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Showing papers by "ETH Zurich published in 1968"


Journal ArticleDOI
K. Jinghwa Hsu1
TL;DR: Melanges are mappable bodies of deformed rocks characterized by the inclusion of native and exotic blocks, which may range up to several miles long, in a pervasively sheared, commonly pelitic matrix.
Abstract: Melanges are defined as mappable bodies of deformed rocks characterized by the inclusion of native and exotic blocks, which may range up to several miles long, in a pervasively sheared, commonly pelitic matrix. Fragmentation and mixing of melanges result from tectonic deformation under an overburden pressure. Melanges are not rock-stratigraphic units. Structural and stratigraphic interpretations of melange geology cannot be based upon presumptions of superposed and lateral stratal continuity. Assignment of an age of deposition to a melange on the basis of fossil occurrences alone can be incorrect. The interpretation that a formation and a partly coeval melange must be separated by an overthrust contact has also been proved invalid for certain instances. These considerations led to a formulation of five rules of melanges. The confusion and controversy about the stratigraphic and structural relations between the Franciscan rocks and the Knoxville Formation of the California Coast Ranges have been traced to the fact that the former have been interpreted, and are still being interpreted by some, as a rock-stratigraphic unit. Recognition that those rocks are melanges and application of the five melange rules have helped resolve the apparently contradictory stratigraphic and structural relations known as the Franciscan-Knoxville paradox. A large body of melanges can be subdivided into several tectono-stratigraphic units, based upon the different natures and origins of the melange blocks and the matrix. Mapping of such melange units may reveal tectonic superpositions within an apparently chaotic mass.

360 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Ph. Matile1, H. Moor1
01 Jun 1968-Planta
TL;DR: The morphology of vacuolation has been investigated in root tip cells of corn using the freeze-etching technique and provacuoles (ER-derived vesicles) are shown to be primary lysosomes; their hydrolases arise from the ER.
Abstract: The morphology of vacuolation has been investigated in root tip cells of corn using the freeze-etching technique. The genesis of vacuoles involves the following processes: a) Formation of small, endoplasmic-reticulum (ER)-derived vesicles (provacuoles); b) fusion of provacuoles resulting in the formation of small vacuoles, and followed by fusion and expansion of vacuoles; c) incorporation of large, dictyosome-derived vesicles into vacuoles by invagination of the tonoplast; d) invagination of the tonoplast resulting in the incorporation of cytoplasmic material into vacuoles. The morphological findings are correlated with biochemical data obtained from isolated vacuoles (lysosomes). Provacuoles (ER-derived vesicles) are shown to be primary lysosomes; their hydrolases arise from the ER. Vacuoles represent secondary lysosomes (digestive vacuoles) of the higher-plant cell. The metabolic role of lytic processes proceeding in the lysosomal apparatus is discussed.

151 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Philippe Matile1
01 Sep 1968-Planta
TL;DR: Nine acid hydrolases are present in lysosomes which are found in the mitochondrial fraction of a cell-free extract prepared from root tips of corn seedlings, where the large vacuole of parenchymatous cells represents the end product of this process.
Abstract: Nine acid hydrolases are present in lysosomes which are found in the mitochondrial fraction of a cell-free extract prepared from root tips of corn seedlings.Light and heavy lysosomes can be distinguished. The latter are sedimentable in a sucrose-medium, the former only in sorbitol-medium. The fraction of heavy lysosomes is in turn composed of at least three populations of lysosomes differing in density and enzyme content.Light lysosomes are membrane-bound particles with diameters from 0.3 to 1.5 μ. Electron micrographs of frozen-etched tissue and isolated particles provide evidence that light lysosomes are identical with small vacuoles. This type of lysosome is characterized by presence of transaminases in addition to that of hydrolases. Heavy lysosomes are small spheres (diameters from 0.1-0.3 μ) with membranes resembling those of vacuoles and of the endoplasmic reticulum. These lysosomes are characterized by high specific activities of two oxydoreductases known to occur also in the membranes of the reticulum.The different types of particles are thought to represent stages of the development of the lysosomal apparatus; according to this hypothesis the large vacuole of parenchymatous cells represents the end product of this process.

106 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although Z. ramigera I-16-M does not possess an observable zoogloeal matrix when viewed under a light microscope, chemical data indicate that it does produce cellulase-susceptible polymer, which resembles cellulose in several respects.
Abstract: The fingerlike projections, which have been considered to be characteristic of the genus Zoogloea, appear to consist of generally globular packets of cells, each surrounded by capsular matrix. The individual packets which surround Z. ramigera 115 cells appear to adhere one to another by intermeshed fibrils that measure 2 to 5 nm in diameter. The fibril polymer appears to be polyglucose that is susceptible to cellulase. The polymer resembles cellulose in several respects, with the exception that it is soluble in 1 n NaOH. Although Z. ramigera I-16-M does not possess an observable zoogloeal matrix when viewed under a light microscope, chemical data indicate that it does produce cellulase-susceptible polymer. Fibrils can be observed under the electron microscope, which are resistant to 1 n NaOH and may be cellulose. Less polymer fibrils are observed around isolate I-16-M cells than around isolate 115 cells; the inability to observe the I-16-M material as a zoogloeal matrix under light microscopy may be due to lack of sufficient amount of polymer.

89 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an automatically working test arrangement for the permanent analysis of O2 and CO2 in microbiological cultures is described, based on the paramagnetic properties of oxygen and on the absorption of infrared by carbon dioxide.
Abstract: An automatically working test arrangement for the permanent analysis of O2 and CO2 in microbiological cultures is described. The measuring principle is based on the paramagnetic properties of oxygen and on the absorption of infrared by carbon dioxide. The preparation of the gas for measuring and the correction of the recording are indicated. The formula of correction was programmed and the values were calculated for a range of 3%. The routine correction of analysis values is done with a nomogram established on the basis of these individual values. The advantages of the described test arrangement are illustrated by two examples of growth experiments on Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

82 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An electron microscopical investigation of Bacillus subtilis prepared by freeze-etching revealed the fine structural changes that occur in the cell prior to spore formation.
Abstract: An electron microscopical investigation ofBacillus subtilis prepared by freeze-etching revealed the fine structural changes that occur in the cell prior to spore formation. The initiation of growth from lyophilized cells was characterized by the appearance of numerous vesicular structures embedded in and attached to the plasma membrane. As growth continued, the number of vesicular structures decreased and lamellar membrane structures began to appear. Prior to spore formation, a fine, fibrillar material was found in the central portion of the cell and was believed to be the DNA.

64 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Eva Streiblová1
TL;DR: The fine structure of the yeast cell wall during protoplast formation was studied by means of phase-contrast microscopy and the freeze-etching technique and indicated that at least in some cases the entire wall substance was not removed from the surface of the protoplasts.
Abstract: The fine structure of the yeast cell wall during protoplast formation was studied by means of phase-contrast microscopy and the freeze-etching technique The freeze-etching results indicated that at least in some cases the entire wall substance was not removed from the surface of the protoplasts After a treatment of 30 min to 3 hr with 2% snail enzymes, an innermost thin wall layer as well as remnants of the fibrillar middle layer sometimes could be demonstrated

63 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated some properties of dense and relative adjoint functors and showed that some of these properties are of interest in themselves, and therefore they prefer not to include them in [Z] but to present them separately.

63 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Ernst Hilti1
TL;DR: Transversa lwel le tp zu erkennen as mentioned in this paper is a Transversa Lwel Le Tp for tpf lanzt.
Abstract: Transversa lwel le Tp zu erkennen. Die zweite T ransve r sa l welle is t in der ben t i t z ten V e r s u c h s a n o r d n u n g n ich t s ichtbar . Die ande ren k r i s t a l lograph ischen R ich tunge i i e rgeben s inngem~Be Wellenbi lder . H inzuwei sen ist auf die s t a rke Anisot ropie des Bruches , der sich mi t e twa der ha lben Geschwindigkei t der Transversa lwel le for tpf lanzt . Die Ana lyse der Bruchind ika t r ix ergibt b e s t i m m t e Abhi ingigkei ten von der Stol3r i c h t u n g u n d von den Millerschen tnd izes [h, k, l]. Die Spal t spi tze bewegt sich m i t der Geschwindigke i t der Long i tud ina l welle in [1 00]-IRichtung. Spal t sp i tze u n d Longi tud ina lwel le s ind in der R e p r o d u k t i o n n i ch t e rkennbar . An/~tzungen llach [3] m a c h t e n die kompl iz ie r ten Spannungsve rh i i l t n i s se bei der S toBanregung in Abh~Lngigkeit yon den [h, k , / ] I n d i z e s sichtbar. Als Beispiel i s t ein im Einkr is ta l l zur R u h e g e k o m m e n e r Spa l t r ig zu sehen (Fig. 1 b), in dessen Spitze sich zwei [t t 0]Gleit l inien kreuzen. Die Ve r se t zungen in diesen Gleit l inien l au fen h 6 c h s t e n s m i t der gleichen Geschwindigke i t wie die Spal tspi tze , die sich n i ch t schnel ler als die Longi tud ina lwel le bewegt (Fig. I a). Dieser B e i u n d s t eh t in f 3be re i n s t immung mi t [4]. E rg~nzende R e s u l t a t e zur endgfi l t igen D e u t u n g liegeii vor du rch sta%ische D r u c k u n t e r s u c h u n g e n bei Var iat ion der k r i s t a l lograph ischen R i c h t u n g a n d M essungen der Aniso t ropie der Ober f l~chenspannung . Ober alle Ergebnisse wird e ingehend an andere r Stelle ber ichte t .

62 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, persilylated fructose was separated into five components by means of gas chromatography and characterized by infrared and mass spectroscopy, and the components which could not be isolated in this manner were investigated with the instrumental combination of GCL and Mass Spectroscopy.

51 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
U. Riehle1
TL;DR: In this paper, ausscheiden des Wassers in 1 bis 10 μm grosen Eiskristallen zerstort bei der Gefrierkonservierung Struktur und Lebensfahigkeit der Zellen.
Abstract: Das Ausscheiden des Wassers in 1 bis 10 μm grosen Eiskristallen zerstort bei der Gefrierkonservierung Struktur und Lebensfahigkeit der Zellen. Durch die Optimierung des Warmetransportes und die Anwendung eines hydrostatischen Druckes von 2,1 kbar wahrend des Gefrierens gelang es mit einer wasrigen Losung mit 5 Gew.-% Glycerin ein feinkristallines Gefuge mit 50 bis 100 A Korngrose zu erhalten. Die Kristallisations-temperatur wird dabei um etwa 30° C erniedrigt, die Kristallwachstumsgeschwindigkeit um den Faktor 103 verringert.

Journal ArticleDOI
Gilbert Baumann1
TL;DR: Experiments on the salivary gland cell membrane of the wax moth Galleria mellonella showed that the substances which were active in the biological test also had a depolarizing effect on the cell membrane, and it was also shown that the membrane had an outwardgoing rectification.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present harmonisch Eigenfunktionen für the Stekloffsche Problem with dem zugehorigen Rayleighschen Prinzips.
Abstract: Das betrachtete Eigenwertproblem kann aufgefasst werden als dasjenige einer schwingenden Membran mit teilweise festem, teilweise freiem Rand, welche aber nicht im Innern, sondern auf dem freien Randteil Massen tragt.Die Eigenfunktionen sind harmonisch: das Stekloffsche Problem mit dem zugehorigen Rayleighschen Prinzip liefert fur harmonische Funktionen andere Erkenntnisse als das Dirichletsche Problem mit dem Dirichletschen Prinzip [siehe insbesondere die Ungleichung (3)]. Isoperimetrische Ungleichungen werden durch konforme Abbildung auf ein Normalgebiet und Anwendung des Rayleighschen Prinzips auf die «verpflanzten» (siehePolya-Szego [14]) Eigenfunktionen des Normalgebietes hergeleitet.

Journal ArticleDOI
Rolf E. Bühler1
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that a charge transfer complex between the chlorine atoms as electron acceptors and benzene molecules as electron donors can be detected within less than 0.3 μs after the irradiation by a high-energy electron pulse.
Abstract: In a solution of benzene in carbon tetrachloride a transient absorption in the visible part of the spectrum could be detected. It appears within less than 0.3 μs after the irradiation by a high-energy electron pulse, and it can be shown to be due to the charge-transfer complex between the chlorine atoms as electron acceptors and benzene molecules as electron donors. A variety of aromatic hydrocarbons also yield similar absorption bands in the visible. They show a linear correlation between the absorption energy and the ionisation potential of the aromatic molecules, which is typical for charge-transfer complexes. A minimum value for the equilibrium constant of complex formation is given. The equilibrium is almost fully shifted to the complex side. An estimated G value for the charge-transfer complex indicates that the complex is actually part of a main reaction in the radiation-induced mechanism. The decay of the charge-transfer complex is mostly pseudo-first order with a half life of a few microseconds.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the electron-hole recombination time in bismuth at temperatures from 2 to 50 for two single-crystal samples with residual resistivity ratios of 260 and 560.
Abstract: We have measured the electron-hole recombination time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{R}$ in bismuth at temperatures from 2 to 50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for two single-crystal samples with residual resistivity ratios, $\frac{{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{300}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\mathrm{K}}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{4.2}}$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, of 260 and 560. Above \ensuremath{\sim}6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the value of ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{R}$ is the same for both samples and decreases rapidly as the temperature increases from \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ sec at 6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. We postulate a model in which the absorption or emission of a single phonon provides for momentum conservation in the recombination of electrons and holes. The data above \ensuremath{\sim}6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K can be fitted with two phonons, one of energy (43\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4) \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the other (130\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15) \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. We have determined, by group-theoretical methods, the selection rules for the phonons involved, and have shown our data to be consistent with them. At lower temperatures, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{R}$ becomes a function of sample purity. Below \ensuremath{\sim}3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the value of ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{R}$ was found to be temperature-independent for both samples and equal to 1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ and 2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ sec, respectively, the ratio of which equals the ratio of the residual resistivities. The results were obtained from measurements of the acoustomagnetoelectric effect (AME) at frequencies ranging from 6 to 35 MHz, in which high-frequency ultrasound sent longitudinally along a sample in a transverse magnetic field generates a dc electric field normal to both the magnetic field and the sound-propagation direction. The dependence of the AME on frequency and on the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field was measured and compared with the theory of Yamada. The temperature dependence of the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ was also obtained. For $T\ensuremath{\le}20$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the attenuation is mainly due to the interaction of the sound wave with carries via the deformation potential, which interaction also produces the AME. For large magnetic fields, quantum oscillations similar to the de Haas-van Alphen effect are observed in both $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and the AME voltage. Electron periods in the trigonal plane are identified. Finally, a lower bound for the deformation potential that describes the change of overlap of the electron and hole bands due to a trigonal compression is obtained: $|{E}_{n}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{p}|\ensuremath{\ge}1.5$ eV.

Journal ArticleDOI
G. Busch1, H.-J. Guentherodt1
TL;DR: In this article, the electrical resistivity of the liquid alloys Au, Co, Ni, Sn, Co and Ni has been measured and evidence for ferromagnetism in the liquid state has been found.

Journal ArticleDOI
E. Kaldis1
TL;DR: In this paper, preliminary results for the synthesis, crystal growth and characterisation of EuTe, EuSe and EuS were reported for chemical transport and sublimation in evacuated and sealed molybdenum crucibles.

Journal ArticleDOI
P. Wachter1
01 Aug 1968
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the refractive index of Europium-Chalcogenides as a function of wavelength, temperature and magnetic field and compared with dispersion theory.
Abstract: The refractive index of the Europium-Chalcogenides has been measured as a function of wavelength, temperature and magnetic field and compared with dispersion theory. The refractive index increases from EuO to EuTe and with decreasing temperature. Attributing different oscillator strengths to the various substances, classical dispersion theory can account for the observed changes in the refractive index. The optical and static dielectric constant, the Reststrahlen wavelength and the compressibility have been computed.

Journal ArticleDOI
R. Bachmann1, P. Wachter1
TL;DR: In this paper, the photoconductivity of EuO and EuS between 300° and 4.2°K was measured and the shift of the spectral photosensitivity curves followed the optical absorption edge over the whole temperature range.

Journal ArticleDOI
H. Böhm1

Journal ArticleDOI
A.M. Cnops1, G. Finocchiaro1, P. Mittner1, J.P. Dufey2, B. Gobbi2, M.A. Pouchon2, A. Müller 
TL;DR: In this article, the Dalitz plot of 7170 decays η→π+π−π0 has been fitted with several matrix elements and upper limits for possible contributions of ΔI = 0 and ΔI=2C-violating amplitudes are given.

Journal ArticleDOI
A.M. Cnops1, G. Finocchiaro1, P. Mittner1, P. Zanella1, J.P. Duffey2, B. Gobbi2, M.A. Pouchon2, A. Müller 
TL;DR: In this paper, a purified sample of 1088 η → π+π−γ decays is corrected for detection efficiency effects, and the | cos θ | distribution indicates that the two pions are mainly in a J = 1 state.

Journal ArticleDOI
J. Riess1, H. Primas1
TL;DR: In this paper, a rigorous variational principle for the phase of the wave function of any pure state is given, which is used for calculating the linear magnetic response of molecular systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
R. Bachmann1, P. Wachter1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the photoconductivity of EuS and EuSe and found that the activation energy of the photoconduction coincides with the optical absorption edge.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Vorausgesetzt ist, dass alle Störungen der Fliegen durch Erschütterungen, Licht, Temperaturschwankungen usw ausgeschaltet werden, können z.B. für strahlenbiologische Experimente zahlreiche 3-min-Gelege im Laufe of 6 oder mehr Stunden gewonnen.
Abstract: Es wird eine verbesserte Methode beschrieben, mit der innerhalb einer Sammelperiode von 3 min etwa 50-100 frisch besamte Eier vonDrosophila melanogaster gewonnen werden konnen. Verglichen mit den bisher ublichen Sammelperioden von 10, 30 oder mehr min erhalt man wesentlich stadienhomogenere Gelege. Eine weitere Verkurzung der Sammelperiode unter 3 min ist wegen der stark abnehmenden Anzahl Eier je Gelege nicht moglich. Vorausgesetzt, dass alle Storungen der Fliegen durch Erschutterungen, Licht, Temperaturschwankungen usw ausgeschaltet werden, konnen z.B. fur strahlenbiologische Experimente zahlreiche 3-min-Gelege im Laufe von 6 oder mehr Stunden gewonnen werden.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Density-gradient centrifugation in Urografin of extracts from respiring baker's yeast yields two fractions of particles carrying respiratory enzymes, which are present at different ratios in the two types of mitochondria.

Journal ArticleDOI
F. Gerson1, J. Heinzer1
TL;DR: The ESR spectrum of the radical anion of [18]annulene-1,4;7,10;13,16-trisulfide (ATS) has been recorded as mentioned in this paper, which yields six coupling constants for pair of equivalent protons indicating the lack of a threefold symmetry axis.
Abstract: The ESR spectrum of the radical-anion of [18]annulene-1,4;7,10;13,16-trisulfide (ATS) has been recorded. Its analysis yields six coupling constants for pair of equivalent protons indicating the lack of a threefold symmetry axis. A provisional assignment has been attempted which is based on calculated spinpopulations. Conformations of ATS and ATS⊖ are shortly discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Submarex of Global Marine was used to drill and core sediments to a depth of 56.4 m on the Nicaragua Rise, between Walton Bank and Jamaica, in 610 m of water as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The drilling vesselSubmarex of Global Marine was used to drill and core sediments to a depth of 56.4 m on the Nicaragua Rise, between Walton Bank and Jamaica, in 610 m of water. Seismic reflection profiles revealed thick accumulations of layered sediments with some fossil reefs. The sediments consist of undisturbed layers rich in planktonic microfossils alternating with turbidite layers. Absence of older coccoliths indicates that the redeposited material was not appreciably older than the time of redeposition, and oxygen isotopic analysis of benthonic elements shows that this material was derived from a depth not much shallower. The lower portion of the cored section correlates with the Manchioneal Formation of Jamaica. Taxonornic analysis of the calcareous nannoplankton indicates that the level at 2354 cm correlates with the midportions of the eastern equatorial Pacific cores 58 and 62; with the “Nebraskan-Aftonian” boundary of the Gulf Coast; and with the appearance of Hyalinea baltica at Le Castella, southern Italy. This level, therefore, represents the Plio-Pleistocene boundary as officially designated, and an age of about 700,000 years is estimated for the bou ndary. Oxygen isotopic analysis shows important oscillations, with a full glacial-interglacial amplitude, occurring both above and below the Plio-Pleistocene boundary.