Eli Lilly and Company

About: Eli Lilly and Company is a company organization based out in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Agonist. The organization has 17826 authors who have published 22835 publications receiving 946714 citations. The organization is also known as: Eli Lily.

Spontaneous cartilage degeneration in guinea pigs

Abstract: Spontaneous degeneration of the knee joint cartilage in male Hartley guinea pigs was studied by light microscopy in animals aged 3-18 months. Unilateral focal degeneration, characterized by chondrocyte death and proteoglycan loss with surface fibrillation, was observed on the medial tibial plateau in 2 of 5 guinea pigs that were 3 months old. The incidence and severity of the lesions increased with age, and by 12-18 months of age, all animals had moderate-to-severe degeneration of the medial tibial plateau, femoral condyle, and meniscus. Lesions were not present on the lateral aspect of the knee joint in any of the animals.

Difluoro antivirals and intermediate therefor

Abstract: X-5707 The invention as disclosed provides, in one aspect, novel antiviral nucleosides and, in another aspect, novel 2,2-difluoro-2-desoxycarbohydrates useful in the preparation of such nucleosides.

Method for treating pain

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for treating pain using an atypical antipsychotic compound.

The roles of IL-12 in providing a third signal for clonal expansion of naive CD8 T cells.

Abstract: Stimulation of an effective in vitro or in vivo response by naive CD8 T cells requires three signals: TCR engagement, costimulation/IL-2, and a third signal that can be provided by IL-12. In addition to being required for acquisition of cytolytic function, IL-12 is required for optimal IL-2-dependent proliferation and clonal expansion. In experiments examining in vitro stimulation of naive CD8 T cells, IL-12 is shown to stimulate expression of the IL-2R alpha-chain (CD25) to much higher levels than are reached in response to just TCR and costimulation and/or IL-2. In addition, high CD25 expression is substantially prolonged in the presence of IL-12. As a consequence, the cells proliferate more effectively in response to low levels of IL-2. Examination of adoptively transferred TCR transgenic CD8 T cells responding to peptide Ag confirmed that IL-12 up-regulates CD25 in vivo, even when B7-mediated costimulation is largely blocked. TCR- and IL-2-dependent proliferation of CD8 T cells from mice deficient in CD25 was also found to increase in the presence of IL-12, indicating that CD25 up-regulation is not the only mechanism by which IL-12 increases clonal expansion of the cells. IL-2 and IL-12 both act to increase expression of both CD25 and the IL-12R, thus providing positive cross-regulation of receptor expression. These results suggest that when cross-priming dendritic cells present class I/Ag and costimulatory ligands, and produce IL-12, naive CD8 T cells will begin to produce IL-2 and both receptors will be optimally up-regulated to insure that an effective response is generated.