Showing papers by "DePaul University published in 2010"

User participation in information systems security risk management

Abstract: This paper examines user participation in information systems security risk management and its influence in the context of regulatory compliance via a multi-method study at the organizational level. First, eleven informants across five organizations were interviewed to gain an understanding of the types of activities and security controls in which users participated as part of Sarbanes-Oxley compliance, along with associated outcomes. A research model was developed based on the findings of the qualitative study and extant user participation theories in the systems development literature. Analysis of the data collected in a questionnaire survey of 228 members of ISACA, a professional association specialized in information technology governance, audit, and security, supported the research model. The findings of the two studies converged and indicated that user participation contributed to improved security control performance through greater awareness, greater alignment between IS security risk management and the business environment, and improved control development. While the IS security literature often portrays users as the weak link in security, the current study suggests that users may be an important resource to IS security by providing needed business knowledge that contributes to more effective security measures. User participation is also a means to engage users in protecting sensitive information in their business processes.

Limited Investor Attention and Stock Market Misreactions to Accounting Information

Abstract: We provide a model in which a single psychological constraint, limited investor attention, explains both under- and over-reaction to different earnings components. Investor neglect of information in current-period earnings about future earnings induces post-earnings announcement drift and the pro fit anomaly. Neglect of earnings components causes accruals and cash flows to predict abnormal returns. We derive new untested empirical implications relating the strength of the drift, accruals, cash flows, and pro fit anomalies to the forecasting power of current earnings-related information for future earnings, the degree of investor attention to different types of information, and the volatilities of and correlation between accruals and cash flows. We also show that owing to costs of attention, in equilibrium some investors may decide not to attend to the implications of earnings or its components.

Deja Vu All Over Again: The Causes of U.S. Commercial Bank Failures This Time Around

Abstract: In this study, we analyze why U.S. commercial banks failed during the recent financial crisis. We find that proxies for commercial real estate investments, as well as traditional proxies for the CAMELS components, do an excellent job in explaining the failures of banks that were closed during 2009, just as they did in the previous banking crisis of 1985 – 1992. Surprisingly, we do not find that residential mortgage-backed securities played a significant role in determining which banks failed and which banks survived.

A machine learning approach for tracing regulatory codes to product specific requirements

Abstract: Regulatory standards, designed to protect the safety, security, and privacy of the public, govern numerous areas of software intensive systems. Project personnel must therefore demonstrate that an as-built system meets all relevant regulatory codes. Current methods for demonstrating compliance rely either on after-the-fact audits, which can lead to significant refactoring when regulations are not met, or else require analysts to construct and use traceability matrices to demonstrate compliance. Manual tracing can be prohibitively time-consuming; however automated trace retrieval methods are not very effective due to the vocabulary mismatches that often occur between regulatory codes and product level requirements. This paper introduces and evaluates two machine-learning methods, designed to improve the quality of traces generated between regulatory codes and product level requirements. The first approach uses manually created traceability matrices to train a trace classifier, while the second approach uses web-mining techniques to reconstruct the original trace query. The techniques were evaluated against security regulations from the USA government's Health Insurance Privacy and Portability Act (HIPAA) traced against ten healthcare related requirements specifications. Results demonstrated improvements for the subset of HIPAA regulations that exhibited high fan-out behavior across the requirements datasets.

The Influence of Cultural Differences on the Use of Social Network Services and the Formation of Social Capital

Abstract: With the advent of Web 2.0, social network services (SNSs), such as Facebook and MySpace, have grown explosively and globally as one of core Web 2.0 applications. However, as revealed in other cultural comparison studies in the field of human–computer interaction, it is believed that cultural differences profoundly impact on how people use SNSs. Unfortunately, the differences in using SNSs have not been systematically investigated, so this study presents a web-based survey study among three nations: Republic of Korea, People's Republic of China, and the United States of America. It was assumed that SNS users form bridging and bonding social capital (borrowed from social capital theory) through the five functions of SNS that were categorized: Identity, Expert Search, Connection, Communication, and Contents Sharing. A correlation between social capital-related activities and usage patterns of SNS was expected. A total of 489 responded to the web-based survey through the three counties. Although the theory o...

Do Investors Learn from Experience? Evidence from Frequent IPO Investors

Abstract: We examine how experience affects the decisions of individual investors and institutions in IPO auctions to bid in subsequent auctions, and their bidding returns. We track bidding histories for all 31,476 individual investors and 1,232 institutional investors across all 84 IPO auctions during 1995-2000 in Taiwan. For individual bidders: (1) high returns in previous IPO auctions increase the likelihood of participating in future auctions; (2) bidders’ returns decrease as they participate in more auctions; (3) auction selection ability deteriorates with experience; and (4) bidders with greater experience bid more aggressively. These findings are consistent with naive reinforcement learning wherein individuals become unduly optimistic after receiving good returns. In sharp contrast, there is little sign that institutional investors exhibit such behavior.

The Role of Prejudice and the Need for Closure in Religious Fundamentalism

Abstract: Religious fundamentalism has been consistently linked to prejudice toward a variety of outgroups. This article proposes that this is partially the case because fundamentalist ideology provides a sense of consistency and closure. Outgroups that challenge the epistemic certainty that fundamentalism provides are rejected in an effort to protect this certainty. Results from two studies, including one using a nationally representative sample, found that the need for closure was related to fundamentalism and partially mediated the relationship between fundamentalism and the derogation of lesbians and gays (Study 1) and value violators in general (Study 2). Furthermore, in Study 2, it was found that only some aspects of the need for closure explain the fundamentalism—prejudice relationship. Results are discussed in relation to past need for closure and ideology research as well as what this means for the study of fundamentalism.

A Community Mental Health Implementation of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)

Abstract: Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) has been identified as an evidence-based practice in the treatment of externalizing behavior among preschool-aged youth. Although considerable research has established its efficacy, little is known about the effectiveness of PCIT when delivered in a community mental health setting with underserved youth. The current pilot study investigated an implementation of PCIT with primarily low-socioeconomic status, urban, ethnic minority youth and families. The families of 14 clinically referred children aged 2-7 years and demonstrating externalizing behavior completed PCIT initial assessment, and 12 began treatment. Using standard PCIT completion criteria, 4 families completed treatment; and these families demonstrated clinically significant change on observational and self-report measures of parent behavior, parenting stress, and child functioning. Although treatment dropouts demonstrated more attenuated changes, observational data and parent-reported problems across sessions indicated some improvements with lower doses of intervention. Attendance and adherence data, referral source, barriers to treatment participation, and treatment satisfaction across completers and dropouts are discussed to highlight differences between the current sample and prior PCIT research. The findings suggest that PCIT can be delivered successfully in an underserved community sample when families remain in treatment, but that premature dropout limits treatment effectiveness. The findings suggest potential directions for research to improve uptake of PCIT in a community service setting.

Impact of disasters on firms in different sectors: implications for supply chains

Abstract: Disasters keep damaging infrastructure, disrupting supply chains and affecting firm profitability. There is an urgent need for better understanding of disaster impact on supply chains but very few publications address this issue. This exploratory study takes an indirect approach and investigates disaster impact on firms in various industry sectors. This approach allows us to take full advantage of large secondary data bases of firm and disaster data in order to analyze the impact of over 3,500 disasters on more than 100,000 firm-year observations over 15 years. Our results indicate that disasters impact all sectors within a supply chain. We found that damage by windstorms and floods seem to be dramatically different from that of an earthquake, providing evidence against the all-hazards approach. We also show that the impact of floods on total asset turnover of a firm is dependent on the firm's position in the supply chain. We found that while upstream partners enjoy a positive impact, downstream partners have to plan for the opposite. Supply chain managers can use our results to better understand disaster impact on their business. Our study suggests a supply chain–wide mitigation strategy rather than a company-specific one.

What is fatigue? Pathological and nonpathological fatigue.

Abstract: Aid in understanding issues surrounding the construct validity of fatigue including the distinction between pathological versus nonpathological fatigue. Fatigue is a universal symptom reported by individuals in the general population as well as by those suffering from different medical and psychological illnesses, including cancer, multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, depression, and anxiety. Chronic fatigue is a significant problem in many primary care settings, and the debilitating and prolonged nature of fatigue can pose significant economic consequences for society. Researchers have struggled to better assess and understand the etiology and classification of fatigue within different illness groups.

An Exploratory Analysis of Textbook Usage and Study Habits: Misperceptions and Barriers to Success

Abstract: The authors explore how and to what extent students use their textbooks Data was collected through a survey regarding when reading is primarily done, how the textbook is used for studying, and which specific study strategies the students used The results indicate that students know it is important to read, know the professor expects them to read, and know it will impact their grade, yet most students still do not read the textbook Finally, we also examine what students feel would motivate them to increase their usage of the textbook

Work design in situ: Understanding the role of occupational and organizational context.

Abstract: Despite nearly 100 years of scientific study, comparatively little attention has been given to articulating how the broader occupational and organizational context might impact work design. We seek to address this gap by discussing how aspects of the occupational and organizational context can constrain or enable the emergence of different work design features as well as influence the relationships between work design features and various outcomes. We highlight how different forms of context might impact work design and suggest that this is an important and potentially fruitful area for future work design research and theory. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Pimp Control and Violence: Domestic Sex Trafficking of Chicago Women and Girls

Abstract: The present study examines the violence and change in violence experienced by domestically sex trafficked women from their pimps since their recruitment. A total of 100 women who currently had a pimp were interviewed, and 71 indicated that they had been recruited into prostitution, many under conditions meeting the federal definition of trafficking. Violence and coercive control were measured at 2 different points for each woman and compared separately and together. On average, violence had increased since recruitment, and those women who experienced more forms of coercive control generally experienced higher levels of violence from their pimps. The majority of women experienced violence and coercion, thereby meeting federal sex trafficking definitions.

Teachers in the news: a critical analysis of one US newspaper's discourse on education, 2006–2007

Abstract: Public education discourse in the USA has been characterized by messages of crisis shaping education policies across national contexts. Education policy solutions target a lack of qualified teachers and insufficient oversight of teacher practice as central factors in the crisis, placing teacher identity as knowledgeable, authoritative professionals at the center of educational reform debates. Mainstream news media is a key site for education policy debate. I employ critical discourse analysis of education news published in a major US newspaper, uncovering how grammar patterns in news discourse situate teacher identity in relation to knowledge and authority. I demonstrate how the paper's discourse frames teacher identity in terms of Accountability and Caring and discuss how, in the context of larger economic and social policy debates, Accountability gains authority over caring to shape education policy. I call for teachers to integrate critical participation in public education debates as key element of pr...

A nursing manifesto: An emancipatory call for knowledge development, conscience, and praxis

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present the theoretical and philosophical assumptions of the Nursing Manifesto, written by three activist scholars whose objective was to promote emancipatory nursing research, practice, and education within the dialogue and praxis of social justice. Inspired by discussions with a number of nurse philosophers at the 2008 Knowledge Conference in Boston, two of the original Manifesto authors and two colleagues discussed the need to explicate emancipatory knowing as it emerged from the Manifesto. Our analysis yielded an epistemological framework based on liberation principles to advance praxis in the discipline of nursing. This paper adds to what is already known on this topic, as there is not an explicit contribution to the literature of this specific Manifesto, its significance, and utility for the discipline. While each of us have written on emancipatory knowing and social justice in a variety of works, it is in this article that we identify, as a unit of knowledge production and as a direction towards praxis, a set of critical values that arose from the emancipatory conscience-ness and intention seen in the framework of the Nursing Manifesto.

Parties’ Responses to Economic Globalization: What is Left for the Left and Right for the Right?

Abstract: Do parties adjust their economic policy positions in response to the international economy? I explore how international economic conditions affect Western Europe’s welfare states by quantitatively analysing parties’ ideological dynamics over time. Considering the convergence—divergence argument of the globalization literature, I evaluate the hypothesis that economic openness motivates parties to adjust their economic policies. My empirical analyses reveal that both left-wing and right-wing parties do indeed systematically adjust their positions in response to economic changes associated with globalization. However, the results contradict the neoliberal convergence argument, as parties shift in varying directions in response to different indicators of openness. Importantly, the differences between left-wing and right-wing parties’ responses are not statistically significant, pointing to the importance of including right-wing parties in the globalization literature.

Social capital and self-presentation on social networking sites: a comparative study of Chinese and American young generations

Abstract: In recent years, using social networking sites (SNSs hereafter), such as QQ, Xiaonei.com, and Kaixin001.com, has become a popular activity among Chinese Internet users. Yet little is known about whether Chinese users' activities in this emerging online social venue differ from Westerners', reflecting their fundamental cultural orientations such as individualism and collectivism. This study focuses on potential similarities and differences between Chinese and American young generations in the nature of social relationships and self-presentation strategies that they develop and employ on SNSs. A greater level of bonding social capital in SNSs was observed among American young users than their Chinese counterparts, and no significant difference in bridging social capital between the two groups of SNS users was found. Results also revealed that Chinese and American college-aged young generations employed different self-presentation strategies in SNSs. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

100-Million-year dynasty of giant planktivorous bony fishes in the mesozoic seas

Abstract: Large-bodied suspension feeders (planktivores), which include the most massive animals to have ever lived, are conspicuously absent from Mesozoic marine environments. The only clear representatives of this trophic guild in the Mesozoic have been an enigmatic and apparently short-lived Jurassic group of extinct pachycormid fishes. Here, we report several new examples of these giant bony fishes from Asia, Europe, and North America. These fossils provide the first detailed anatomical information on this poorly understood clade and extend its range from the lower Middle Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous, showing that this group persisted for more than 100 million years. Modern large-bodied, planktivorous vertebrates diversified after the extinction of pachycormids at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, which is consistent with an opportunistic refilling of vacated ecospace.

Improving automated requirements trace retrieval: a study of term-based enhancement methods

Abstract: Automated requirements traceability methods that utilize Information Retrieval (IR) methods to generate and maintain traceability links are often more efficient than traditional manual approaches, however the traces they generate are imprecise and significant human effort is needed to evaluate and filter the results. This paper investigates and compares three term-based enhancement methods that are designed to improve the performance of a probabilistic automated tracing tool. Empirical studies show that the enhancement methods can be effective in increasing the accuracy of the retrieved traces; however the effectiveness of each method varies according to specific project characteristics. The analysis of such characteristics has lead to the development of two new project-level metrics which can be used to predict the effectiveness of each enhancement method for a given data set. A procedure to automatically extract critical keywords and phrases from a set of traceable artifacts is also presented to enhance the automated trace retrieval algorithm. The procedure is tested on two new datasets.

Oxford house recovery homes: Characteristics and effectiveness.

Abstract: After treatment for substance abuse, whether by prison, hospital-based treatment programs, or therapeutic communities, many patients return to former high-risk environments or stressful family situations. Returning to these settings without a network of people to support abstinence increases chances of relapse (Jason, Olson & Foli, 2008). As a consequence, alcohol and substance use recidivism following treatment is high for both men and women (Montgomery et al., 1993). Alternative approaches need to be explored, such as abstinence-specific social support settings (Vaillant, 2003). Self-governed settings may offer several benefits as they require minimal costs because residents pay for their own expenses (including housing and food). Recovering substance abusers living in these types of settings may develop a strong sense of bonding with similar others who share common abstinence goals. Receiving abstinence support, guidance, and information from recovery home members committed to the goal of long-term sobriety and abstinence may reduce the probability of a relapse (Jason, Ferrari, Davis & Olson, 2006). This experience might provide residents with peers who model effective coping skills, be resources for information on how to maintain abstinence, and act as advocates for sobriety. Oxford Houses are single-sex adult dwellings, yet some allow residents to live with minor children. Individual members are expected to pay monthly rent and assist with chores. They are one of the largest self-help residential programs in the US. Unlike other aftercare residential programs, such as halfway houses, Oxford House has no prescribed length of stay for residents and there is no professional staff. Each House operates democratically with majority rule regarding most policies, and an 80% majority for accepting membership (Oxford House Manual, 2006). Residents must follow three simple rules: pay rent and contribute to the maintenance of the home, abstain from using alcohol and other drugs, and avoid disruptive behavior. Violation of the above rules results in eviction from the House (Oxford House Manual). As of 2008, there were 321 women’s Oxford Houses with 2,337 women, and 982 men’s Oxford Houses with 7,487 men, for a total of 1,303 houses serving 9,824 people (Oxford House, 2008). There were Oxford Houses in 42 states and 383 cities in the US. Of the residents, 18% were veterans, and 91% were working with average monthly earnings of $1,480. Most residents had been addicted to drugs or drugs and alcohol (73%) whereas 27% had been addicted to only alcohol. Regarding race, 54% were White, 42% were Black, and 4% were other. Regarding marital status, 45% had been never married, 18% were separated, 33% were divorced, and only 4% were married. Fifty-three percent of residents reported prior homelessness for an average time of 6 months. In addition, 76% had been in for an average of 13 months. The average length of stay in an Oxford House was 10.1 months. The average cost per person per week was $98.75. There appear to be considerable standardization of locations of Oxford Houses as well as what occurs in these settings (Ferrari, Groh & Jason, 2009). Ferrari, Jason, Sasser et al. (2006) studied 55 Oxford Houses across three diverse regions of the U.S and found that regardless of geographic location, Oxford Houses were rather similar in size and amenities that were available to residents (e.g. room air-conditioners, a utility room for laundry, a communal lounge for televisions, comfortable furniture in communal living areas. Observers (with high inter-rater reliability) noted that public transportation was available near the houses, and the streets and neighborhoods were clean and well-lit. These results, in fact, were replicated in Australian Oxford Houses (Ferrari, Jason, Blake et al., 2006). Jason et al. (2003) used interviews and observations to better understand governance issues in the Oxford Houses. They found that residents utilized a number of strategies to confront behavioral issues, including imposing fines for not completing house duties, discussing interpersonal conflicts and behaviors such as isolation at business meetings, and developing behavioral contracts. Houses also implemented rewarding events for achieving goals. The Oxford House model of treatment for substance abuse issues is an intriguing concept based on self-governance and mutual support. The self-governing policies described above help create and nurture abstinence-specific social support networks. In the absence of professional staff, residents are forced to develop rules and policies, learn to self-govern, and assume positions of leadership within their houses. The democratic feature of the Oxford House program differentiates it from other types of residential care settings and recovery homes, where rules and sanctions for infractions may exist, but with less explicit efforts to encourage a supportive milieu Limited research, however, is available regarding how Oxford House settings compare to other treatments. Using cross sectional data, Ferrari, Jason, Davis, Olson, and Alvarez (2004) compared the operational policies of 55 Oxford Houses to those of 14 Therapeutic Communities (TCs). Neither type of facility permitted self-injurious behaviors (e.g., physical self-harm or misuse of medication) or destructive acts (e.g., destroying site property or others’ possessions). Oxford Houses, however, were significantly more liberal in permitting residents personal liberties compared to the TC facilities. For example, Oxford Houses permitted greater flexibility in terms of residents’ smoking in their rooms, sleeping late in the morning or staying out late at night, going away for a weekend, and having “private time” in their locked room with guests. Oxford Houses also were more likely than TCs to allow residents to have personal possessions (e.g., pictures, furniture) within the dwelling (Ferrari, Jason, Sasser et al., 2006). Unfortunately, there have not been any outcome studies comparing TCs with Oxford Houses, although the first author currently has a NIDA funded study that is exploring this issue. There is considerable evidence for the effectiveness of TCs (DeLeon, & Rosenthal, 1989). Substantial reductions in recidivism rates have been found when in-prison Therapeutic Communities (TCs) are combined with community transition programs (Hiller, Knight, & Simpson, 1999; Wexler et al., 1996). As an example, Inciardi et al. (2004) found that at a five year follow-up, those individuals who participated in a combined TC and work release program had significantly less drug use and were significantly less likely to be re-incarcerated compared to those individuals in just the TC program or a no-treatment control group. Unfortunately, these TC programs often create a financial burden on society, and are not available to all that need them. Also, therapeutic community residents may stay only for a limited time before many return to former high-risk environments or stressful family situations (Goldsmith, 1992). Limited research is also available comparing Oxford Houses versus more traditional recovery homes, which also tend to have supervising staff and less democratic self-governing principles. Harvey (2009) recently found that Oxford House residents had higher scores on social climate scales Involvement, Support, and Practical Orientation, Spontaneity, Autonomy, Order and Organization, and Program Clarity measures compared to a traditional recovery home. This study did not provide outcome data regarding residents’ experiences living in these recovery communities. Few methodologically sound studies have emerged in the area of traditional recovery homes. In one of the few recovery home longitudinal studies, Polcin (2006) found that 51% of recovery home residents were abstinent from drugs and alcohol at a six-month follow-up. Regrettably, there are few studies reporting differential outcome data contrasting recovery home and therapeutic community residential treatments for substance abuse. In part, this is due to the fact that it is hard to provide systemic long-term outcome data on these hard to reach, highly recidivist populations. The present article addresses the primary outcome studies conducted on one form of recovery home called Oxford House. We also examine whether settings such as Oxford Houses have an impact on their greater community. Finally, the implications for how clinicians might work with these types of community support settings will be reviewed.

A framework for computational thinking across the curriculum

Abstract: We describe a framework for implementing computational thinking in a broad variety of general education courses. The framework is designed to be used by faculty without formal training in information technology in order to understand and integrate computational thinking into their own general education courses. The framework includes examples of computational thinking in a variety of general education courses, as well as sample in-class activities, assignments, and other assessments for the courses. The examples in the different courses are related and differentiated using categories taken from Denning Great Principles of Computing, so that similar types of computational thinking appearing in different contexts are brought together. This aids understanding of the computational thinking found in the courses and provides a template for future work on new course materials. Specific examples of computational thinking in the design category are provided in the context of three distinct courses.

Banded and tapered estimates for autocovariance matrices and the linear process bootstrap

Abstract: Author(s): McMurry, Timothy L; Politis, D N | Abstract: We address the problem of estimating the autocovariance matrix of a stationary process. Under short range dependence assumptions, convergence rates are established for a gradually tapered version of the sample autocovariance matrix and for its inverse. The proposed estimator is formed by leaving the main diagonals of the sample autocovariance matrix intact while gradually down-weighting o�-diagonal entries towards zero. In addition we show the same convergence rates hold for a positive de�nite version of the estimator, and we introduce a new approach for selecting the banding parameter. The new matrix estimator is shown to perform well theoretically and in simulation studies. As an application we introduce a new resampling scheme for stationary processes termed the linear process bootstrap (LPB). The LPB is shown to be asymptotically valid for the sample mean and related statistics. The e�ectiveness of the proposed methods are demonstrated in a simulation study.

Frame-of-reference training effectiveness: effects of goal orientation and self-efficacy on affective, cognitive, skill-based, and transfer outcomes.

Abstract: Empirical evidence supporting frame-of-reference (FOR) training as an effective intervention for calibrating raters is convincing. Yet very little is known about who does better or worse in FOR training. We conducted a field study of how motivational factors influence affective, cognitive, and behavioral learning outcomes, as well as near transfer indexed by achieving professional certification. Relying on goal orientation theory, we hypothesized effects for 3 goal orientations: learning, prove performance, and avoid performance. Results were generally supportive across learning outcomes and transfer. Findings further supported a hypothesized interaction between learning self-efficacy and avoid performance goal orientation, such that higher levels of learning self-efficacy mitigated the negative effects of higher performance avoid tendencies.

Individualism, collectivism, and Chinese adolescents' aggression: intracultural variations

Abstract: This study examined the relations between cultural values (i.e., individualism and collectivism) and aggression among 460 (234 girls) Chinese adolescents. Conflict level and social status insecurity were examined as potential explaining mechanisms for these relations. The results showed that adolescents' endorsement of collectivism was negatively related to their use of overt and relational aggression as reported by teachers and peers, whereas positive associations were found between the endorsement of individualism and adolescent aggression. Adolescents' conflict level and social status insecurity accounted for a significant part of these associations. Findings of this study demonstrate the importance of examining intracultural variations of cultural values in relation to adolescent aggression as well as the process variables in explaining the relations.

What they can do versus how much they care Assessing corporate communication strategies on Fortune 500 web sites

Abstract: Purpose – This paper aims to propose a typology of corporate communication strategy; to investigate whether the typology is present among Fortune 500 corporations; and to explore whether there is a dominant strategy and industrial differences among them.Design/methodology/approach – A content analysis of all 2008 Fortune 500 corporate web sites was undertaken.Findings – This paper finds that there are three corporate communication strategies used to affect publics' corporate associations: corporate ability (CAb) strategy; corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy; and a hybrid strategy. The results demonstrate that a majority of corporate public relations for Fortune 500 companies emphasize a CAb communication strategy over a CSR or hybrid strategy, whereas the top 100 Fortune 500 corporations focus on a CSR strategy over the other two strategies. Industrial differences are also found in adopting different corporate strategy among the companies.Originality/value – The applied value of this research i...

Do patent pools encourage innovation? evidence from the 19th-century sewing machine industry

Abstract: Members of a patent pool agree to use a set of patents as if they were jointly owned by all members and license them as a package to other firms. This article uses the example of the first patent pool in U.S. history, the Sewing Machine Combination (1856–1877) to perform the first empirical test of the effects of a patent pool on innovation. Contrary to theoretical predictions, the sewing machine pool appears to have discouraged patenting and innovation, in particular for the members of the pool. Data on stitches per minute, an objectively quantifiable measure of innovation, confirm these findings.