Showing papers by "ETH Zurich published in 1975"
TL;DR: Results indicate that the host-versus-graft reaction alone can enihance murine cvtomtiegalovirus in a chronicallY injected host atid maY help explain the high incidence of cvvtomegalov virus infection seen after renal and other allograft transplantation.
Abstract: C3H/He mice chronically infected with murine cYtomegalo virus were given skin allografis fromti histoincompatible BALB/c donors. A significant inicrease in cvtomegalovirus titers occurred within 3 days after placement oJ'the graft in the spleens and kidneYs oJ' the allograft recipients as compared with control aninmals. No significant changes in virus titers were detected in the salivary gland, lung, liver, or blood ofallograJi recipients. These results indicate that the host-versus-graft reaction alone can enihance murine cvtomtiegalovirus in a chronicallY injected host atid maY help explaini the high incidence ofcvvtomegalovirus infection seen after renal and other allograft transplantation
1,083 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Bagnold et al. introduced the concept of "excessive travel distance" as a measure of the mobility of sturzstroms and showed that it is positively correlated with the size of the falling mass.
Abstract: Large rockfalls commonly generate fast-moving streams of debris that have been called “sturzstroms.” The geometry of sturzstrom deposits is similar to that of mudflows, lava flows, and glaciers. Sturzstroms can move along a flat course for unexpectedly large distances and may surge upward by the power of their momentum. A currently popular hypothesis to account for their excessive distance of transport suggests that sturzstroms slide on air cushions. Contrary to that hypothesis, evidence is herein presented to support Heim9s contention that sturzstroms indeed flow. The flow of a sturzstrom can be compared to flow of a mass of concentrated cohesionless grains in a fluid medium. Frictional resistance to such grain flow is, according to Bagnold, less than that for sliding of rigid bodies because of the buoyancy of an interstitial fluid which serves to reduce the effective normal pressure of the entrained grains. The presence of sturzstrom deposits on the Moon indicates that the interstitial fluid is not necessarily a compressed gas or a wet mud. The dispersion of fine debris and pulverized rock dust among the colliding blocks may have provided an uplifting stress during the motion of some terrestrial and lunar sturzstroms. Scale models to provide kinematic simulation of sturzstroms may have practical application. Preliminary results suggest that a bentonite suspension of a certain consistency is a suitable material for scale models and that the flow of thixotropic liquids is kinematically similar to sturzstroms. The parameter “excessive travel distance” is introduced to replace the expression “equivalent coefficient of friction” as a measure of mobility of sturzstroms. There is, on the whole, a positive semilog correlation of the excessive travel distance to the size of the fallen mass. Exceptions to the rule include on the one extreme the unusual mobile Huascaran rockfall which gave rise to a sturzstrom with a dense interstitial mud and, on the other extreme, the least mobile Vaiont rockslide which remained a sliding block and failed altogether to generate a sturzstrom.
837 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the $4f$ electrons obey Fermi statistics at low temperatures because of the formation of virtual bound $ 4f$ states, and the authors concluded that the electrons obey the Fermian statistics at very low temperatures.
Abstract: Specific-heat and electrical-resistivity measurements in Ce${\mathrm{Al}}_{3}$ below 0.2 K reveal enormous magnitudes of the linear specific-heat term $C=\ensuremath{\gamma}T$ ($\ensuremath{\gamma}=1620$ mJ mole/${\mathrm{K}}^{2}$) and the ${T}^{2}$ term in $\ensuremath{\rho}=A{T}^{2}$ ($A=35$ \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega} cm/${\mathrm{K}}^{2}$). We conclude that the $4f$ electrons obey Fermi statistics at low temperatures because of the formation of virtual bound $4f$ states.
542 citations
TL;DR: A new method of determining dietary metabolisability of energy and digestibility of fatty acids is described and Comparisons with the "total collection" method that the 4N HC1-insoluble method has similar accuracy.
Abstract: 1. A new method of determining dietary metabolisability of energy and digestibility of fatty acids is described. 2. The method requires the digestion of the faecal sample with 4N NC1 and ashing the residue. 3. Comparisons with the "total collection" method that the 4N HC1-insoluble method has similar accuracy.
283 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used hot wires and flow visualization by means of smoke, and provided new details on turbulence in a Stokes layer, showing that turbulence occurs in the form of periodic bursts which are followed by relaminarimtion in the same cycle and do not lead to turbulent flow during the whole cycle.
Abstract: Published results on transition in a Stokes layer indicate a wide range of transition Reynolds numbers. As thermal effects in a resonance tube (Merkli & Thomann 1975) depend on the state of the boundary layer, the transition Reynolds number was determined, and a critical Reynolds number Ac ≈ 400 was found. The observations were made with hot wires and with flow visualization by means of smoke, and provide new details on turbulence in a Stokes layer. With this knowledge an explanation of the large discrepancies between some stability theories and the experiments is suggested. The main point is that turbulence occurs in the form of periodic bursts which are followed by relaminarimtion in the same cycle and do not lead to turbulent flow during the whole cycle.A further, unexpected result of the present investigation is the discovery of vortex patterns superimposed on the normal laminar acoustic motion.
282 citations
TL;DR: The outstanding heat stability of the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor made it possible in the present experiments to observe the NMR of the aromatic protons in the globular protein conformation over the temperature range from 4°C to 5°C.
167 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an extended acoustic theory is worked out for a gas-filled resonance tube, and the results show cooling in the section of the tube with maximum velocity amplitude and marked heating in the region of the velocity nodes.
Abstract: New experiments with a gas-filled resonance tube have shown that not only heating, but also cooling of the tube wall is possible and that these phenomena are not restricted to oscillation amplitudes that generate shocks. The present paper concentrates on amplitudes outside the shock region. For this case, an extended acoustic theory is worked out. The results show cooling in the section of the tube with maximum velocity amplitude (and thus dissipation) and marked heating in the region of the velocity nodes. A strong dependence of these effects on the Prandtl number is noted. The results are in good agreement with experiments. Although the theory is not valid for proper resonance conditions, it nevertheless sheds some light on what happens when nonlinear effects dominate.Closely related to the limit of validity of the thermoacoustic theory is the question of transition from laminar to turbulent flow in the viscous boundary layer (Stokes layer). This problem has also been investigated; the results are given in a separate paper (Merkli & Thomann 1975). In the present article laminar flow is assumed.
165 citations
TL;DR: An attempt is made to define the role of gas chromatography in the investigation of organic substances in water, which is important because the handling of water samples before gas chromatographic (GC) analysis depends entirely on the information expected from the subsequent separation, identification and quantification.
150 citations
TL;DR: Examples of how fluctuation analysis can provide an insight into the corpuscular nature of matter are the determination of Avogadro's number according to Einstein's theory of Brownian motion and the evaluation of the electronic charge from the shot noise in vacuum tubes.
Abstract: The basic principles underlying fluctuation phenomena in thermodynamics have long been understood (for reviews see Kubo, 1957; Kubo, Matsuo & Kazuhiro 1973 Lax, 1960). Classical examples of how fluctuation analysis can provide an insight into the corpuscular nature of matter are the determination of Avogadro's number according to Einstein's theory of Brownian motion (see, e.g. Uhlenbeck & Ornstein, 1930; Kac, 1947) and the evaluation of the electronic charge from the shot noise in vacuum tubes (see Van der Ziel, 1970).
148 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of a liquid-membrane electrode using a synthetic neutral carrier in o-nitro-phenyl-n-octyl-ether as membrane component in a PVC matrix, in the presence of sodium tetraphenylborate, is described.
Abstract: The performance of a liquid-membrane electrode using a synthetic, neutral carrier in o-nitro-phenyl-n-octyl-ether as membrane component in a PVC matrix, in the presence of sodium tetra-phenyl-borate, is described. Selectivities, working range, lifetime and anion interference are discussed. The electrode makes possible the measurement of calcium ion activities in the range 10−1M to 10−6M in unbuffered and in the range 10−1M to 10−8M in calcium buffered systems respectively. The selectivities of calcium over protons, magnesium, sodium and zinc are 25,000, 26,000, 2,800 and 7,100, respectively, and are far superior than those reported for other calcium sensors.
138 citations
TL;DR: The reactivity ofmaleimides toward thiol groups suggests the use of maleimido acids and maleoylpeptides for preparing a wide range of conjugates of biochemical interest.
Abstract: N-Alkoxycarbonylmaleimides 3 have been prepared and used to convert amino acids to maleimido acids (6–8) in aqueous solution. The carboxyl group of maleimido acids can be activated for amide or peptide synthesis (e.g., in the N-succinimidyl esters 10); t-butyl-based protecting groups can be cleaved without damage to the maleimide moiety. Peptides carrying maleimide groups are accessible either from the maleimido acids (e.g., 11b, 15) or by direct maleoylation (e.g., 16b). The maleoyl group can be cleaved off by successive mild alkaline and acid hydrolysis or by hydrazinolysis. The reactivity of maleimides toward thiol groups suggests the use of maleimido acids and maleoylpeptides for preparing a wide range of conjugates of biochemical interest.
TL;DR: In this article, the second-order heat flux in thermally driven oscillations of gas columns is calculated and given in a form suitable for numerical evaluation in the case of steep temperature gradients.
Abstract: The second-order heat flux in thermally driven oscillations of gas columns is calculated and given in a form suitable for numerical evaluation. Order-of-magnitude estimates are made in the case of steep temperature gradients.
TL;DR: The chapter focuses on several cases in which proteolytic artefacts are known to have been particularly persistent, even after the existence of the problem was clearly recognized.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the methods for avoiding proteolytic artefacts in studies of enzymes and other proteins from yeasts. Yeast cells contain a variety of different proteolytic enzymes. It has become increasingly apparent that these proteolytic enzymes pose a very serious problem for attempts to study other yeast proteins. The chapter refers explicitly only to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and closely related yeasts. A brief summary of the many studies is presented in which the activity of yeast proteases in vitro has presented a technical problem. The chapter focuses on several cases in which proteolytic artefacts are known to have been particularly persistent, even after the existence of the problem was clearly recognized. In the chapter, the most important properties of known yeast proteases are summarized. This information is important because a careful, thoughtful approach to the artefact problem must be conducted with the properties of the proteases in mind. The chapter also considers the virtues and limitations of the various methods that have been used, or that might be used, to cope with the protease problem.
TL;DR: In this paper, the oxidation behavior of palladium, ruthenium and iridium powders of different grain sizes was investigated by TG, DTA and X-ray methods.
TL;DR: In this paper, the dreidimensionale bau von haufig vorkommenden Molekulfragmenten wurde systematisch untersucht, so etwa von Wasserstoffbrucken, OH…O, Trijodid-Ionen, J, and and other linearen dreiatomigen Fragmenten, von tetraedrischen Ionen w.r.t.
Abstract: Der dreidimensionale Bau von haufig vorkommenden Molekulfragmenten wurde systematisch untersucht, so etwa von Wasserstoffbrucken, OH…O, Trijodid-Ionen, J, und anderen linearen dreiatomigen Fragmenten, von tetraedrischen Ionen wie SO42−, PO43−, AlCl4− und verwandten Spezies, von Keto- und Aminogruppen, die zusammen im gleichen Molekul vorkommen, von substituierten [10]Annulenen und Cycloheptatrienen, von organischen Funfringverbindungen sowie von pentakoordinierten Metall- oder Nichtmetallatomen. Die Bindungsabstande und -winkel, welche die Struktur eines solchen Fragments beschreiben, erstrecken sich uber Bereiche, die ein Vielfaches der experimentell bedingten Standardabweichung einer Einzelmessung ausmachen. Die verschiedenen geometrischen Strukturparameter eines Fragmentes sind voneinander abhangig, und ihre Korrelation kann mit der Paulingschen Beziehung zwischen Abstanden r und Bindungsordnungen n, r = r0 − c log n, beschrieben werden, wenn n ebenfalls als Funktion von Strukturparametern, vor allem von Winkeln, ausgedruckt wird. Die Summe der Bindungsordnungen n ist um jedes Atom ungefahr konstant und unabhangig von der genauen Struktur der Umgebung, „Standardbindungslangen” eines Fragmentes werden aus allen vorhandenen Daten durch Ausgleichsrechnung bestimmt und erganzt durch Kurven, die bevorzugte Abweichungen von der „Standardstruktur” wiedergeben. Der Verlauf solcher Korrelationskurven erinnert an Reaktionswege minimaler Energie, soweit sie das strukturelle Geschehen wahrend der nucleophilen Substitutionen (SN1 und SN2), der nucleophilen Addition an Carbonylgruppen, der elektrocyclischen, disrotatorischen Ringschlusreaktion von Polyenen, der Pseudorotation von Funfringverbindungen und des Berry-Mechanismus beschreiben. Fur viele dieser Reaktionen sind ungefahre Energiehyperflachen und Reaktionswege aus quantenmechanischen Rechnungen, Kraftfeldmodellen oder aus Interpretationen spektroskopischer Messung (IR und NMR) bestimmt worden. Die aus Strukturkorrelationen bestimmten Reaktionswege werden mit denen, die aus Modellrechnungen stammen, verglichen und stimmen mit ihnen uberein.
TL;DR: A large scale preparation of brush border membranes is described, which produces a protein electrophoretically indistinguishable from papain-solubilized sucrase-isomaltase together with low molecular proteolytic fragments.
TL;DR: This chapter describes the clumping problem, methods for measuring biomass and its components and cytokinesis, and the virtues and limitations of (and the relationships among) various methods of monitoring growth.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses methods for monitoring the growth of yeast cultures. Most biochemical, physiological, cytological, and developmental studies of yeasts require monitoring the growth of yeast cultures. In some cases, determination of the rate or extent of growth provides important experimental results; in many other cases, it is necessary to know the amount of cellular material analyzed or the physiological state of the cells, or both. The methods used for determining amounts of yeast and for monitoring the growth of yeast cultures are the same as those used with other microorganisms. This chapter focuses on the virtues and limitations of (and the relationships among) various methods of monitoring growth. It discusses the complications imposed by the budding mode of reproduction and by the clumping problem. The chapter describes the clumping problem, methods for measuring biomass and its components and cytokinesis.
TL;DR: It is found that the neurones can maintain lower levels of Li+ inside than out, showing that Li+ must be actively transported out across the cell membrane.
Abstract: THE importance of lithium salts in the treatment of mania1 has led to considerable research into their physiological and biochemical effects, especially on the nervous system. But, largely because of analytical difficulties, little is known about Li+ accumulation or transport by nerve cells: the available evidence suggests only that there is some Li+ uptake by neurones2, but little or no active transport of Li+ by the sodium pump3. The ideal method for measuring intracellular ions is the ion-sensitive microelectrode, but no electrode suitable for Li+ was available until the recent development of a synthetic Li+-selective ligand4; thus we are now able to make Li+-sensitive microelectrodes. Here we describe their construction and use in the direct measurement of intracellular Li+ in snail neurones. We have found that the neurones can maintain lower levels of Li+ inside than out, showing that Li+ must be actively transported out across the cell membrane.
TL;DR: In this article, the extent of lysis of spheroplasts and of the liberated vacuoles was studied under various conditions using alpha-glucosidase activity and soluble arginine as cytoplasmic and vacuolar markers, respectively.
Abstract: The polybasic macromolecules DEAE-dextran (diethylaminoethyl-dextran, molecular weight 500000) and poly-DL-lysine (molecular weight 30000-70000) were absorbed with a high affinity by spheroplasts of Candida utilis and subsequently, induced lysis. The extent of lysis of spheroplasts and of the liberated vacuoles was studied under various conditions using alpha-glucosidase activity and soluble arginine as cytoplasmic and vacuolar markers, respectively. Adsorption of polybases was rapidly completed even at 0 degrees C; however, with small doses, lysis was poor at 0-12 degrees C and extensive at temperatures above 12 degrees C. This permitted the completion of adsorption before initiating lysis. The purified vacuoles were also sensitive to polybases though less so than the spheroplasts; however, after lysis of spheroplasts the liberated vacuoles were well protected against the action of polybases. A treatment with polybases which disrupted more than 99% of the spheroplasts left at least 70% of the vacuoles intact. Potassium chloride in high concentrations and calcium chloride in low concentrations inhibited polybase induced lysis of spheroplasts by preventing or even reversing the polybase adsorption. A polyacidic macromolecule, dextran sulfate, could prevent but not reverse the adsorption of polybase and subsequent lysis. Metabolic inhibitors reduced the susceptibility of spheroplasts to polybase induced lysis. Vacuoles isolated from polybase lysed spheroplasts still contained large pools of soluble amino acids, and their ability to transport arginine specifically is a further indication of their functional integrity.
TL;DR: In this article, specific heat, low and high-field magnetic susceptibility, thermal expansion, and magnetostriction measurements have been made on single crystals of CeBi and CeSb in order to investigate the low-temperature magnetic phase transitions of these compounds.
Abstract: Specific heat, low- and high-field magnetic susceptibility, thermal expansion, and magnetostriction measurements have been made on single crystals of CeBi and CeSb in order to investigate the low-temperature magnetic phase transitions of these compounds. We have observed structural transitions at the respective Neel temperatures. The maximum tetragonal distortions below T
N are of the order of 10−3 in both cases. Specific heat results confirm the unusually small overall splitting of the ground-state multiplet. Applications of external magnetic fields induce a variety of interesting effects and provide insight into the magnetic phase diagram of these substances. The results are discussed qualitatively.
TL;DR: The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the biological significance of the tripeptide sequence 11–13, -Lys-Pro-Val · NH2 contained in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and conclude that the two receptors (adrenal and melanocyte), albeit recognizing -Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly- as stimulus, differ fundamentally in their response to -L Lys- pro-Val.
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the biological significance of the tripeptide sequence 11–13, -Lys-Pro-Val · NH2 contained in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. To this end the in vitro melanotropic activities of 21 synthetic peptides related to the hormone were determined and compared with one-another and with results reported in the literature. The tripeptide amide, H · Lys-Pro-Val · NH2, its Nα-acetylderivative, and -weakly, but distinctly-Nα-acetyl-L-lysine-amide were found to be hormonally active. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) α-melanophore-stimulating hormone possesses two message sequences (active sites), -Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-, and -Lys-Pro-Val · NH2 which are capable of independently triggering the hormone receptor responsible for melanin dispersion. (2) In correct covalent combination, the two message sequences act in a ‘cooperative’ manner to potentiate their activities on the receptors. (3) -Lys-Pro-Val- is an address sequence in adrenocorticotropic hormone and a message sequence in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. This implies that the two receptors (adrenal and melanocyte), albeit recognizing -Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly- as stimulus, differ fundamentally in their response to -Lys-Pro-Val-.
TL;DR: In this paper, the relation between a nonrelativistic Dirac Hamiltonian and a Dirac-Hamiltonian in the limit c → ∞ is investigated and it is shown that the resolvent (z −H(c))−1 and the relativistic perturbation of isolated eigenvalues ofH∞ are analytic in 1/c for sufficiently large |c|.
Abstract: The relation between a “nonrelativistic” Hamiltonian of the formH∞=(A+B)2+C and a corresponding family of “Dirac-Hamiltonians”H(c) in the limitc → ∞ is investigated. It is shown that the resolvent (z −H(c))−1 and the relativistic perturbation of isolated eigenvalues ofH∞ are analytic in 1/c for sufficiently large |c|.
TL;DR: In this article, the double-link structure of bridgehead olefins has been studied in the context of the deactivation of photochemically excited alkenes and cycloalkenes.
Abstract: During the past eight years, bridgehead olefins have attracted rapidly increasing attention. In view of their significance with regard to the stereochemistry of alkenes, the study of certain reaction mechanisms, and the nature of the double bond, detailed research into this structural type appears highly desirable. Bridgehead olefins represent connective linkages between olefins in the ground state and species which can arise in the deactivation of photochemically excited alkenes and cycloalkenes and also contribute to our understanding of the structural conditions prevailing during cis-trans isomerization of alkenes.
TL;DR: In this article, the absorption coefficient and the interband Faraday rotation of EuS, EuSe and EuTe thin films have been measured as function of the photon energy (1 −6 eV), the temperature (2.7 −300 K) and the applied magnetic field (0 −11.5 kOe).
Abstract: The absorption coefficient and the interband Faraday rotation of EuS, EuSe and EuTe thin films have been measured as function of the photon energy (1–6 eV), the temperature (2.7–300 K) and the applied magnetic field (0–11.5 kOe). In addition a magnetic field modulation technique has been developed, with a resolution of 2 ⋅ 10−4 deg. This allows the measurement of the Faraday rotation in fields of only 100 Oe, which is important for metamagnetic samples with low critical fields. A Kramers-Kronig transformation of the Faraday rotation leads to the circular dichroism and from these two quantities and the optical constants the off-diagonal elements of the conductivity tensor have been computed. From a comparison of this experimental result with values obtained from a modified atomic model, we deduce the character of the involved transitions and the spin polarization of the occupied ground states (4f
7,p(anion)). In addition the ratio of exchange splitting to band width of the empty 5d final state can be evaluated. The fine structure of the first main peak is discussed in terms of Kasuya's coupling scheme between the 4f
6 multiplett and the excited 5d electron. In the antiferromagnetic EuTe the temperature dependence of the Faraday rotation does not follow the net magnetization of the sample for all photon energies, but some transitions show a “ferromagnetic” behavior. This is interpreted in Slater's model of the magnetic Brillouin zone.
TL;DR: In this article, the reflectivity of single crystals of Gd monochalcogenides and of LaS has been measured at 300 K in the spectral region between 0.03 and 12eV.
TL;DR: In this paper, the macrotetrolide antibiotic nonactin (I), containing four units of a C10 hydroxy acid, has been synthesized starting from two adequately protected derivatives (III and IV) of nonactic acid (II).
Abstract: Synthesis of Nonactin.
The macrotetrolide antibiotic nonactin (I), containing four units of a C10 hydroxy acid, has been synthesized starting from two adequately protected derivatives (III and IV) of nonactic acid (II). The 32-membered ring of the macrotetrolide is built up by a sequence of condensation and deprotection steps leading first to a product with two, and subsequently to one with four nonactic acid residues (VIII) which is then cyclized in the presence of Ag+-ions. Two reactions forming ester bonds have been developed to condense the hydroxy acids and to effect the final cyclization. In one the activation of the carboxyl group is achieved by conversion into the mixed anhydride with 2,4,6-trimethylbenzene sulfonyl chloride in pyridine. In the other the Ag+-ion induced reaction of a S-(2-pyridyl) hydroxy carbothioate is used to form the corresponding macrocyclic lactone. In the case of nonactin the ring closure is promoted by the coordinating effect of Ag+-ions present in the reaction mixture.
TL;DR: Equations are developed which describe variable‐volume cultivations, including fed‐batch systems, and computer solutions of the governing differential equations verify the theory and provide insight into the behavior of variable‐ volume stirred tank reactors.
Abstract: Equations are developed which describe variable-volume cultivations, including fed-batch systems. An analogy is drawn between the quasi-steady state in variable-volume cultivation and a dynamic steady state in variable-flow, constant-volume chemostat bioreactors. Switching procedures are developed to give a steady-state transition from batch to fed-batch and to continuous operation. In this respect, considerations in the literature have been extended. Computer solutions of the governing differential equations verify the theory and provide insight into the behavior of variable-volume stirred tank reactors.
Application of variable-volume cultivation as a tool in investigating growth rates at low substrate levels is suggested. Variable-volume bioreactor systems could be also to obtain controlled dynamic conditions for research or production purposes.
TL;DR: Practical applications of three such techniques, the principles of which are not new, are described; namely, multiple detection, odour analysis, and two-dimensional analysis.
Abstract: The fact that gas chromatography on glass capillary columns is far from being exploited to its full potential is due to two main reasons: widespread disappointment in poor quality columns and insufficient know-how in the application technique. In order to provide facts about the true situation, general information is given here about performance and durability of a large number of glass capillary columns currently in routine use, some of these for years, at various laboratories. It is emphasized that glass capillaries, as well as the related chromatographic technique and equipment, cannot be successfully considered and handled using the experience gained from packed columns, but should be given particular consideration. The majority of existing glass capillary columns are used for the analysis of complex mixtures. In many instances even extreme separation efficiency may not achieve sufficient resolution. In these cases ancillary techniques may fill the remaining gap. Practical applications of three such techniques, the principles of which are not new, are described; namely, multiple detection, odour analysis, and two-dimensional analysis. A new technique for the introduction of large gaseous samples onto capillary columns is presented with a detailed discussion of its mechanism.
TL;DR: The programming language PASCAL is assessed in the light of “reliable programming” and with the background of five years of experience with the language, and some features are selected to point out remaining problems.
Abstract: The programming language PASCAL is assessed in the light of “reliable programming” and with the background of five years of experience with the language. Some features are selected to point out remaining problems, either inherent or specific, from which some guidelines for the design or choice of languages for reliable programming are derived. Among the discussed features are the concept of data type, the sequential file structure, and the type union.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found that susceptibility anisotropies may not describe the original magnetic fabric of deep-sea sediment, but are more likely due to either a measurement effect or to deformation of the sediment during coring.