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Showing papers by "Dublin City University published in 2007"


Book
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: An insightful step-by-step guide to the messy reality of doing computer-assisted analysis, this successful book is essential reading for anyone considering using NVivo software.
Abstract: This straightforward, jargon-free book provides an invaluable introduction to planning and conducting qualitative data analysis with NVivo. Written by leading authorities, with over 40 years combined experience in computer-assisted analysis of qualitative and mixed-mode data, the new edition of this best selling textbook is an ideal mix of practical instruction, methodology and real world examples. Practical, clear and focused the book effectively shows how NVivo software can accommodate and assist analysis across a wide range of research questions, data types, perspectives and methodologies. It sets out: - The power and flexibility of the NVivo software - How best to use NVivo at each stage in your research project - Examples from the authors' own research and the sample data that accompanies the software, supplemented with vignettes drawn from across the social sciences - Annotated screen shots - A website with links to data, sample projects, supplementary/updated instructions, and SAGE journal content This second edition contains new chapters on handling a literature review, visualizing data, working in mixed methods and social media datasets, and approaching NVivo as a team. An insightful step-by-step guide to the messy reality of doing computer-assisted analysis, this successful book is essential reading for anyone considering using NVivo software.

3,612 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors integrate and synthesize the findings of published research on organic food consumption and identify several themes that reflect the various rationales used by consumers when deciding to purchase organic food.
Abstract: This paper integrates and synthesizes the findings of published research on organic food consumption. We identify several themes that reflect the various rationales used by consumers when deciding to purchase organic food. The literature clearly indicates that the word "organic" has many meanings, that consumers of organic foods are not homogeneous in demographics or in beliefs, and that further research could help better describe the various constituencies that are often lumped together as "organic food consumers". The organic and broader food industries must better understand the variety of motivations, perceptions, and attitudes consumers hold regarding organic foods and their consumption if their own long-term interests, as well as those of other stakeholders of food marketing, are to be best served. We conclude with implications and suggestions for further research.

1,523 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Wolfgang Ackermann1, G. Asova, Valeri Ayvazyan2, A. Azima2  +154 moreInstitutions (16)
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of a free-electron laser operating at a wavelength of 13.7 nm where unprecedented peak and average powers for a coherent extreme-ultraviolet radiation source have been measured.
Abstract: We report results on the performance of a free-electron laser operating at a wavelength of 13.7 nm where unprecedented peak and average powers for a coherent extreme-ultraviolet radiation source have been measured. In the saturation regime, the peak energy approached 170 J for individual pulses, and the average energy per pulse reached 70 J. The pulse duration was in the region of 10 fs, and peak powers of 10 GW were achieved. At a pulse repetition frequency of 700 pulses per second, the average extreme-ultraviolet power reached 20 mW. The output beam also contained a significant contribution from odd harmonics of approximately 0.6% and 0.03% for the 3rd (4.6 nm) and the 5th (2.75 nm) harmonics, respectively. At 2.75 nm the 5th harmonic of the radiation reaches deep into the water window, a wavelength range that is crucially important for the investigation of biological samples.

1,390 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work describes the construction of the device, the principles of operation and the implementation of a fNIRS-BCI application, 'Mindswitch' that harnesses motor imagery for control, and shows that fNirS can support simple BCI functionality and shows much potential.
Abstract: A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a device that allows a user to communicate with external devices through thought processes alone. A novel signal acquisition tool for BCIs is near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), an optical technique to measure localized cortical brain activity. The benefits of using this non-invasive modality are safety, portability and accessibility. A number of commercial multi-channel NIRS system are available; however we have developed a straightforward custom-built system to investigate the functionality of a fNIRS-BCI system. This work describes the construction of the device, the principles of operation and the implementation of a fNIRS-BCI application, 'Mindswitch' that harnesses motor imagery for control. Analysis is performed online and feedback of performance is presented to the user. Mindswitch presents a basic 'on/off' switching option to the user, where selection of either state takes 1 min. Initial results show that fNIRS can support simple BCI functionality and shows much potential. Although performance may be currently inferior to many EEG systems, there is much scope for development particularly with more sophisticated signal processing and classification techniques. We hope that by presenting fNIRS as an accessible and affordable option, a new avenue of exploration will open within the BCI research community and stimulate further research in fNIRS-BCIs.

495 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A general technique for the efficient computation of pairings on Jacobians of supersingular curves is presented, which is called the eta pairing, and which leads to a new algorithm which is about twice as fast as the Duursma–Lee method.
Abstract: We present a general technique for the efficient computation of pairings on Jacobians of supersingular curves. This formulation, which we call the eta pairing, generalizes results of Duursma and Lee for computing the Tate pairing on supersingular elliptic curves in characteristic 3. We then show how our general technique leads to a new algorithm which is about twice as fast as the Duursma---Lee method. These ideas are applied to elliptic and hyperelliptic curves in characteristic 2 with very efficient results. In particular, the hyperelliptic case is faster than all previously known pairing algorithms.

449 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the state of the art of an actuator with a control arrangement based on magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) technology, and show that excellent features like fast response, simple interface between electrical power input and the mechanical power output, and controllability make MRF the next technology of choice for many applications.

355 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of a smart packaging that monitors the microbial breakdown products in the headspace of packaged fish is described, which is used to evaluate real-time freshness of fish and seafood products.

293 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review highlights the current and novel analytical technologies used for PSA detection, which will benefit clinicians, patients and forensic workers in the future.

266 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Emerging data suggests that measurement of survivin can aid the early diagnosis of bladder cancer, determine prognosis in multiple cancer types and predict response to diverse anti-cancer therapies.

258 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the early-time afterglow light curve carries information about 0, which determines the time of the peak of the gamma-ray burst (GRB) peak.
Abstract: Context. Gamma-ray burst (GRB) emission is believed to originate in highly relativistic fireballs. Aims. Currently, only lower limits were securely set to the initia l fireball Lorentz factor 0. We aim to provide a direct measure of 0. Methods. The early-time afterglow light curve carries information about 0, which determines the time of the afterglow peak. We have obtained early observations of the near-infrared afte rglows of GRB 060418 and GRB 060607A with the REM robotic telescope. Results. For both events, the afterglow peak could be clearly singled out, allowing a firm determination of the fireball Lorentz of 0∼ 400, fully confirming the highly relativistic nature of GRB fi reballs. The deceleration radius was inferred to be Rdec≈ 10 17 cm. This is much larger than the internal shocks radius (believed to power the prompt emission), thus providing further evidence for a different origin of the prompt and afterglow stages of the GRB.

253 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings implicate isoform Sbr I in exocytosis from large dense-core vesicles together with SNAP25 and raises the functional implications for other cells previously unrecognised.
Abstract: Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP), a potent vasodilator that mediates inflammatory pain, is elevated in migraine; nevertheless, little is known about its release from sensory neurons. In this study, CGRP was found to occur in the majority of neurons from rat trigeminal ganglia, together with the three exocytotic SNAREs [SNAP25, syntaxin 1 and the synaptobrevin (Sbr, also known as VAMP) isoforms] and synaptotagmin. Ca(2+)-dependent CGRP release was evoked with K(+)-depolarisation and, to lower levels, by capsaicin or bradykinin from neurons that contain the vanilloid receptor 1 and/or bradykinin receptor 2. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) type A cleaved SNAP25 and inhibited release triggered by K(+) > bradykinin >> capsaicin. Unlike BoNT type D, BoNT type B did not affect exocytosis, even though the neurons possess its receptor and Sbr II and Sbr III got proteolysed (I is resistant in rat) but, in mouse neurons, it additionally cleaved Sbr I and blocked transmitter release. Sbr I and II were found in CGRP-containing vesicles, and each was shown to separately form a SNARE complex. These new findings, together with punctate staining of Sbr I and CGRP in neurites, implicate isoform Sbr I in exocytosis from large dense-core vesicles together with SNAP25 (also, probably, syntaxin 1 because BoNT type C1 caused partial cleavage and inhibition); this differs from Sbr-II-dependent release of transmitters from small synaptic vesicles. Such use of particular Sbr isoform(s) by different neurons raises the functional implications for other cells previously unrecognised.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The objective of this paper is to describe both the selection and usage of grounded theory in this study and evaluate its effectiveness as a research methodology for software process researchers.
Abstract: Software process improvement (SPI) aims to understand the software process as it is used within an organisation and thus drive the implementation of changes to that process to achieve specific goals such as increasing development speed, achieving higher product quality or reducing costs. Accordingly, SPI researchers must be equipped with the methodologies and tools to enable them to look within organisations and understand the state of practice with respect to software process and process improvement initiatives, in addition to investigating the relevant literature. Having examined a number of potentially suitable research methodologies, we have chosen Grounded Theory as a suitable approach to determine what was happening in actual practice in relation to software process and SPI, using the indigenous Irish software product industry as a test-bed. The outcome of this study is a theory, grounded in the field data, that explains when and why SPI is undertaken by the software industry. The objective of this paper is to describe both the selection and usage of grounded theory in this study and evaluate its effectiveness as a research methodology for software process researchers. Accordingly, this paper will focus on the selection and usage of grounded theory, rather than results of the SPI study itself.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify a comprehensive set of antecedents and characteristics with respect to the roles of management accountants and explore the consequences of how these roles are discharged.
Abstract: The study was designed to address specific gaps in the literature by identifying a comprehensive set of antecedents and characteristics with respect to the roles of management accountants (MAs) and exploring the consequences of how these roles are discharged. Interviews were conducted with 18 financial managers (FMs) and 18 operating managers (OMs) in medium and large manufacturing firms. Theoretical lenses of management control, contingency and role theory were used in the interpretation of the findings. A comprehensive picture of the antecedents, characteristics and consequences associated with the roles of MAs emerge from the data and the findings suggest that management and the MAs themselves play a critical part in the determination of the roles of MAs. In particular, the findings reveal contingencies and conflicts with regard to the interaction between MAs and OMs including the management control consequences associated with how MAs interact with OMs. For some MAs, the paper argues that role conflict, despite its negative connotations, may facilitate more effective management control. The adoption of a 'business partner' model for MAs is found here to be ambiguous, conditional and uncertain.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify a comprehensive set of antecedents and characteristics with respect to the roles of management accountants and explore the consequences of how these roles are discharged.
Abstract: The study was designed to address specific gaps in the literature by identifying a comprehensive set of antecedents and characteristics with respect to the roles of management accountants (MAs) and exploring the consequences of how these roles are discharged. Interviews were conducted with 18 financial managers (FMs) and 18 operating managers (OMs) in medium and large manufacturing firms. Theoretical lenses of management control, contingency and role theory were used in the interpretation of the findings. A comprehensive picture of the antecedents, characteristics and consequences associated with the roles of MAs emerges from the data and the findings suggest that management and the MAs themselves play a critical part in the determination of the roles of MAs. In particular, the findings reveal contingencies and conflicts with regard to the interaction between MAs and OMs including the management control consequences associated with how MAs interact with OMs. For some MAs, the paper argues that ro...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the relationship between HR practices and commitment to change in three health service organisations in Ireland and found that the HR practices valued by employees, and which are related to a range of employee-related consequences, are very different from the lists of sophisticated HR practices that appear in the high performance literature.
Abstract: This article explores the relationship between HR practices and commitment to change in three health service organisations in Ireland. The research focuses on employee views of HR practices and resulting employee-level consequences including commitment to change, perceptions of the industrial relations climate and the psychological contract, and work–life balance. The findings indicate that the HR practices valued by employees, and which are related to a range of employee-related consequences, are very different from the lists of sophisticated HR practices that appear in the high performance literature. The research suggests that organisations need to ensure that attention is still paid to the basics of the employment relationship and that these are not lost in the rush to introduce more sophisticated approaches to managing employees.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of energy absorbers in the form of tubes in which the material used is predominantly mild steel and/or aluminium can be found in this article, where the common modes of deformation such as lateral and axial compression, indentation and inversion are reviewed.
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of energy absorbers in the form of tubes in which the material used is predominantly mild steel and/or aluminium. A brief summary is also given of frusta type energy absorbers. The common modes of deformation such as lateral and axial compression, indentation and inversion are reviewed. Theoretical, numerical and experimental methods which help to understand the behaviour of such devices under various loading conditions are outlined. Although other forms of energy absorbing materials and structures exist such as composites and honeycombs, it is deemed outside the scope of this review. Nonetheless, a brief description will be given on these materials. It is hoped that this article will provide a useful platform for researchers and design engineers to gain a useful insight into the progress made over the last few decades in the field of tube type energy absorbers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A solid phase extraction method has been developed and applied in conjunction with a previously reported liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry procedure for the determination of illicit drugs and abused pharmaceuticals in treated wastewater and surface water samples at the ng L(-1) level.
Abstract: A solid phase extraction (SPE) method was developed and applied in conjunction with a previously reported liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry procedure in order to establish the presence of illicit drugs and abused pharmaceuticals in treated wastewater and surface water samples at the ng L-1 level. The procedure was applied in Dublin, Ireland, and rapidly expanding commuter towns in the surrounding counties. Cocaine was detected in 70% of the collected samples in the range of 25-489 ng L-1; its primary metabolite, benzoylecognine (BZE), was also detected, in the range of 22-290 ng L-1. Other substances detected included morphine, Tempazepam and the primary metabolite of methadone.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A preliminary model of nursing workload is put forward to clarify the relationships between nursing workload concepts and it is hoped that nursing workload might be better understood so that it becomes more visible and recognizable.
Abstract: Aim. This paper reports a literature review that aimed to analyse the way in which nursing intensity and patient dependency have been considered to be conceptually similar to nursing workload, and to propose a model to show how these concepts actually differ in both theoretical and practical terms. Background. The literature on nursing workload considers the concepts of patient ‘dependency’ and nursing ‘intensity’ in the realm of nursing workload. These concepts differ by definition but are used to measure the same phenomenon, i.e. nursing workload. Method. The literature search was undertaken in 2004 using electronic databases, reference lists and other available literature. Papers were sourced from the Medline, Psychlit, CINAHL and Cochrane databases and through the general search engine Google. The keywords focussed on nursing workload, nursing intensity and patient dependency. Findings. Nursing work and workload concepts and labels are defined and measured in different and often contradictory ways. It is vitally important to understand these differences when using such conceptualizations to measure nursing workload. A preliminary model is put forward to clarify the relationships between nursing workload concepts. Conclusion. In presenting a preliminary model of nursing workload, it is hoped that nursing workload might be better understood so that it becomes more visible and recognizable. Increasing the visibility of nursing workload should have a positive impact on nursing workload management and on the provision of patient care.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The pendulum of parent participation has swung from excluding parents in the past to making parents feel total responsibility for their child in hospital, suggesting that current models or theories on parent participation/partnership are inappropriate or inadequate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that eye‐tracking data, including pupil dilation measurements and gaze replays, in association with retrospective protocols promise to be a very effective methodology for future research into translation processes.
Abstract: Eye‐tracking has been used as a methodology for some time in various disciplines, but it has not been applied to date in translation studies. This paper presents results from a preliminary investigation which seeks to answer two questions: Firstly, is eye‐tracking, in general, a useful research methodology for investigating translators' interaction with Translation Memory tools? Secondly, what can eye-tracking data tell us about cognitive load when translators deal with different match types in Translation Memories? The results demonstrate that eye‐tracking data, including pupil dilation measurements and gaze replays, in association with retrospective protocols promise to be a very effective methodology for future research into translation processes. The results also suggest that the cognitive load for exact matches in Translation Memory tools is much lower than for other match types, that cognitive load for machine translation matches is close to fuzzy matches of between 80‐90% value, and that “no matche...

Book ChapterDOI
02 Jul 2007
TL;DR: In this article, an efficient Tate and Ate pairings using Barreto-Naehrig pairing-friendly curves is described on both a standard PC and on a 32-bit smartcard.
Abstract: In this paper we describe an efficient implementation of the Tate and Ate pairings using Barreto-Naehrig pairing-friendly curves, on both a standard PC and on a 32-bit smartcard. First we introduce a subfamily of such curves with a particularly simple representation. Next we consider the issues that arise in the efficient implemention of field arithmetic in F p12, which is crucial to good performance. Various optimisations are suggested, including a novel approach to the 'final exponentiation', which is faster and requires less memory than the methods previously recommended.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Investigations have shown that supramolecular devices consisting of photosynthetic reaction centres and catalyst metals--connected via bridging ligands--are capable of performing light driven catalytic reactions such as hydrogen production, reduction of CO(2), and conversion reactions of olefins.
Abstract: In view of diminishing resources and an ever increasing demand for energy attention has been directed towards the development of new photocatalytic systems modelling natural photosynthesis. Recent investigations have shown that supramolecular devices consisting of photosynthetic reaction centres and catalyst metals--connected via bridging ligands--are capable of performing light driven catalytic reactions such as hydrogen production, reduction of CO(2), and conversion reactions of olefins.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article analyzes the public literature on proliferation control approaches as they apply to production cell lines with particular reference to what is known about the mechanisms behind each approach.
Abstract: Chinese Hamster Ovary cells are the primary system for the production of recombinant proteins for therapeutic use. Protein productivity is directly proportional to viable biomass, viability and culture longevity of the producer cells and a number of approaches have been taken to optimise these parameters. Cell cycle arrest, particularly in G1 phase, typically using reduced temperature cultivation and nutritional control have been used to enhance productivity in production cultures by prolonging the production phase, but the mechanism by which these approaches work is still not fully understood. In this article, we analyse the public literature on proliferation control approaches as they apply to production cell lines with particular reference to what is known about the mechanisms behind each approach.

Proceedings Article
02 Jul 2007
TL;DR: The state-of-the-art in cryptographic pairing implementation is reviewed, starting with a basic Miller algorithm for the Tate pairing, and a series of optimizations and tricks are applied to improve performance.
Abstract: Here we review the state-of-the-art in cryptographic pairing implementation. Starting with a basic Miller algorithm for the Tate pairing we show how to successively apply a series of optimizations and tricks to improve performance. We will concentrate on the case of nonsupersingular prime characteristic elliptic curves, although many of the optimizations equally apply to the cases of supersingular elliptic and hyperelliptic curves. We also discuss optimal implementation of extension field arithmetic.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The metabolism and immunological relevance of sialic acids are described and how their properties have been exploited by the pharmaceutical industry to enhance the therapeutic properties of proteins such as asparaginase and darbepoetin alpha are outlined.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, three photochemical reactions were investigated under solar irradiation conditions with moderately concentrated sunlight: the photoacylation of naphthoquinone with butyraldehyde and the dye-sensitized photooxygenations of citronellol and 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, respectively.
Abstract: Three photochemical reactions were investigated under solar irradiation conditions with moderately concentrated sunlight: the photoacylation of naphthoquinone with butyraldehyde and the dye-sensitized photooxygenations of citronellol and 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, respectively. All reactions were easily performed on multigram-to-kilogram scales using cheap and commercially available starting materials, and yielded important key intermediates for industrial applications.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This microfluidic optical stretcher can be used for the characterization of cells by their viscoelastic signature and possible applications include the cytological diagnosis of cancer and the gentle and marker-free sorting of stem cells from heterogeneous populations for therapeutic cell-based approaches in regenerative medicine.
Abstract: A dual-beam fiber laser trap, termed the optical stretcher when used to deform objects, has been combined with a capillary-based microfluidic system in order to serially trap and deform biological cells. The design allows for control over the size and position of the trap relative to the flow channel. Data is recorded using video phase contrast microscopy and is subsequently analyzed using a custom edge fitting routine. This setup has been regularly used with measuring rates of 50–100 cells/h. One such experiment is presented to compare the distribution of deformability found within a normal epithelial cell line to that of a cancerous one. In general, this microfluidic optical stretcher can be used for the characterization of cells by their viscoelastic signature. Possible applications include the cytological diagnosis of cancer and the gentle and marker-free sorting of stem cells from heterogeneous populations for therapeutic cell-based approaches in regenerative medicine.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of doping after annealing on the structural and optical properties has been investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), cathodoluminescence (CL) spectrum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy.
Abstract: Thin films of ZnO were grown by the sol–gel method using spin-coating technique on (0001) sapphire substrates. The effect of doping after annealing on the structural and optical properties has been investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), cathodoluminescence (CL) spectrum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The films that were dried at 623 K and then post annealed at 873 K showed (0002) as the predominant orientation. Two emission bands have been observed from CL spectrum. Lithium doped film shows shift in the near band edge UltraViolet emission peak and suppressed defect level emission peak in the visible range. SEM analysis of the films exhibits many spherical shaped nanoparticles. Roughness of the films determined using atomic force microscopy.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Increasing understanding of the complex pharmacological interplay of drug transporter proteins indicates that the cellular pharmacokinetics of cancer drug entry into and exit from tumour cells is of prime importance in subsequent drug efficacy and a larger portfolio of pump modulators and targeted efflux inhibition strategies is necessary to effectively overcome multiple drug resistance.
Abstract: Many tumour cells become resistant to commonly used cytotoxic drugs due to the overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Two proteins, P-gp (MDR-1, ABCB1) and MRP-1 (ABCC1) have been demonstrated to pump a wide selection of the most commonly used cancer drugs and their overexpression correlates broadly with negative treatment response characteristics in many different forms of cancer. Several generations of pharmaceutical inhibitors of P-gp have been examined in preclinical and clinical studies; however, these circumvention trials have largely failed to demonstrate the anticipated increase in therapeutic efficacy. In vitro screening has identified a number of pharmaceuticals which can selectively inhibit pumps such as P-gp, or MRP-1, by virtue of their being substrates for these pumps. The use of low toxicity pharmaceuticals or agents which have anticancer properties as ABC transporter inhibitors may allow a new paradigm of clinically useful drug resistance circumvention. Our increasing understanding of the complex pharmacological interplay of drug transporter proteins indicates that the cellular pharmacokinetics of cancer drug entry into and exit from tumour cells is of prime importance in subsequent drug efficacy and a larger portfolio of pump modulators and targeted efflux inhibition strategies is necessary to effectively overcome multiple drug resistance.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
28 Sep 2007
TL;DR: An overview of a pilot evaluation of video summaries using rushes from several BBC dramatic series indicates that while it is difficult to exceed the performance of baselines, a few systems did.
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of a pilot evaluation of video summaries using rushes from several BBC dramatic series. It was carried out under the auspices of TRECVID. Twenty-two research teams submitted video summaries of up to 4% duration, of 42 individual rushes video files aimed at compressing out redundant and insignificant material. The output of two baseline systems built on straightforward content reduction techniques was contributed by Carnegie Mellon University as a control. Procedures for developing ground truth lists of important segments from each video were developed at Dublin City University and applied to the BBC video. At NIST each summary was judged by three humans with respect to how much of the ground truth was included, how easy the summary was to understand, and how much repeated material the summary contained. Additional objective measures included: how long it took the system to create the summary, how long it took the assessor to judge it against the ground truth, and what the summary's duration was. Assessor agreement on finding desired segments averaged 78% and results indicate that while it is difficult to exceed the performance of baselines, a few systems did.