies.

563 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although no well-established treatments were identified, probably efficacious or possibly efficacious treatments were found for ethnic minority youth with anxiety-related problems, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression, conduct problems, substance use problems, trauma-related syndromes, and other clinical problems.
Abstract: This article reviews research on evidence-based treatments (EBTs) for ethnic minority youth using criteria from Chambless et al. (1998), Chambless et al. (1996), and Chambless and Hollon (1998). Although no well-established treatments were identified, probably efficacious or possibly efficacious treatments were found for ethnic minority youth with anxiety-related problems, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression, conduct problems, substance use problems, trauma-related syndromes, and other clinical problems. In addition, all studies met either Nathan and Gorman's (2002) Type 1 or Type 2 methodological criteria. A brief meta-analysis showed overall treatment effects of medium magnitude (d = .44). Effects were larger when EBTs were compared to no treatment (d = .58) or psychological placebos (d = .51) versus treatment as usual (d = .22). Youth ethnicity (African American, Latino, mixed/other minority), problem type, clinical severity, diagnostic status, and culture-responsive treatment status did not moderate treatment outcome. Most studies had low statistical power and poor representation of less acculturated youth. Few tests of cultural adaptation effects have been conducted in the literature and culturally validated outcome measures are mostly lacking. Recommendations for clinical practice and future research directions are provided.

521 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors extend R. Ratcliff's (1981) theory of order relations for encoding of letter positions and show that the model can successfully deal with the presence of effects of letter transposition, letter migration, repeated letters, or subset/superset effects.
Abstract: Recent research has shown that letter identity and letter position are not integral perceptual dimensions (e.g., jugde primes judge in word-recognition experiments). Most comprehensive computational models of visual word recognition (e.g., the interactive activation model, J. L. McClelland & D. E. Rumelhart, 1981, and its successors) assume that the position of each letter within a word is perfectly encoded. Thus, these models are unable to explain the presence of effects of letter transposition (trial-trail), letter migration (beard-bread), repeated letters (moose-mouse), or subset/superset effects (faulty-faculty). The authors extend R. Ratcliff's (1981) theory of order relations for encoding of letter positions and show that the model can successfully deal with these effects. The basic assumption is that letters in the visual stimulus have distributions over positions so that the representation of one letter will extend into adjacent letter positions. To test the model, the authors conducted a series of forced-choice perceptual identification experiments. The overlap model produced very good fits to the empirical data, and even a simplified 2-parameter model was capable of producing fits for 104 observed data points with a correlation coefficient of .91.

333 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors find that unsuccessful stock bidders significantly underperform successful ones, and that failure to consummate is costlier for richly priced firms, and the unrealized acquirer-target combination would have earned higher returns.
Abstract: This paper finds support for the hypothesis that overvalued firms create value for long-term shareholders by using their equity as currency. Any approach centered on abnormal returns is complicated by the fact that the most overvalued firms have the greatest incentive to engage in stock acquisitions. We solve this endogeneity problem by creating a sample of mergers that fail for exogenous reasons. We find that unsuccessful stock bidders significantly underperform successful ones. Failure to consummate is costlier for richly priced firms, and the unrealized acquirer-target combination would have earned higher returns. None of these results hold for cash bids.

323 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an online survey collected data on perceptions of the positive aspects of being a gay man or lesbian (N 553) and qualitative analyses revealed three domains with 11 themes: belonging to a community, creating families of choice, forging strong connections with others, serving as positive role models, developing empathy and compassion, living authentically and honestly, gaining personal insight and sense of self, involvement in social justice and activism, freedom from gender-specific roles, exploring sexuality and relationships, and enjoying egalitarian relationships.
Abstract: The need to provide culturally competent training for counseling gay men and lesbians (as well as other sexual minorities) is limited by the relative scarcity of research. Extant research has focused on psychopathologies and negative life experiences with little attention to the positive aspects of the lives of gay men and lesbians. An online survey collected data on perceptions of the positive aspects of being a gay man or lesbian (N 553). Qualitative analyses revealed 3 domains with 11 themes. The positive aspects of gay or lesbian identity were belonging to a community, creating families of choice, forging strong connections with others, serving as positive role models, developing empathy and compassion, living authentically and honestly, gaining personal insight and sense of self, involvement in social justice and activism, freedom from gender-specific roles, exploring sexuality and relationships, and enjoying egalitarian relationships (lesbian participants only). These findings are discussed in light of recent literature on positive psychology and strength-based therapeutic approaches.

301 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that stage-gate controls have the potential of restricting learning in a new product development project and thus hurting the performance of novel new products, and that failure to learn can have an adverse effect on new product performance when the product is novel.
Abstract: This article argues that Stage-Gate controls have the potential of restricting learning in a new product development project and thus hurting the performance of novel new products. Specifically, the authors examine whether control on new product development exercised through rigorous gate review criteria increases project inflexibility, which in turn leads to increased failure to learn. They also focus on whether the effect of project inflexibility is worsened when there is turbulence in the firm's technological and market environment. Furthermore, the authors study whether failure to learn can have an adverse effect on new product performance when the product is novel. Finally, they examine whether a certain relaxation in gate evaluation (gate conditionality) that has been suggested recently mitigates the adverse effect of rigorously enforced controls. The results, which are based on a survey of 120 projects that used the Stage-Gate process for new product development, show that repeated applica...

297 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data from both experiments support the diffusion model for lexical decision and provide evidence against the popular deadline model for Lexical decision.

271 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
P. J. Henry1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined how much has changed in the approach to whom we study and examined the generalizability of the theoretical conclusions we come to, and raised metatheoretical concerns about the continued use of student samples both in the conclusions we arrive at as a science and in the very topics we study in the prejudice literature.
Abstract: Twenty years have passed since Sears (1986) alerted social psychologists to the many possible dangers faced by relying on a database composed mostly of students, especially with respect to the generalizability of the theoretical conclusions we come to. With a focus this time on the prejudice literature, this article examines how much has changed in our approach to whom we study. Content analyses show that prejudice researchers who publish in social psychology's major journals continue to rely heavily on student samples. Next, data are presented showing that important differences may exist between student and nonstudent participants in terms of how prejudice-related variables are expressed and used. The article concludes by raising metatheoretical concerns about the continued use of student samples both in the conclusions we arrive at as a science and in the very topics we study in the prejudice literature, with various recommendations suggested for decreasing this trend in relying on such a narrow database.

257 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
19 Aug 2008
TL;DR: A taxonomy of recommendation knowledge sources and algorithmic approaches is introduced and the most prevalent techniques of constraint-based recommendation are discussed, and open research issues are outlined.
Abstract: Recommender systems support users in identifying products and services in e-commerce and other information-rich environments. Recommendation problems have a long history as a successful AI application area, with substantial interest beginning in the mid-1990s, and increasing with the subsequent rise of e-commerce. Recommender systems research long focused on recommending only simple products such as movies or books; constraint-based recommendation now receives increasing attention due to the capability of recommending complex products and services. In this paper, we first introduce a taxonomy of recommendation knowledge sources and algorithmic approaches. We then go on to discuss the most prevalent techniques of constraint-based recommendation and outline open research issues.

255 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results demonstrate the intervention's potential to increase self-reported patient activation, retention, and attendance in mental health care for minority populations by facilitating patient-provider communication.
Abstract: Background:Evidence suggests that minority populations have lower levels of attendance and retention in mental health care than non-Latino whites. Patient activation and empowerment interventions may be effective in increasing minority patients’ attendance and retention.Objectives:This study develop

232 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: The objectives of this paper were to explore and describe what is known about measures and measurement of patient experience and describe evaluation approaches/ methods used to assess patient experience.
Abstract: Despite the increasing presence of a variety of measures of patient health care experiences in research and policy, there remains a lack of consensus regarding measurement. The objectives of this paper were to: (1) explore and describe what is known about measures and measurement of patient experience and (2) describe evaluation approaches/methods used to assess patient experience.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that the usefulness of this soil ecological knowledge for restoration is best considered in the context of the severity of the original perturbation, the goals of the project, and the resilience of the ecosystem to disturbance.
Abstract: The variability in the type of ecosystem degradation and the specificity of restoration goals can challenge restorationists’ ability to generalize about approaches that lead to restoration success. The discipline of soil ecology, which emphasizes both soil organisms and ecosystem processes, has generated a body of knowledge that can be generally useful in improving the outcomes of restoration despite this variability. Here, we propose that the usefulness of this soil ecological knowledge (SEK) for restoration is best considered in the context of the severity of the original perturbation, the goals of the project, and the resilience of the ecosystem to disturbance. A straightforward manipulation of single physical, chemical, or biological components of the soil system can be useful in the restoration of a site, especially when the restoration goal is loosely defined in terms of the species and processes that management seeks to achieve. These single-factor manipulations may in fact produce cascading effects on several ecosystem attributes and can result in unintended recovery trajectories. When complex outcomes are desired, intentional and holistic integration of all aspects of the soil knowledge is necessary. We provide a short roster of examples to illustrate that SEK benefits management and restoration of ecosystems and suggest areas for future research.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between job satisfaction and task and contextual performance in a manufacturing plant and found that there was a stronger relationship between satisfaction with work and task performance compared to contextual performance.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship between job satisfaction and task and contextual performance. Specifically, it assessed this relationship for overall as well as facets of job satisfaction. Four hundred and forty-four employees in a manufacturing plant completed measures of job satisfaction and their supervisors completed measures of task and contextual job performance. Results indicate that the relationships between overall job satisfaction and task and contextual performance were the same. However, when the facets of job satisfaction were considered, different relationships emerged. There was a stronger relationship between satisfaction with supervision and contextual performance compared to task performance. In contrast, there was a stronger relationship between satisfaction with work and task performance compared to contextual performance. Results indicated the importance of considering different facets with the job satisfaction and job performance relationship, as well as the importance of matching predictors and criteria in terms of their levels of specificity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors prove variational and jump inequalities for a large class of linear operators arising in harmonic analysis, and prove jump inequalities also for a class of operators arising from harmonic analysis.
Abstract: We prove variational and jump inequalities for a large class of linear operators arising in harmonic analysis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall, this review found that AA involvement is related to a variety of positive qualitative and quantitative changes in social support networks, and individuals with harmful social networks supportive of drinking actually benefited the most from AA involvement.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results from multilevel analysis indicate that significant variance in work-family conflict is attributable to the occupation in which someone works, and interdependence and responsibility for others predict work- family conflict, even after controlling for several time- and strain-based sources.
Abstract: The consequences of work-family conflict for both individuals and organizations have been well documented, and the various sources of such conflict have received substantial attention. However, the vast majority of extant research has focused on only time- and strain-based sources, largely neglecting behavior-based sources. Integrating two nationally representative databases, the authors examine 3 behavior-based antecedents of work-family conflict linked specifically to occupational work role requirements (interdependence, responsibility for others, and interpersonal conflict). Results from multilevel analysis indicate that significant variance in work-family conflict is attributable to the occupation in which someone works. Interdependence and responsibility for others predict work-family conflict, even after controlling for several time- and strain-based sources.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the authors attempted to ascertain to what extent the reference point shifts following gains or losses, and found that the magnitude of reference point adaptation was significantly greater following a gain than following a loss of equivalent size.
Abstract: According to prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979), gains and losses are measured from a reference point. We attempted to ascertain to what extent the reference point shifts following gains or losses. In questionnaire studies we asked subjects what stock price today will generate the same utility as a previous change in a stock price. From participants' responses we calculated the magnitude of reference point adaptation, which was significantly greater following a gain than following a loss of equivalent size. We also found the asymmetric adaptation of gains and losses persisted when a stock was included within a portfolio rather than being considered individually. In studies using financial incentives within the Becker, DeGroot, and Marschak (1964) procedure, we again noted faster adaptation of the reference point to gains than losses. We related our findings to several aspects of asset pricing and investor behavior.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings indicate that whether or not individuals are recruited from a community or tertiary sample, ME/CFS imposes substantial economic costs.
Abstract: ME/CFS is characterized by debilitating fatigue in addition to other physical and cognitive symptoms. It is estimated to affect over 800,000 adults in the U.S. ME/CFS often results in diminished functionality and increased economic impact. The economic impact of an illness is generally divided into two categories: direct and indirect costs. Despite high prevalence rates and the disabling nature of the illness, few studies have examined the costs of ME/CFS at the individual and societal level. In fact, of the four studies examining the economic impact of ME/ME/CFS only two used a U. S. sample. The current study used community and tertiary samples to examine the direct costs of ME/CFS. Using archival data, Study 1 examined the direct cost of ME/CFS in a community-based sample in Chicago. Study 2 estimated the direct cost of ME/CFS in a tertiary sample in Chicago. Both Study1 and Study 2 assessed direct costs using office visit costs, medical test costs, and medication costs. For Study 1, the annual direct total cost per ME/CFS patient was estimated to be $2,342, with the total annual direct cost of ME/CFS to society being approximately $2 billion. In Study 2, the annual direct was estimated to be $8,675 per ME/CFS patient, with the total annual direct cost of ME/CFS to society being approximately $7 billion. Using ME/CFS prevalence data of 0.42 and indirect costs estimates from Reynolds et al. (2004), the direct and indirect cost of ME/CFS to society was estimated to be $18,677,912,000 for the community sample and $23,972,300,000 for the tertiary sample. These findings indicate that whether or not individuals are recruited from a community or tertiary sample, ME/CFS imposes substantial economic costs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that the magnitude of reference point adaptation was significantly greater following a gain than following a loss of equivalent size, and that the asymmetric adaptation of gains and losses persisted when a stock was included within a portfolio rather than being considered individually.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that changes in the activity of either SAGT enzyme can have a dramatic effect on the metabolism of exogenously supplied SA in Arabidopsis, and the first description of DHB2G as a major metabolite of SA in plants is described.
Abstract: Arabidopsis thaliana contains two salicylic acid (SA) glucosyltransferase enzymes designated UGT74F1 and UGT74F2. UGT74F1 forms only SA 2-O-beta-D-glucose (SAG), while UGT74F2 forms both SAG and the SA glucose ester (SGE). In an attempt to determine the in vivo role of each SA glucosyltransferase (SAGT), the metabolism of SA in ugt74f1 and ugt74f2 mutants was examined and compared with that of the wild-type. The three major metabolites formed in wild-type Arabidopsis included SAG, SGE, and 2,5-dihydroxbenzoic acid 2-O-beta-D-glucose (DHB2G). This is the first description of DHB2G as a major metabolite of SA in plants. The major metabolites of SA formed in ugt74f1 mutants were SGE, SAG and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 5-O-beta-D-glucose (DHB5G). DHB5G was not formed in the wild-type plants. SAG and DHB2G were the main metabolites of SA in ugt74f2 mutants. The ugt74f2 mutant was unable to form SGE. Only SGE could be detected during in vitro SAGT assays of untreated wild-type and ugt74f1 mutants. This activity was because of constitutive UGT74F2 activity. Both SGE and SAG could be formed during in vitro assays of SA-pretreated wild-type and ugt74f1 leaves. Neither SAG nor SGE could be detected during the in vitro SAGT assays of untreated ugt74f2 leaves. Only SAG was formed during the in vitro SAGT assays of SA-pretreated ugt74f2 leaves. The SAG formation was a result of the UGT74F1 activity. This work demonstrates that changes in the activity of either SAGT enzyme can have a dramatic effect on the metabolism of exogenously supplied SA in Arabidopsis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that different models may be needed to account for drinking behavior among Blacks and Whites and that different approaches may prove maximally effective in reducing heavy or problem drinking among the 2 groups.
Abstract: Using data from a biracial community sample of adolescents, the present study examined trajectories of alcohol use and abuse over a 15-year period, from adolescence into young adulthood, as well as the extent to which these trajectories were differentially predicted by coping and enhancement motives for alcohol use among the 2 groups. Coping and enhancement motivations (M. L. Cooper, 1994) refer to the strategic use of alcohol to regulate negative and positive emotions, respectively. Results showed that Black and White youth follow distinct alcohol trajectories from adolescence into young adulthood and that these trajectories are differentially rooted in the regulation of negative and positive emotions. Among Black drinkers, coping motives assessed in adolescence more strongly forecast differences in alcohol involvement into their early 30s, whereas enhancement motives more strongly forecast differences among White drinkers. Results of the present study suggest that different models may be needed to account for drinking behavior among Blacks and Whites and that different approaches may prove maximally effective in reducing heavy or problem drinking among the 2 groups.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examined the relationship among school stressors and resources, school belonging, academic outcomes (school satisfaction and academic self-efficacy), and psychological outcomes (anxiety and depression) and found that school belonging plays a central role in explaining how school context can affect both psychological and academic outcomes.
Abstract: Positive school environments and school belonging have been associated with a variety of positive academic, social, and psychological outcomes among youth. Yet, it is not clear how these constructs are related, and few studies have focused on urban at-risk youth with disabilities. This study examines baseline survey data from 136 low-income African American and Latino students in grades 5 to 12, most of whom have disabilities, recently transferred following a school closure. Using structural equation modeling, we tested a model that examined the relationships among school stressors and resources, school belonging, academic outcomes (school satisfaction and academic self-efficacy), and psychological outcomes (anxiety and depression). This model was an excellent fit with the data, and findings indicate that school belonging plays a central role in explaining how school context can affect both psychological and academic outcomes. This model has implications for school-based interventions that can enhance student success and well-being. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of natural mentoring relationships in the academic performance of urban, diverse, Latino high school students was examined, and the presence of a mentor was associated with fewer absences, higher educational expectations, and greater expectancies for success and sense of school belonging.
Abstract: The current study examined the role of natural mentoring relationships in the academic performance of urban, diverse, Latino high school students. Participants reported up to three mentors in their lives, and they were asked about their mentors' demographic characteristics and the characteristics of their mentoring relationships. The presence of a mentor was associated with fewer absences, higher educational expectations, and greater expectancies for success and sense of school belonging. Further, the number of reported mentors predicted fewer absences, higher educational expectations and a greater sense of school belonging. Mentors' educational level, frequency of contact, relationship duration, and total form of support provided by mentors were related to participants' academic outcomes. Mentor type also made a difference in youth's academic outcomes. Implications for future mentoring research and programs are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Implications include the need for intervention studies that address the challenges experienced by individuals with disabilities, particularly during hiring and promoting phases of employment, and educational efforts to inform administrators and managers of the few costs and numerous benefits associated with having workers with disabilities.
Abstract: Historically, employment rates for people with disabilities have been low. Despite legislation that prohibits the discrimination of this group in work settings, employers are reluctant to hire people with disabilities. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences of employers with workers with disabilities. Three focus groups were conducted with 21 administrators from three business sectors (i.e., healthcare, hospitality, and retail). Content analysis indicated five primary themes: (1) importance of disability employment agencies and disability advocates; (2) persistence of manager bias; (3) lack of promotion opportunities; (4) costs associated with having workers with disabilities; and (5) benefits associated with having workers with disabilities. Implications include the need for intervention studies that address the challenges experienced by individuals with disabilities, particularly during hiring and promoting phases of employment, and educational efforts to inform administrators and managers of the few costs and numerous benefits associated with having workers with disabilities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a multi-university sample (N = 1174) was used to test hypotheses concerning person-organization fit and various behavioral and attitudinal outcomes; correlations between changes in these variables over time, and the correlates of these changes using autoregressive modeling and latent growth curve modeling.

01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: In this article, a Garey/Johnson-style list of problems known to be complete for the second and higher levels of the polynomial-time Hierarchy (polynomial hierarchy, or PH for short) is presented.
Abstract: We present a Garey/Johnson-style list of problems known to be complete for the second and higher levels of the polynomial-time Hierarchy (polynomial hierarchy, or PH for short). We also include the best-known hardness of approximation results. The list will be updated as necessary.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Whether explicit information assists acquisition in a way that has not been measured in previous processing instruction (PI) studies is observed and the results suggest that the benefits of explicit information might depend on the nature of the task and the processing problem.
Abstract: The present study sought to observe, through online treatments, whether explicit information assists acquisition in a way that has not been measured in previous processing instruction (PI) studies. Two experiments examined learners' behavior while they processed Spanish sentences with object-verb-subject (OVS) word order and Spanish subjunctive under two treatments: with explicit information (the PI group) and without explicit information (the structured input [SI] group). Participants in both groups worked individually with a computer and processed a series of 30 SI items. They received feedback right after each response, and both accuracy and response time were recorded. It was expected that learners in the PI group would start to process both of the linguistic targets sooner in the sequence of input items and would submit their responses faster than learners in the SI group, because explicit information in the PI treatment would help learners notice the target items early in the series. The results showed no difference between the SI group and the PI group when processing OVS sentences, but the PI group processed subjunctive forms sooner and faster than the SI group. The results suggest that the benefits of explicit information might depend on the nature of the task and the processing problem.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two possible routes to mathematics are evaluated and it is suggested that children may arrive at natural numbers and arithmetic in a more top-down way, by constructing mathematical schemas.
Abstract: Many experiments with infants suggest that they possess quantitative abilities, and many experimentalists believe that these abilities set the stage for later mathematics: natural numbers and arithmetic. However, the connection between these early and later skills is far from obvious. We evaluate two possible routes to mathematics and argue that neither is sufficient: (1) We first sketch what we think is the most likely model for infant abilities in this domain, and we examine proposals for extrapolating the natural number concept from these beginnings. Proposals for arriving at natural number by (empirical) induction presuppose the mathematical concepts they seek to explain. Moreover, standard experimental tests for children's understanding of number terms do not necessarily tap these concepts. (2) True concepts of number do appear, however, when children are able to understand generalizations over all numbers; for example, the principle of additive commutativity (a+b=b+a). Theories of how children learn such principles usually rely on a process of mapping from physical object groupings. But both experimental results and theoretical considerations imply that direct mapping is insufficient for acquiring these principles. We suggest instead that children may arrive at natural numbers and arithmetic in a more top-down way, by constructing mathematical schemas.

Journal ArticleDOI
Karen Monkman1
10 Oct 2008-Compare

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article investigated the identity talk of three mid-career teachers in an urban, public school in the USA, to better understand how the teachers used language to accomplish complex professional identities.
Abstract: Public debates about the role of teachers and teacher performance place teachers at the center of a range of national and local discourses The notion of teacher professional identity, therefore, framed in a variety of ways, engages people across social contexts, whether as educators, parents, students, taxpayers, voters or consumers of news and popular media These highly contested discourses about teachers' roles and responsibilities constitute an important context for research on teachers and teaching, as researchers and educators ask how changes to the teaching profession affect teacher professional identity This article investigates the identity talk of three mid‐career teachers in an urban, public school in the USA, to better understand how the teachers used language to accomplish complex professional identities Research approaches to teacher identity often focus on teacher narrative as a key tool in identity formation The analysis presented here extends our understanding of language as a resourc