Eli Lilly and Company

About: Eli Lilly and Company is a company organization based out in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Agonist. The organization has 17826 authors who have published 22835 publications receiving 946714 citations. The organization is also known as: Eli Lily.

Teriparatide Increases Bone Formation in Modeling and Remodeling Osteons and Enhances IGF‐II Immunoreactivity in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis

Abstract: Transiliac bone biopsies were obtained from 55 women treated with teriparatide or placebo for 12–24 months. We report direct evidence that modeling bone formation at quiescent surfaces was present only in teriparatide-treated patients and bone formation at remodeling sites was higher with teriparatide than placebo. Introduction: Recombinant teriparatide [human PTH(1-34)], a bone formation agent for the treatment of osteoporosis when given once daily subcutaneously, increases biochemical markers of bone turnover and activation frequency in histomorphometry studies. Materials and Methods: We studied the mechanisms underlying this bone-forming action of teriparatide at the basic multicellular unit by the appearance of cement lines, a method used to directly classify surfaces as modeling or remodeling osteons, and by the immunolocalization of IGF-I and IGF-II. Transiliac bone biopsies were obtained from 55 postmenopausal women treated with teriparatide 20 or 40 μg or placebo for 12–24 months (median, 19.8 months) in the Fracture Prevention Trial. Results: A dose-dependent relationship was observed in modeling and mixed remodeling/modeling trabecular hemiosteons. Trabecular and endosteal hemiosteon mean wall thicknesses were significantly higher in both teriparatide groups than in placebo. There was a dose-dependent relationship in IGF-II immunoreactive staining at all bone envelopes studied. The greater local IGF-II presence after treatment with teriparatide may play a key role in stimulating bone formation. Conclusions: Direct evidence is presented that 12–24 months of teriparatide treatment induced modeling bone formation at quiescent surfaces and resulted in greater bone formation at remodeling sites, relative to placebo.

Racial variation in antidepressant treatment in a Medicaid population.

Abstract: Background: Many studies have found racial and socioeconomic variation in medical care for a variety of conditions. Undertreatment of depression for individuals of all races is a concern, but especially may affect vulnerable populations such as Medicaid recipients and minorities. With this study, we examine racial differences in the antidepressant usage in a Medicaid population. Method: Treatment of 13,065 depressed patients (ICD-9-CM criteria) was examined in a state Medicaid database covering the years 1989 through 1994. Treatment differences were assessed in terms of whether an antidepressant was received at the time of the initial depression diagnosis and the type of antidepressant prescribed (tricyclic antidepressants [TCAs] vs. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs]), using logistic regression techniques. Results: African Americans were less likely than whites to receive an antidepressant at the time of their initial depression diagnosis (27.2% vs. 44.0%, p <.001). Of those receiving an antidepressant, whites were more likely than African Americans to receive SSRIs versus TCAs. These findings remained even after adjusting for other covariates. Conclusion: Despite the easy availability of effective treatments, we found that only a small portion of depressed Medicaid recipients receive adequate usage of antidepressants. Within this Medicaid population, limited access to treatment was especially pronounced among African Americans. Racial differences existed in terms of whether an antidepressant was received and the type of medication used.

Sustainability Challenges in Peptide Synthesis and Purification: From R&D to Production

Abstract: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in therapeutic peptides within the pharmaceutical industry with more than 50 peptide drugs on the market, approximately 170 in clinical trials, and >200 in preclinical development. However, the current state of the art in peptide synthesis involves primarily legacy technologies with use of large amounts of highly hazardous reagents and solvents and little focus on green chemistry and engineering. In 2016, the ACS Green Chemistry Institute Pharmaceutical Roundtable identified development of greener processes for peptide API as a critical unmet need, and as a result, a new Roundtable team formed to address this important area. The initial focus of this new team is to highlight best practices in peptide synthesis and encourage much needed innovations. In this Perspective, we aim to summarize the current challenges of peptide synthesis and purification in terms of sustainability, highlight possible solutions, and encourage synergies between academia, the pharmaceutical industry, and contract research organizations/contract manufacturing organizations.

Effect of Growth Hormone Treatment on Adult Height in Peripubertal Children with Idiopathic Short Stature: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Abstract: GH is often used to treat children with idiopathic short stature despite the lack of definitive, long-term studies of efficacy. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the effect of GH on adult height in peripubertal children. Subjects (n = 68; 53 males and 15 females), 9–16 yr old, with marked, idiopathic short stature [height or predicted height ≤ −2.5 sd score (SDS)] received either GH (0.074 mg/kg) or placebo sc three times per week until they were near adult height. At study termination, adult height measurements were available for 33 patients after mean treatment duration of 4.4 yr. Adult height was greater in the GH-treated group (−1.81 ± 0.11 SDS, least squares mean ± sem) than in the placebo-treated group (−2.32 ± 0.17 SDS) by 0.51 SDS (3.7 cm; P < 0.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.10–0.92 SDS). A similar GH effect was demonstrated in terms of adult height SDS minus baseline height SDS and adult height SDS minus baseline predicted height SDS. Modified intent-...