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Showing papers by "Emory University published in 1979"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Naloxone appears to markedly reduce appetitive behavior, particularly water intake, following deprivation in both rats and mice, and the fact that low doses of nalox one can elicit these effects suggests that the drug is acting at specific tissue sites, possibly endorphine recpetors.
Abstract: Naloxone, an opiate antagonist, was administered to male and female rats and male mice after periods of food or water deprivation ranging from 12 to 48 hr. Naloxone (0.01–10 mg/kg) reduced postdeprivational water intake in most groups of rats and mice in a dose-related manner. Naloxone suppression of water consumption appeared to be independent of sexual differences in rats, and phase of the diurnal cycle, and length of the deprivation interval in both rats and mice. Postdeprivational food intake in male rats and mice was also reduced by naloxone in a dose-dependent fashion. This naloxone effect was less pronounced than actions observed with water intake, and tended to diminish with lengthening food deprivation periods. In general, mice appeared to be less sensitive than rats to naloxone suppression of food and water intake. Naloxone appears to markedly reduce appetitive behavior, particularly water intake, following deprivation in both rats and mice. The fact that low doses of naloxone can elicit these effects suggests that the drug is acting at specific tissue sites, possibly endorphin receptors.

275 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Infection with HSV-2 in the same or nearby site can occur in the face of a prior infection with a genetically different strain of the same serotype.
Abstract: Analyses of 17 coded isolates of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) from genital and perigenital lesions of eight patients showed that recrudescent lesions could be the consequence of exogenous infection. The experimental design was based on earlier observations that no two epidemiologically unrelated isolates of herpes simplex virus type 1 or HSV-2 were identical as determined by the fingerprinting of viral DNAs with restriction endonucleases-enzymes that cleave DNA at specific sites. After 32P-labeled DNAs were extracted from infected cells, cleaved with restriction endonucleases (KpnI, HsuI, EcoRI, or BglII), and subjected to electrophoresis in agarose gels, analyses of DNA fragment patterns established that each member of seven pairs of isolates was identical to the other member but different from the isolates in other pairs. After the code was broken, it was found that of the remaining three isolates, two were successive isolates from one patient and one was a third, nonidentical isolate from a different patient. Thus, one patient yielded three isolates, of which the first two were identical and the third was different. A second patient yielded one isolate that contained one strain of HSV-2 and a second isolate that contained the original strain of HSV-2 and another, genetically distinct strain of virus. Thus, infection with HSV-2 in the same or nearby site can occur in the face of a prior infection with a genetically different strain of the same serotype.

171 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results confirm the ability of naloxone to suppress appetitive behavior in the rat but do not resolve the issue of whether or not this effect of n aloxone is the consequence of an interaction with an endogenous opioid system.

163 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effects of noscomial infection on duration of hospital stay and outcome of hospitalization were measured by matching two control patients to each of 85 patients found to have qctive nosocomial infection during a prevalence survey at Boston City Hospital in 1973.
Abstract: The effects of noscomial infection on duration of hospital stay and outcome of hospitalization were measured by matching two control patients to each of 85 patients found to have qctive nosocomial infection during a prevalence survey at Boston City Hospital in 1973. The control patients were selected from all patients discharged from this hospital during the same time period; they were matched by exact primary discharge diagnosis, similar operative procedure, and age. Patients with a single infection remained in hospital on average 13.0 days longer than their matched controls, and those with two such infections stayed on average 35.4 days longer. This effect of extra stay associated with nosocomial infection was consistent when data were stratified by primary discharge diagnosis, hospital service, site of infection, or outcome of hospitalization. The outcome of hospitalization for these infected patients was slightly, but not significantly, worse than for their matched controls.

144 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors treated 28 patients with delayed gastric emptying as measured by an abnormal barium "burger" with metoclopramide in a randomized, double-blind fashion.
Abstract: Twenty-eight patients with delayed gastric emptying as measured by an abnormal barium "burger" were treated with metoclopramide in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Five had diabetic gastroparesis, four had undergone vagotomy and pyloroplasty, and 19 were idiopathic. Patients received either metoclopramide or placebo for a three-week period and symptoms were scored prestudy, at weekly intervals, and at termination of the study. Ten of 17 patients on metoclopramide and four of 14 on placebo decreased their symptom score to a level below entry criteria, indicating a significant metoclopramide effect when compared to placebo. The mean total sumptom score for the metoclopramide group was 18.4 prestudy and 7.2 poststudy while for placebo was 19.1 prestudy and 12.9 poststudy. Although improvement on placebo was significant, these patients were still symptomatic. The improvement on metoclopramide was significantly greater than the improvement on placebo. Metoclopramide is an effective agent in treating the symptom complex of delayed gastric emptying.

138 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Impression trays were fabricated providing 2, 4, and 6 mm spaces to determine the stability and accuracy of nine elastomeric impression materials on a simulated full crown preparation steel die and clinical-type tests corroborated the acceptance of those materials and techniques exhibiting the least dimensional change.
Abstract: Impression trays were fabricated providing 2, 4, and 6 mm spaces to determine the stability and accuracy of nine elastomeric impression materials on a simulated full crown preparation steel die. The interface space of 2 mm produced the most accurate impressions for all of the materials tested. All impression materials except one fell within the revised American Dental Association Specifications. The clinical-type tests, using castings on dies poured from these materials, corroborated the acceptance of those materials and techniques exhibiting the least dimensional change.

137 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that either one of the glycoproteins (gC, gD, and a mixture of gA and gB) can function as a target for immunocytolysis and that the antibody preparation to gC (Ag-6) does not cross-react with any of the other glycopriteins.
Abstract: Tissue culture cells infected with herpes simplex type 1 virus express virus-specified glycoprotein antigens on the plasma membrane. Three of these have been previously identified and have been designated as Ag-11, Ag-8, and Ag-6. In the present study, immunoglobulins to each of the antigens were shown to be capable of mediating immunocytolysis in the presence of either complement (antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity) or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity [ADCC]). Two herpes simplex virus type 1 strains, VR-3 and F, reacted similarly in the ADCC test in the presence of immunoglobulins to Ag-11, Ag-8, and Ag-6 in both infected Chang liver cells and HEp-2 cells. Anti-Ag-6, however, produced a lower ADCC reaction in HEp-2 cells than in Chang liver cells, suggesting differences in the Ag-6 surface expression in, or release from, these cells. Chang liver and HEp-2 cells infected with the MP mutant strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 showed reduced ADCC in the presence of anti-Ag-11 and anti-Ag-8, but no reactivity at all with anti-Ag-6. Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis showed that MP-infected cell extracts contain Ag-11 and Ag-8, but lack Ag-6. Polypeptide analysis of herpes simplex virus type 1 strains F, VR-3, and MP showed that Ag-11 consists of the glycoproteins gA and gB, that Ag-8 consists of gD, and that Ag-6 consists of gC. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that either one of the glycoproteins (gC, gD, and a mixture of gA and gB) can function as a target for immunocytolysis and that the antibody preparation to gC (Ag-6) does not cross-react with any of the other glycoproteins.

124 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
James Tse1, James R. Powell1, Claudia A. Baste1, Robert E. Priest1, J.F. Kuo1 
TL;DR: Several modifications in characteristics of the β- adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase system were observed in the cardiac hypertrophy of the rat produced by chronic isoproterenol treatment, and all of the above disappeared upon regressio n ofhypertrophy.
Abstract: Several modifications in characteristics of the β- adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase system were observed in the cardiac hypertrophy of the rat produced by chronic isoproterenol treatment. These included 1) a decreased number of β- adrenergic receptors without changes in affinity when assayed by (-).[3H]dihydroalprenolol binding, 2) a decreased ability of 5′-guanylylimidodiphosphate to inhibit displacement by isoproterenol of the bound (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol, 3) a decreased sensitivity and magnitude of adenylate cyclase in heart homogenates to isoproterenol stimulation coupled with decreases in basal and NaF-stimulated enzyme activity, 4) a decreased responsiveness of the incubated heart minces to isoproterenol stimulation with respect to cAMP formation, and 5) a decreased contractile force development in ventricular strips in response to isoproterenol. All of the above alterations associated with the isoproterenol-induced cardiomegaly disappeared upon regressio n of hypertrophy. Light and electron...

118 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Pigmented mice differ from frogs in that lighting regime has only a small effect on rod outer segment turnover, and as judged from outer segment dimensions, disc shedding approximately balanced disc addition.
Abstract: Pigmented mice differ from frogs in that lighting regime has only a small effect on rod outer segment turnover. During 8 days in constant light or darkness, disc addition measured as total displacement of a radioactive band in rod outer segments of mice which has received injections of tritiated amino acids was never modified by more than 7% compared to cyclic light controls. Disc shedding continued in each lighting regime, and as judged from outer segment dimensions, disc shedding approximately balanced disc addition.

117 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although there may be a rostrocaudal organization of pathways to LHB, individual regions of the nucleus project to the same areas, providing evidence that rostrally and caudally located EPN neurons have different paths to L HB.
Abstract: The organization of entopeduncular nucleus (EPN) projections was studied in cats using autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) techniques. In autoradiographic studies, EPN axons were found to terminate in a J-shaped region in the dorsal and medial part of the ventral anterior nucleus (VA) and the rostral portion of the adjacent ventral lateral nucleus (VL). EPN axons also terminated in the rostral portion of the centrum medianum (CM), the ventrolateral portion of the lateral habenular nucleus (LHB), and the pedunculopontine nucleus (PP). The VA included the largest terminal field although the LHB had the greatest density of terminals. Regardless of the region of EPN into which amino acids were injected, the terminal fields were the same: there was no localization within the EPN of the cells projecting to one region. HRP-containing cells were distributed throughout the EPN following injections into the VA, LHB, or PP, although many more cells were labeled following injections into either VA or LHB than PP. EPN cells containing HRP following injections into either VA or LHB were not morphologically different from those not containing HRP in the same respective animals. Following HRP injections into stria medullaris, only cells in the rostral part of the EPN were labeled, providing evidence that rostrally and caudally located EPN neurons have different paths to LHB. Although there may be a rostrocaudal organization of pathways to LHB, individual regions of the nucleus project to the same areas.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors employed histochemical techniques to characterize enzymatic activity in the mesocoxal muscles of the cockroach Periplaneta americana and classified fibers within these muscles according to criteria established for muscle fibers of vertebrates.
Abstract: Histochemical techniques have been employed to characterize enzymatic activity in the mesocoxal muscles of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Through our studies of the enzymes myosin-ATPase, NADH reductase, succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), we were able to classify fibers within these muscles according to criteria established for muscle fibers of vertebrates. Many of the mesocoxal muscles possess two different and distinct populations of fibers, whereas the remaining muscles are homogeneous with respect to their constituent fibers. The data presented here indicate biochemical heterogeneity for muscles of differing structural and functional features and possible neurotrophic influences upon oxidative enzymes and myosin-ATPase isozymes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicate that systematic variation of the morphine training dose can facilitate characterization of the discriminative stimulus properties of narcotic antagonist analgesics and enhance the value of drug discrimination procedures as a model for predicting the subjective effects of these drugs.
Abstract: Rats were trained to discriminate between saline and either 1.75 or 5.6 mg/kg of morphine in a two-choice discrete-trial avoidance paradigm. Both groups of rats generalized completely to higher doses of morphine as well as to profadol and pentazocine, analgesics with narcotic antagonist properties. The dose of each test drug required to elicit drug-appropriate responding was about one-half log-unit higher in the rats trained with 5.6 mg/kg of morphine than in the rats trained with 1.75 mg/kg. Rats trained with the lower dose of morphine also generalized completely to the narcotic antagonist nalbuphine and to the non-opioid drug d-amphetamine, and generalized partially to the narcotic antagonist cyclazocine. In contrast, rats trained with the higher dose of morphine showed only partial generalization to nalbuphine and virtually none to cyclazocine and d-amphetamine. The degree of stimulus generalization to the narcotic antagonists and to d-amphetamine in the two groups of rats corresponds well with the known similarities and differences between the syndromes of subjective effects engendered by these drugs and morphine in man. These results indicate that systematic variation of the morphine training dose can facilitate characterization of the discriminative stimulus properties of narcotic antagonist analgesics and enhance the value of drug discrimination procedures as a model for predicting the subjective effects of these drugs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: From January, 1971, to January, 1977, 26 patients underwent surgical resection of a carcinoma of the superior pulmonary sulcus, and twenty-five patients survived operation.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Dopamine concentrations in hypophysial stalk plasma were 36% lower in cervically stimulated rats than in control rats during the diurnal and nocturnal PRL surges, suggesting it is unlikely that changes in dopamine secretion alone can account for the increased release of PRL engendered by cervical stimulation.
Abstract: Tonic hypothalamic inhibition of PRL release is partially explainable by dopamine secretion into hypophysial portal blood. However, the probable existence of other PRLinhibiting factors as well as PRL-releasing factors opens to question the role of dopamine in the dynamic regulation of PRL secretion. We investigated this question in the present study by measuring dopamine concentrations in hypophysial stalk blood of the rat during the surges of PRL secretion induced by cervical stimulation. Urethane anesthesia, necessary for the surgery attendant to stalk blood collection, did not suppress the surges of PRL secretion induced by cervical stimulation 16–24 h previously. Increases in plasma PRL levels during such surges were 4 to 5-fold above baseline. Dopamine concentrations in hypophysial stalk plasma were 36% lower in cervically stimulated than in control rats during the diurnal and nocturnal PRL surges. However, dopamine levels were not different during the interval between the surges, a time at which PR...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase was solubilized and purified from bovine liver mitochondria for the first time and showed a characteristic flavin spectra and catalyzed all functions of the complex, implying that 10 small units aggregated into the larger unit.

Book
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: The most popular book for adolescents behavior and development is the book "Adolescent Behavior and Development" as discussed by the authors, which is one of the most popular books for adolescents in the US.
Abstract: If you really want to be smarter, reading can be one of the lots ways to evoke and realize. Many people who like reading will have more knowledge and experiences. Reading can be a way to gain information from economics, politics, science, fiction, literature, religion, and many others. As one of the part of book categories, adolescents behavior and development always becomes the most wanted book. Many people are absolutely searching for this book. It means that many love to read this kind of book.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Spread of resistance probably involved both dissemination of a single plasmid among different isolates and spread of multiple plasmids containing the same type of resistance determinants.
Abstract: Infection with strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to gentamicin (SARG) was identified in 22 infants in the high-risk nursery of a municipal hospital during the period October 1, 1976-August 31, 1977; no infections with SARG had previously been encountered. Infection with SARG also occurred in 20 adults on the medical and surgical services and in 12 patients in the burn unit. Patients infected with SARG more frequently had been treated with gentamicin and had been hospitalized longer prior to infection than patients infected with strains of S. aureus susceptible to gentamicin. However, sites of infection, hospital service involved, and the death rates during hospitalization were similar for the two groups. Isolates of two different phage types had the same pattern of antibiotic resistance. Five representative isolates (two phage types) were analyzed for plasmid content, and their plasmids were analyzed by restriction endonuclease digestion. Two isolates contained identical plasmids, and EcoRI restriction endonuclease fragments appeared to be common between plasmids of isolates from patients on different services at different times. Thus, spread of resistance probably involved both dissemination of a single plasmid among different isolates and spread of multiple plasmids containing the same type of resistance determinants.

Journal ArticleDOI
David Foulkes1
01 Jan 1979-Sleep
TL;DR: The extant literature on home versus laboratory dream differences was reviewed, and it was concluded that even for normative dream studies, the REM- monitoring procedure is the method of choice.
Abstract: Four empirical studies were presented on how the setting in which dreams are collected may influence the reporting and content of dreams of children on REM awakenings. In these studies it was shown that (1) with constant dream-sampling procedures, home and laboratory did not differ in the degree to which dream reports could be elicited from 4/5 year old children; (2) the rate of truly spontaneous reporting of dreams at home by 6/7 year olds is so minimal as to render these dreams an unfit base for generalization to typical dream life at these ages; (3) with constant dream sampling procedures, home and laboratory reports were not significantly different in content for 10/11 year olds; (4) results typically observed in uncontrolled home versus laboratory studies are replicable at the child level (ages 12/13), but probably reflect biased recall at home rather than effects of REM-monitoring procedures in the laboratory. The extant literature on home versus laboratory dream differences was reviewed, and it was concluded that even for normative dream studies, the REM-monitoring procedure is the method of choice.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of nitroglycerin and nitroprusside on systemic hemodynamics, myocardial oxygen supply/demand relationships, and ischemic changes on the electrocardiogram were compared.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data, although inconclusive, suggest that cysts arising in the lateral periodontal area may be of either an inflammatory or developmental odontogenic origin.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The locations of the sites on the prophages used for integrative recombination were identified by restriction nuclease analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization techniques as discussed by the authors, which is probably the end of the phage genetic map.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data suggest greatly reduced fertility after age 35, although menstrual cycle frequency remained high in female chimpanzees, in striking contrast to the human female in which menopause occurs in the fifth decade and death is often postponed for several more decades.
Abstract: Reproductive function was evaluated in ten female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) aged 35–48 years. Forty-eight years is the longevity record for the chimpanzee. Data on cycle frequency and duration was available for seven animals. Most were cycling regularly until death, and all had experienced at least one menstrual cycle within one year of death. After exclusion of periods when the animals were pregnant or in postpartum amenorrhea, the mean cycle frequency (± standard error)/year was 9.54 ± 0.20 in seven animals aged 15–25 (432 cycles analyzed) compared to 8.6 ± 0.76 in the same animals at age 35+ years (405 cycles analyzed); this effect approached significance (p = 0.072, Mann-Whitney U-test). Cycle length of 16 cycles in each of seven animals aged 15–25 was 32.23 ± 0.38 days. The same animals when aged over 35 had mean cycle lengths of 35.59 ± 0.73. This difference was not significant, although cycle lengths clearly increased with age in some individual animals. In five aged animals for which mating data was available, appropriate exposure to a male occurred in 52 cycles, but only two pregnancies occurred; one pregnancy resulted in a live birth at age 38, the other in a stillbirth at age 40. This conception rate was 3.85% compared with 20% in the same animals aged 15–25. These data suggest greatly reduced fertility after age 35, although menstrual cycle frequency remained high. The persistence of menstrual cyclicity until death, which occurred due to natural causes at latest in the fifth decade, is in striking contrast to the human female in which menopause occurs in the fifth decade and death is often postponed for several more decades.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors constructed a path analytic model predicting legal gun ownership for men, women, and minors in Illinois, and identified two patterns of firearms ownership: (1) gun ownership among women as a response to high rales of violent crime and (2) a sporting culture.
Abstract: Using county level data for the state of Illinois, we constructed a path analytic model predicting legal gun ownership for men. women, and minors. We consider the interplay between situational and cultural variables in determining legal ownership. Two patterns of firearms ownership are identified: (1) gun ownership among women as a response to high rales of violent crime and (2) a sporting culture. Neither pattern has strong relations to urban-rural differences amoung counties. Legal gun ownership is not necessarily related to a violent subculture. Ownership may be part of, a response to, or totally unrelated to a subculture of violence.

Journal ArticleDOI
19 Apr 1979-Nature
TL;DR: Factors affecting GSH metabolism in malaria-infected mouse erythrocytes are investigated and P. berghei malaria may utilise host-cell NADPH for the maintenance of parasite GSH.
Abstract: ONE inherited alteration of human red cell metabolism—quantitative deficiency of the X-linked enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD)—has attained high frequency in many areas of endemic malaria and may protect against fulminant Plasmodium falciparum in some unknown fashion1–5. G-6-PD catalyses the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway which provides reduced NADPH necessary for conversion of oxidised to reduced glutathione (GSSG→GSH)6. Erythrocytes deficient in G-6-PD are inefficient in generating NADPH and, when exposed to oxidants, lose GSH, accumulate oxidised haemoglobin and are destroyed by the reticuloendothelial system6. We hypothesised that, if the malaria parasite were to use red-cell NADPH for parasitic functions, the G-6-PD-deficient erythrocyte might be incapable of maintaining adequate GSH content. This would predispose the cell to premature destruction before the parasite matured, thereby limiting the severity of infection7–9. In exploring this hypothesis, we have investigated factors affecting GSH metabolism in malaria-infected mouse erythrocytes. We find that P. berghei malaria may utilise host-cell NADPH for the maintenance of parasite GSH. These observations may help elucidate both the parasite-induced red cell oxidant damage7 and the mechanism whereby G-6-PD deficiency protects against fulminant malaria infection.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Penile erections were elicited by stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus, ventromedial nucleus and the posterior hypothalamus in socially isolated or restrained males; however, stimulation of these same sites was ineffective for provoking sexual behavioral responses when tests were performed while the males were paired with receptive females.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that sensitizers must penetrate into the membrane in order to sensitize and that the photochemistry appropriate for a low polarity environment controls the degree of membrane modification following photon capture.
Abstract: — Fluorescein and 8 of its halogenated derivatives were employed as sensitizers for the photochemical block of sodium channels on giant nerve axons from lobsters. Axons were voltage clamped using a double sucrose gap technique and illuminated by filtered light from a Xe arc following exposure to sensitizer at concentrations of 5 µM or less dissolved in the external bath. An assay for the magnitude of sensitizing effectiveness was developed consisting of the rate constant for block of channels during illumination scaled to the rate of photon capture in a thin layer of bathing solution. The kinetics for development of effectiveness during pre-illumination periods of up to 16-min duration varied widely for different derivatives despite similarities in molecular structure. At a standard 8-min pre-illumination exposure, the relative effectiveness extended over a 30,000-fold range. A model system consisting of octanol and the artificial sea-water (ASW) bathing solution was compared with the axon membrane and its environment. Octanol/ASW partition coefficients were measured for each sensitizer as well as the relative absorption in the 2 solvents at equal concentrations. Predicted values of relative sensitizing effectiveness based on the product of partition coefficient, relative absorption in octanol and mol wt of the substituents on the fluorescein skeleton were found to correlate highly with measured values. The diffusion kinetics prior to illumination correlated inversely with partition coefficients, suggesting that the more permeable sensitizers may penetrate into diffusion sinks, thus slowing the rise in concentration at sites for modification. It is concluded that sensitizers must penetrate into the membrane in order to sensitize and that the photochemistry appropriate for a low polarity environment controls the degree of membrane modification following photon capture.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1979-Virology
TL;DR: Fragments of PI DNA generated by endo·R·EcoRI and endo-R·BamHI were mixed with appropriate cloning vectors and cloned to transform a nonsuppressing strain of Escherichia coli and are useful as probes for specific regions of the P1 genome.