Showing papers by "Deutsche Telekom published in 2019"

Improving Interaction with Virtual Globes through Spatial Thinking: Helping Users Ask "Why?".

Abstract: Virtual globes have progressed from little-known technology to broadly popular software in a mere few years. We investigated this phenomenon through a survey and discovered that, while virtual globes are en vogue, their use is restricted to a small set of tasks so simple that they do not involve any spatial thinking. Spatial thinking requires that users ask "what is where" and "why"; the most common virtual globe tasks only include the "what". Based on the results of this survey, we have developed a multi-touch virtual globe derived from an adapted virtual globe paradigm designed to widen the potential uses of the technology by helping its users to inquire about both the "what is where" and "why" of spatial distribution. We do not seek to provide users with full GIS (geographic information system) functionality, but rather we aim to facilitate the asking and answering of simple "why" questions about general topics that appeal to a wide virtual globe user base.

End-to-End Data Analytics Framework for 5G Architecture

Abstract: Data analytics can be seen as a powerful tool for the fifth-generation (5G) communication system to enable the transformation of the envisioned challenging 5G features into a reality. In the current 5G architecture, some first features toward this direction have been adopted by introducing new functions in core and management domains that can either run analytics on collected communication-related data or can enhance the already supported network functions with statistics collection and prediction capabilities. However, possible further enhancements on 5G architecture may be required, which strongly depend on the requirements as set by vertical customers and the network capabilities as offered by the operator. In addition, the architecture needs to be flexible in order to deal with network changes and service adaptations as requested by verticals. This paper explicitly describes the requirements for deploying data analytics in a 5G system and subsequently presents the current status of standardization activities. The main contribution of this paper is the investigation and design of an integrated data analytics framework as a key enabling technology for the service-based architectures (SBAs). This framework introduces new functional entities for application-level, data network, and access-related analytics to be integrated into the already existing analytics functionalities and examines their interactions in a service-oriented manner. Finally, to demonstrate predictive radio resource management, we showcase a particular implementation for application and radio access network analytics, based on a novel database for collecting and analyzing radio measurements.

Subjective quality evaluation of tile-based streaming for omnidirectional videos

Abstract: In viewport-adaptive streaming of omnidirectional video, only the field of view is streamed in high quality. While this has significant benefits over streaming the entire 360 sphere, no standard test method for perceived quality and simulator sickness is available to evaluate the quality of experience (QoE) of such streaming approaches. QoE testing is important as tile-based viewport-adaptive streaming technologies are replacing classical approaches because of significant bandwidth savings and increase in viewing quality. In this work, we propose a testbed, a test method, as well as test metrics for QoE tests of viewport-adaptive streaming approaches. The proposed method is validated in two different test setups, using a specific tile-based streaming technology available in the market. The chosen input variables (videos sequences, resolution, bandwidth, and network round-trip delay) are tested for their statistical significance. We found that our test method is suitable for QoE testing of viewport-adaptive streaming technologies. We also found that simulator sickness scores increase with test duration, but that breaks between tests reduce this effect. With our systematic test approach, it is possible to compare metrics among different test setups. On the tested technology, we found that a typical network delay (47 ms) only has a minimal effect on the quality ratings. Furthermore, the magnitude of the network delay does not influence simulator sickness for the system we have tested.

AVT-VQDB-UHD-1: A Large Scale Video Quality Database for UHD-1

Abstract: 4K television screens or even with higher resolutions are currently available in the market. Moreover video streaming providers are able to stream videos in 4K resolution and beyond. Therefore, it becomes increasingly important to have a proper understanding of video quality especially in case of 4K videos. To this effect, in this paper, we present a study of subjective and objective quality assessment of 4K ultra-high-definition videos of short duration, similar to DASH segment lengths. As a first step, we conducted four subjective quality evaluation tests for compressed versions of the 4K videos. The videos were encoded using three different video codecs, namely H.264, HEVC, and VP9. The resolutions of the compressed videos ranged from 360p to 2160p with framerates varying from 15fps to 60fps. All the source 4K contents used were of 60fps. We included low quality conditions in terms of bitrate, resolution and framerate to ensure that the tests cover a wide range of conditions, and that e.g. possible models trained on this data are more general and applicable to a wider range of real world applications. The results of the subjective quality evaluation are analyzed to assess the impact of different factors such as bitrate, resolution, framerate, and content. In the second step, different state-of-the-art objective quality models were applied to all videos and their performance was analyzed in comparison with the subjective ratings, e.g. using Netflix's VMAF. The videos, subjective scores, both MOS and confidence interval per sequence and objective scores are made public for use by the community for further research.

Softwarization and Network Coding in the Mobile Edge Cloud for the Tactile Internet

Abstract: Future communication systems, such as those enabling the Tactile Internet, will face disruptive changes compared to the state-of-the-art systems, which are 1) highly dynamic topology changes; 2) replacement of the end-to-end paradigm by real mesh topologies; and 3) a massive number of devices. To overcome these disruptive changes, future communication systems will substitute specialized hardware with generic hardware boxes and the softwarization paradigm. Furthermore, this approach will allow for a quick deployment of new services, which was known to the cloud service already. In this paper, we will introduce the most prominent candidates for softwarization such as software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) and explain the importance of these technologies for the upcoming 5G communication system and Tactile Internet applications realizing novel mobile edge computing, storage, and networking solutions. Specifically, we will discuss use cases of SDN/NFV such as network coding as a service, and ultrareliable distributed edge caching. Finally, we will describe our holistic testbed at the 5G Lab Germany as a fundamental step toward creating an experiment infrastructure that anticipates the 5G communication systems and Tactile Internet applications.

Positioning for Location-Aware Beamforming in 5G Ultra-Dense Networks

Abstract: 5G ultra-dense radio networks enhance utilization of spatial dimension by wide implementation of location-aware beamforming and interference mitigation techniques. Successful realization of simultaneous transmission and reception is possible by means of preliminary positioning of neighboring user equipment. Contribution of the current research is positioning accuracy limits estimation of user equipment using direction of arrival measurement processing in three-dimensional space with metrics of Cramer-Rao lower bound ellipsoid. Resulting accuracy limits were analyzed and visualized to assist in proper access nodes layout.

Enhance Lighting for the Internet of Things

Abstract: Today's Internet of Things (IoT), covering any communication between devices, is narrowband and not always provides reliability and low latency at the same time. A wide range of future IoT applications, i.e. flexible manufacturing, augmented reality and autonomous cars, will use artificial intelligence in the cloud to process sensor data jointly in real time. This future IoT will need mobile communication providing high bandwidth, reliable connectivity and low latency at the same time. While radio spectrum is densely populated, light communication (LC) can use unlicensed optical spectrum and enable high data rates over short distances for future IoT. By networking multiple LC-enabled access points, also known as Li-Fi, one can build a new mobile communication system integrated with lighting infrastructure that enables the future IoT. The main challenge to approach future IoT is to develop Li-Fi further into the mass-market serving a greater variety of use cases than today. Therefore, Li-Fi needs an open architecture, consensus building towards standards, a roadmap to support future IoT and technology demonstrations in real environments, such as indoors, manufacturing, logistics, conference rooms and outdoors for fixed-wireless access.

Containers vs Virtual Machines: Choosing the Right Virtualization Technology for Mobile Edge Cloud

Abstract: Mobile Edge Cloud (MEC) is paving the way for 5G networks with respect to latency and computation offloading. To support user mobility, a MEC application should be migrated from one MEC server to another MEC server, which is in close proximity to users. Providing low migration time and low downtime is one of the critical challenges in MEC. Prior studies mainly focused on the service migration in data centers where only the downtime is taken into account. Meanwhile, the total migration time in MEC significantly influences the service latency due to the user's mobility. In this paper, we present a comparative measurement study on service migration in MEC. The evaluation results, which are obtained from commercial edge servers, show the infeasibility of the investigated migration approaches. Even though containerization is undoubtedly a lightweight virtualization technology, it is not mature enough to support the service migration in MEC. Specifically, both VM migration and container migration introduce high migration time, and subsequently result in service degradation for latency-sensitive applications in MEC.

Collective stresses drive competition between monolayers of normal and Ras-transformed cells

Abstract: We study the competition for space between two cell lines that differ only in the expression of the Ras oncogene. The two cell populations are initially separated and set to migrate antagonistically towards an in-between stripe of free substrate. After contact, their interface moves towards the population of normal cells. We interpret the velocity and traction force data taken before and after contact thanks to a hydrodynamic description of collectively migrating cohesive cell sheets. The kinematics of cells, before and after contact, allows us to estimate the relative material parameters for both cell lines. As predicted by the model, the transformed cell population with larger collective stresses pushes the wild type cell population.

P4-BNG: Central Office Network Functions on Programmable Packet Pipelines

Abstract: Large-scale telecommunications providers have to continuously challenge and evolve their network infrastructure to efficiently serve growing markets demands. They must increase performance, lower time-to-market, provide new services, and lower the cost of the infrastructure and its operation. Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) on commodity hardware offers an attractive, low-cost platform to establish innovations much faster than with purpose-built hardware products. Unfortunately, implementing NFV on commodity processors does not match the performance requirements of the high-throughput data plane components in large carrier access networks. In this article, we propose a way to offer residential network access with programmable packet processing architectures. Based on the highly flexible P4 programming language, we present a design and open source implementation of a BNG data plane that meets the challenging demands of Broadband Network Gateways in carrier-grade environments. The proposed evaluation results show the desired performance characteristics and our proposed design together with upcoming P4 hardware can offer a giant leap towards highest performance NFV network access.

5G Connected and Automated Driving: Use Cases and Technologies in Cross-border Environments

Abstract: The vision of cooperative, connected and automated mobility (CCAM) along Europe can only be realized when harmonized solutions that support cross-border traffic exist. The possibility of providing CCAM services along different countries when vehicles traverse various national borders has a huge innovative business potential. However, the seamless provision of connectivity and the uninterrupted delivery of real-time services along borders also pose technical challenges which 5G technologies promise to solve. The situation is particularly challenging given the multi-country, multi-operator, multi-telco-vendor, multi-car-manufacturer, and cross-generation scenario of any cross-border layout. Motivated by this, the 5GCroCo project, with a total budget of 17 million Euro and partially funded by the European Commission, aims at validating 5G technologies in the Metz-Merzig-Luxembourg cross-border corridor, traversing the borders between France, Germany and Luxembourg. 5GCroCo validation will focus on three use cases: 1) tele-operated driving, 2) high definition map generation and distribution for automated vehicles, and 3) Anticipated Cooperative Collision Avoidance. The results will help reduce the uncertainties associated with eV2X communications across borders in Europe in preparation of commercial 5G deployment.

Calibrated optical time transfer of UTC(k) for supervision of telecom networks

Abstract: We report on the evaluation of the performance of optical time transfer links connecting a facility of Deutsche Telekom in Bremen with the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig. In the current configuration three links have been established, two via a hub in Hannover and one using an independent alternate route. They are equipped with electronically stabilized fiber optic time and frequency transfer systems and parallel operation is maintained since December 2016. A novel method of link calibration, composed of two steps (one performed in the laboratory and the second one in the field), to accurately determine the influence of fiber chromatic dispersion is discussed in detail, and a thorough analysis of the uncertainty budget is given. We show that the time transfer performance achieved is difficult to characterize based on measurements with time interval counters that are the standard equipment in timing laboratories and in the telecommunications sector. In our experiments, values of TDEV at the low ps-level at averaging times between 104 to 106 s have been achieved. The uncertainty of time transfer (including all kinds of delays) is of the order of 50 ps in a cascade of links. The results obtained show that such a kind of link is capable to deliver signals to a remote end with an instability being at least two orders of magnitude below the current requirements included in relevant Recommendations of the International Telecommunication Union—Telecommunication Sector (ITU-T). Moreover, the current implementation would allow primary Cs fountain clocks to be compared at the level of their performance, that is characterized by an uncertainty at the low 10−16 level and a frequency instability of the same order of magnitude at 1 d averaging.

Analysis of Mesoscale eddies in the Lofoten Basin based on satellite altimetry

Abstract: 46 Ссылка для цитирования: Зинченко В.А., Гордеева С.М., Собко Ю.В., Белоненко Т.В. Мезомасштабные вихри Лофотенской котловины по спутниковым данным // Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика. 2019. Т. 12, No 3. С. 46 –54 For citation: Zinchenko V.A., Gordeeva S.M., Sobko Yu.V., Belonenko T.V. Analysis of Mesoscale eddies in the Lofoten Basin based on satellite altimetry. Fundamentalnaya i Prikladnaya Gidrofizika. 2019, 12, 3, 46 –54 DOI: 10.7868/S2073667319030067 УДК 551.465

MESHMERIZE: An Interactive Demo of Resilient Mesh Networks in Drones

Abstract: Classical wireless mesh routing protocols fail frequently when the nodes are subject to mobility or dynamic link qualities. Meshmerize is an opportunistic multi-path mesh routing protocol designed for dynamic networks. It ensures persistent connectivity to even mobile nodes in the network. In this demo, we demonstrate the resilience of Meshmerize and the shortcomings of the classical protocols using an emulated drone network. The audience can pilot a (virtual) drone in a city through a meshed network of base stations and experience the latency and reliability characteristics of both Meshmerize and legacy protocols

Programmable first: Automated orchestration between MEC and NFV platforms

Abstract: 5G ecosystems will benefit significantly from Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV). While NFV allows for dynamical deployment of virtualized network functions, MEC allows applications to be deployed close to mobile users, thus reducing latency. When used together, NFV and MEC bring flexibility and enhanced performance to meet the user’s demand. However, to increase service availability and maximize the convenience of MEC users, an MEC framework has to interface with multiple NFV orchestrators to utilize running network functions in an efficient manner. We introduce in this demonstration APMEC, a framework addressing the above two challenges. Via a combination of an interactive GUI, KPI views and a live-demo setup, we will showcase the advanced features of the framework.

Connectivity in the Air: Throughput Analysis of Air-to-Ground Systems

Abstract: The number of aircraft equipped with broadband connectivity is increasing. With several hundred users per aircraft, a high capacity air-to-ground link needs to be ensured. Today, several systems provide connectivity to aircraft. However, these systems are not optimized for changing aircraft densities in different geographical areas and thus the actual throughput per aircraft varies during the flight. Therefore, we investigate the achievable throughput during any given flight by analyzing actual flight routes in order to determine the relevant parameters to satisfy current and future connectivity needs. We show that multiple air-to-ground communication systems need to be exploited to offer sufficient throughput to all aircraft.

A Framework for Multiaccess Support for Unreliable Internet Traffic using Multipath DCCP

Abstract: Mobile nodes are typically equipped with multiple radios and can connect to multiple radio access networks (e.g. WiFi, LTE and 5G). Consequently, it is important to design mechanisms that efficiently manage multiple network interfaces for aggregating the capacity, steering of traffic flows or switching flows among multiple interfaces. While such multi-access solutions have the potential to increase the overall traffic throughput and communication reliability, the variable latencies on different access links introduce packet delay variation which has negative effect on the application quality of service and user quality of experience. In this paper, we present a new IP-compatible multipath framework for heterogeneous access networks. The framework uses Multipath Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (MP-DCCP) - a set of extensions to regular DCCP - to enable a transport connection to operate across multiple access networks, simultaneously. We present the design of the new protocol framework and show simulation and experimental testbed results that (1) demonstrate the operation of the new framework, and (2) demonstrate the ability of our solution to manage significant packet delay variation caused by the asymmetry of network paths, by applying pluggable packet scheduling or reordering algorithms.

Interaction between Rossby Waves and a Jet Flow: Basic Equations and Verification for the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Abstract: —The article focuses on the interaction of Rossby waves in the ocean with zonal jet flows. A new approach is proposed to show that nonlinearity in the long-wave approximation exactly compensates the Doppler shift. A new dispersion relation for the Rossby waves interacting with the jets is deduced from the nonlinear theory. The conclusion is verified using satellite altimetry data of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). For the ACC area, we compare empirical velocities obtained from the altimetry data with theoretical phase velocities of Rossby waves calculated from nonlinear dispersion relation using the equivalent beta effect. The comparison shows that the new dispersion relation based on the nonlinear approach is capable of describing both the westward and the eastward propagation of mesoscale eddies in the field of sea level anomalies that can be identified as manifestation of Rossby waves in the ocean.

Combined Optimal Topology Formation and Rate Allocation for Aircraft to Aircraft Communications

Abstract: Providing broadband in-flight Internet connectivity to aircraft is challenging. Today's options include satellite communications (SC) and direct air-to-ground communication (DA2GC). To overcome data rate, delay and cost limitations of SC and coverage limitations of DA2GC, one can extend DA2GC with air-to-air communication (A2AC) by enabling multi-hop communication. To investigate the A2AC performance, we construct a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem of DA2GC and A2AC, jointly considering interference in topology formation and flow assignment. Our objective is to maximize the number of aircraft that can be connected with a given specific minimum data rate threshold. The evaluation is performed for low aircraft density scenarios over the North Atlantic. We show that in the investigated scenarios, over 90 % of aircraft can have at least 50 Mbps, some being up to 1600 kilometers away from the closest base station (BS). Furthermore, we identify antenna capabilities as an important factor for A2AC performance.

Long-Term Latency Measurement of Deployed Fiber

Abstract: Using a Correlation-OTDR we measured the latency of fibers in a deployed cable and calculated the time coefficient of the fiber temperature changes. Annual temperature variations of 25K were estimated for the deployed fiber.

Reusing Sub-chains of Network Functions to Support MEC Services

Abstract: Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) are widely considered to be key players in the 5G era. Whereas MEC enables to reduce latency significantly by allowing applications to be deployed close to end users, NFV allows for flexible deployment of virtualized network functions. The performance and flexibility can be improved further by combining MEC and NFV. Existing frameworks for managing and orchestrating MEC applications and NFV are either tightly coupled or completely separated. The former design is inflexible and increases the complexity of one framework, while the latter leads to inefficient use of computation resources. In this paper, we extend our Automated Provisioning Framework for MEC (APMEC), which combines each MEC application and its respective network service (comprising a chain of virtual network functions) in a MEC service. We propose a novel MEC service placement algorithm allowing to reuse a subset of yet underloaded network functions. Our evaluation results, obtained from a testbed implementation and simulations, show that our solution allows to remarkably increase the utilization of network functions and simultaneously reduce routing cost. Specifically, it allows to accept at least 60% more user requests, and at the same time lowering the routing cost by more than 30%, as compared to the baseline approach.

Improving overall network performance and/or overall quality of service of a mobile communication network by assigning a physical cell identifier information to a plurality of radio cells

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for improving overall network performance and/or overall quality of service of a mobile communication network by assigning a physical cell identifier information to a plurality of radio cells, wherein the mobile communication network comprises a core network and an access network, the access network comprising the plurality radio cells, wherein the plurality of radio cells are at least partly overlapping, forming a common radio coverage area, each radio cell of the plurality of radio cells being associated to a base station entity of a plurality of base station entities, each radio cell of the plurality of radio cells using a center frequency, and a unique cell global identifier information being assigned to each radio cell of the plurality of radio cells, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in a first step and for each of a plurality of coverage area elements of the common radio coverage area, a set of handover likelihood information is generated - regarding possible inter-frequency handover events between at least part of the plurality of radio cells and based on the estimated radio signal quality at or within the considered coverage area element -, an element of the set of handover likelihood information being indicative of the possibility and/or the likelihood of a handover of the user equipment from at least one possible source radio cell of the plurality of radio cells to at least one possible target radio cell of the plurality of radio cells, the at least one source radio cell and the at least one target radio cell having, respectively, center frequencies in different frequency bands, in a second step, based on the elements of the sets of handover likelihood information - among the sets of handover likelihood information associated to the plurality of coverage area elements of the common radio coverage area - related to the at least one source radio cell and the at least one target radio cell, an overlap score value is calculated being indicative of the overlap between the at least one source radio cell and the at least one target radio cell, - in a third step, the physical cell identifier information is assigned to the at least one source radio cell and/or the at least one target radio cell dependent on the overlap score value

Complexity of coordinated beamforming and scheduling for OFDMA based heterogeneous networks

Abstract: Coordination is foreseen to be an important component of future mobile radio networks. It is especially relevant in heterogeneous networks, where high power base stations produce strong interference to an underlying layer of low power base stations. This work investigates in detail the achievable performance gains for one coordination technique—coordinated beamforming. It reveals the main factors that influence the throughput of the mobile stations. These findings are combined with an analysis of the computational complexity. As a result, a heuristic algorithm is presented that achieves results close to an exhaustive search with significantly less calculations. Detailed simulation analysis is presented on a realistic network layout.

The Virtual Representation of the World is Emerging

Abstract: Digital twins, i.e. exact virtual digital representations of a physical asset, process or system, are becoming increasingly more widespread. Recently, they have been emerging across industries and society levels, e.g. in the form of virtual models of wind turbines, cars, cities, factories or human organs. The rise of digital twins can be mainly attributed to their ability to integrate large amounts of data and to combine this data with advanced data processing methods such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning or high-performance computing. As by 2020 data volumes will have reached 44 trillion gigabytes, digital twins are expected to experience a similar growth resulting in a new phase of the internet that can be described as a virtual representation of the physical world which includes digital twins of all machines, people, things and organizations. In this article, we, first, recap the current status quo of digital twins including their evolution, benefits and challenges. Second, we highlight the necessity to connect digital twins in a secure way to enable the formation of a true virtual representation of the world as well as discuss associated challenges and key building blocks. Finally, we show the importance of the virtual representation of the world for telcos as well as derive a set of clear managerial implications for telco managers.

A Superheterodyne 300 GHz Wireless Link for Ultra-Fast Terahertz Communication Systems

Abstract: This paper presents an all-electronic superheterodyne wireless system based on millimeterwave monolithic integrated circuits at a center frequency of 300 GHz. Superheterodyne operation is attractive for compliance with the recent IEEE802.15.3d frequency standard. The super-heterodyne transmission is realized, both, with mixers operating at a frequency of 10 GHz, and with an arbitrary waveform generator output centered around 10 GHz. The paper compares both options in terms of error vector magnitude for different baud rates and modulation formats. Data rates of up to 60 Gbps and distances of up to 10 meters are achieved using complex modulated signals like 16-QAM and 32-QAM.

Long-Term Latency Measurement of Deployed Fiber

Abstract: Using a Correlation-OTDR we measured the latency of fibers in a deployed cable and calculated the time coefficient of the fiber temperature changes. Annual temperature variations of 25K were estimated for the deployed fiber.

The strategic analysis of business ecosystems : New conception and practical application of a research approach

Abstract: In the course of the advancing digitalization, new business fields are characterized by a mixture of competition and cooperation of the actors involved. MOORE (1993) postulates that in analogy to natural ecosystems, long-term successful companies also operate in comparable network structures. In this context, there are pronounced controversies about the extent to which there are leading actors in such a business ecosystem and to what extent they can control the entire system. Similarly, it is largely unclear where the boundaries of a business ecosystem actually lie and how meaningful selective boundaries are. Especially the extent of the coopetition proves to be characteristic for the relationship between the involved actors. Therefore, the aim of this research approach is to develop a new approach for the analysis of corporate ecosystems. To ensure applicability, the developed approach was validated in a current case study in the telecommunications industry.

Working in the Digital Age: Not an Easy but a Thrilling One for Organizations, Leaders and Employees

Abstract: The notion of work has to be re-examined in its entirety. Companies need to create structures which fine-tune efficiency and incrementally enhance existing business (exploit), and at the same time enable the company to deliver disruptive innovations which relentlessly challenge existing business models (explore). This so-called ambidexterity is regarded in many quarters as the “holy grail” for an organization’s ability to survive in the digital age. New Work ultimately provides an answer to how work can be structured meaningfully and thus a new culture of collaboration can be implemented into an organization. In all this, the core and focal point in transformation is the most personal and individual one—the digital mindset. Agility and flexibility are key pillars of a future-proof organization in the digital age and cornerstones of New Work concepts. Flexibilization, however, poses major challenges for large enterprises and organizations in particular as it represents a significant cultural shift for many of them. This is especially the case when existing management structures are disbanded and status symbols appear to be threatened. But as well in terms of flexibilization of organizational structures. Flexible structures can be used as a bridge that helps a business move towards a new type of work with flat hierarchies and self-organized teams while keeping all challenges of flexibilization in mind. In combination with communities, which are another characteristic of enterprise flexibilization, working in the digital age can be a thrilling one for organizations, leaders and employees.

Enhanced machine type communication between mobile communication network and group of machine type communication devices

Abstract: A method for enhanced machine type communication between a mobile communication network, on the one hand, and a group of machine type communication devices, on the other hand, wherein a plurality of subscribers are related to the mobile communication network The method includes providing, by at least one network node of the mobile communication network, a Home Location Register functionality and/or a Home Subscriber Server functionality for the plurality of subscribers A subscriber identifier is related to each of the plurality of subscribers of the mobile communication network such that the identifier content of the subscriber identifier is different for different subscribers related to the mobile communication network The group of machine type communication devices is related to the same subscriber related to the mobile communication network