Showing papers by "European Southern Observatory published in 2022"

Flexible spectro-interferometric modeling of OIFITS data with PMOIRED

Abstract: Despite image reconstruction becoming more widespread when interpreting OIFITS Data, model fitting in u,v space often remains the best way to interpret data, either because of the sparsity of the data, or because a quantitative measurement needs to be done. PMOIRED, is a flexible Python library to visualize, manipulate and model OIFITS data using simple geometric models. The strength of PMOIRED resides in its capability to combine linearly various simple components to create complex scenes, while linking, constraining, and adding priors to fitted parameters. The code also enables grid search to find global minima, as well as data resampling to better evaluate uncertainties. In addition to analytical functions, arbitrary radial profiles, azimuthal variations or sparse wavelet modelling of spectra are implemented.

Stakeholder Perspectives on MAPS

Abstract: Background: Managed problem solving (MAPS) is an evidence-based intervention that can boost HIV medication adherence and increase viral suppression, but it is not widely used in community clinics. Deploying community health workers to deliver MAPS could facilitate broader implementation, in support of the Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) initiative's goal of reducing new HIV infections in the US by 90% by 2030. Setting: Ryan White-funded clinics in Philadelphia, 1 of 48 US counties prioritized in the EHE. Methods: Semistructured stakeholder interviews were conducted with 13 clinics and 4 stakeholder groups: prescribing clinicians, nonprescribing clinical team members (eg, medical case managers), clinic administrators, and policymakers. Interviews were based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and investigated perceived barriers to and facilitators of MAPS delivery by community health workers. Rapid qualitative analytic techniques were used to synthesize interview data and identify key categories along an implementation pathway. Core determinants (ie, barriers and facilitators) of MAPS implementation were grouped within each category. Results: Stakeholders were receptive to CHW-delivered MAPS and offered critical information on potential implementation determinants including preferences for identification and referral of patients, and the importance of integration and communication within the care team. Conclusions: This study elucidates insights regarding barriers and facilitators to delivering an evidence-based behavioral intervention in clinics serving people with HIV (PWH) and extends a rapid qualitative approach to HIV care that rigorously incorporates stakeholder data into the development of implementation strategies. It also offers insights for national implementation efforts associated with EHE.

Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor in Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Abstract: In patient with symptomatic heart failure sacubitril valsartan has been found to reduces the risk of hospitalization and death from cardiovascular causes more effectively then angiotensin converting enzymes inhibitor trail comparing the effect of these drugs in acute myocardial infarction is lacking.We randomly assigned patient with acute myocardial infarction complicated with reduced LVEF, or pulmonary congestion to recieve sacubitril 97mg-valsartan 103mg and ramipril 5mg twice daily the primary outcome was death from cardiovascular causes or incident heart failure, outpatient symptomatic heart failure or heart failure leading to hospitalization whichever occure first.Total 566 patient was taken in randomization 283 receive sacubitril-valsartan and 283 receive ramipril over a median of 22 months total outcome occure in 138 patient in sacubitril-valsartan group and in137 patient with ramipril group(hazard ratio 0.90: 95%confidence interval death from cardiovascular causes or hospitalization for heart failure occure i 10.9% patient reciveing sacubitril-valsartan and in 11.8%patient with ramipril group death from cardiovascular causes is 5.9 and 6.7% respectively death from anyother causes is 7.5 and 8.5 % respectively in both sacubitril-valsartan and ramipril group.Sacubitril-valsartan was not associated with significantly lower incidence of death from cardiovascular causes or incidents heart failure then ramipril in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Multi-site evaluation of modelled methane emissions over northern wetlands by the JULES land surface model coupled with the HIMMELI peatland methane emission model

Abstract: Abstract. Northern peatland stores a large amount of organic soil carbon and is considered to be one of the most significant CH4 sources among wetlands. The default wetland CH4 emission scheme in JULES (land surface model of the UK Earth System model) only takes into account the CH4 emissions from inundated areas in a simple way. However, it is known that the processes for peatland CH4 emission are complex. In this work, we coupled the process-based peatland CH4 emission model HIMMELI (HelsinkI Model of MEthane buiLd-up and emIssion for peatlands) with JULES (JULES-HIMMELI) by taking the HIMMELI input data from JULES simulations. Firstly, the soil temperature, water table depth (WTD) and soil carbon simulated by JULES, as well as the prescribed maximum leaf area index (LAI) in JULES were evaluated against available datasets at the studied northern wetland sites. Then, the simulated CH4 emissions from JULES and JULES-HIMMELI simulations were compared against the observed CH4 emissions at these sites. Moreover, sensitivities of CH4 emissions to the rate of anoxic soil respiration (anoxic Rs), surface soil temperature and WTD were investigated. Results show that JULES can well represent the magnitude and seasonality of surface (5–10 cm) and relatively deep (34–50 cm) soil temperatures, whereas the simulated WTD and soil carbon density profiles show large deviations from the site observations. The prescribed maximum LAI in JULES was within one standard deviation of the maximum LAIs derived from the Sentinel-2 satellite data for Siikaneva, Kopytkowo and Degerö sites, but lower for the other three sites. The simulated CH4 emissions by JULES have much smaller inter-annual variability than the observations. However, no specific simulation setup of the coupled model can lead to consistent improvements in the simulated CH4 emissions for all the sites. When using observed WTD or modified soil decomposition rate, there were only improvements in simulated CH4 fluxes at certain sites or years. Both simulated and observed CH4 emissions at sites strongly depend on the rate of anoxic Rs, which is the basis of CH4 emission estimates in HIMMELI. By excluding the effect from the rate of anoxic Rs on CH4 emissions, it is found that the Rs-log-normalized CH4 emissions (log normalization of the ratio of CH4 emission to anoxic Rs rate) show similar increasing trends with increased surface soil temperature from both observations and simulations, but different trends with raised WTD which may due to the uncertainty in simulated O2 concentration in HIMMELI. In general, we consider the JULES-HIMMELI model is more appropriate in simulating the wetland CH4 emissions than the default wetland CH4 emission scheme in JULES. Nevertheless, in order to improve the accuracy of simulated wetland CH4 emissions with the JULES-HIMMELI model, it is still necessary to better represent the peat soil carbon and hydrologic processes in JULES and the CH4 production and transportation processes in HIMMELI, such as plant transportation of gases, seasonality of parameters controlling oxidation and production, and adding microbial activities.

Satellite-assisted laser magnetometry with mesospheric sodium

Abstract: Magnetic field sensing provides crucial insights into various geophysical phenomena such as atmospheric currents, crustal magnetism, and oceanic circulation. In this paper, a method for remote detection of magnetic fields using mesospheric sodium with an assisting satellite is proposed. Sodium atoms in the mesosphere are optically pumped with a ground-based laser beam. A satellite-borne detector is used to measure magneto-optical rotation of the polarization of a probe laser beam by the sodium atoms. This sensitive magnetometry method benefits from direct detection of laser photons and complements existing space- and aircraft-borne techniques by probing magnetic fields at upper-atmospheric altitudes inaccessible to those.

Effect of MgO Grade in MgO–C Refractories on the Non‐metallic Inclusion Population in Al‐Treated Steel

Abstract: In article 2100482, Kerber and co-workers show the immersion of a MgO-C refractory specimen into molten steel performed in a steel casting simulator. The solidified steel is analyzed regarding the inclusion population via an automated feature analysis. Different species of inclusion are observed. The element mapping of a multi-phase inclusion is shown on the left side of the cover image.

Flexible Spectro Interferometric modelling of OIFITS data with PMOIRED

Abstract: Despite image reconstruction becoming more widespread when interpreting OIFITS Data, model fitting in u,v space often remains the best way to interpret data, either because of the sparsity of the data, or because a quantitative measurement needs to be done. PMOIRED, is a flexible Python library to visualize, manipulate and model OIFITS data using simple geometric models. The strength of PMOIRED resides in its capability to combine linearly various simple components to create complex scenes, while linking, constraining, and adding priors to fitted parameters. The code also enables grid search to find global minima, as well as data resampling to better evaluate uncertainties. In addition to analytical functions, arbitrary radial profiles, azimuthal variations or sparse wavelet modelling of spectra are implemented.

Follow the Index: A new proposal

Abstract: Despite all its well-known flaws and calls for its dismissal, the notorious $h$-index is still used in many instances when awarding grants, or promoting and hiring scientists. To address this, I set out to devise a better index, with the twofold aim of taking into account the authors' respective contributions and considerably reducing the pollution of the scientific literature. Finally, I present a strategy that is guaranteed to be best for all researchers.

Spin excitations of individual magnetic dopants in an ionic thin film

Abstract: Individual magnetic transition metal dopants in a solid host usually exhibit relatively small spin excitation energies of a few meV. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) techniques, we have observed a high spin excitation energy around 36 meV for an individual Co substitutional dopant in ultrathin NaCl films. In contrast, the Cr dopant in the NaCl film shows much lower spin excitation energy around 2.5 meV. Electronic multiplet calculations combined with first-principles calculations confirm the spin excitation induced IETS, and quantitatively reveal the out-of-plane magnetic anisotropies for both Co and Cr. They also allow reproducing the experimentally observed redshift in the spin excitations of Co dimers and ascribe it to a charge and geometry redistribution.

An upper limit on [OIII] 88 $\mu$m and 1.2 mm continuum emission from a JWST $z \approx 12-13$ galaxy candidate with ALMA

Abstract: A number of new $z>11$ galaxy candidates have recently been identified based on public James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NIRCam observations. Spectroscopic confirmation of these candidates is necessary to robustly measure their redshift and put them in the context of our understanding of the buildup of galaxies in the early Universe. GLASS-z13 is one of these candidates, with a reported photometric redshift $z>11.9$. I present publicly available Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) band 6 Director's Discretionary Time observations (project 2021.A.00020.S; PI T. Bakx), taken to acquire a spectroscopic redshift for GLASS-z13 by searching for [OIII] line emission in the redshift range $z=11.9-13.5$. No [OIII] emission is detected in integrated spectra extracted within an aperture around GLASS-z13, nor when using an automated line finding algorithm (applying different uv-weighting strategies for the imaging). 1.2 mm continuum emission associated to GLASS-z13 is not detected either. If GLASS-z13 is at z$\approx$12-13, this implies a 3-$\sigma$ upper limit on the [OIII] and rest-frame $\sim$90 $\mu$m continuum emission of $\sim1\times10^8\,\rm{L}_\odot$ and 10.8 $\mu$Jy, respectively. The non-detection of [OIII] and continuum emission does not necessarily imply that GLASS-z13 is not at $z\approx12-13$. It can also be explained by a low metallicity ($\sim 0.2\,\rm{Z}_\odot$ or lower) and/or high-density (at least 100 $\rm{cm}^{-3}$) interstellar medium. This work demonstrates the synergy between ALMA and JWST to study the properties of the first galaxies, although JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy will be necessary to confirm or reject the high photometric-redshift of GLASS-z13.

Water table depth dynamics derived from optical remote sensing data in northern peatlands

Abstract: <p>Water table depth (WTD) is one of the key factors that affect the carbon balance in peatlands. Optical remote sensing can detect WTD indirectly through the estimation of surface moisture. In peatlands, WTD and surface moisture conditions are closely related through the strong capillary connection in the topmost peat layer. We took advantage of this strong connection and calculated the OPtical TRApezoid Model (OPTRAM) that relies on the assumption that short-wave infrared reflectance represents the surface moisture conditions. OPTRAM was calculated based on Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat 8 OLI over selected northern peatlands in Finland, Sweden, Canada, the USA, and Estonia. This is the first study in which the advantages and shortcomings of OPTRAM estimation from Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat 8 OLI data were discussed. We calculated OPTRAM in two ways: (i) using a manual parametrisation and (ii) utilising a recently developed automatic parameterisation in Google Earth Engine. Further, we analysed the impact of these two parameterisations on OPTRAM performance in various peatlands. Our findings provide an important insight into the global applicability of OPTRAM for monitoring moisture conditions in northern peatlands.</p>

Mejora en la estimación de presupuestos de edificios multifamiliares mediante el método de Monte Carlo aplicado a riesgos con diferente comportamiento en la fase de planificación de proyecto

Abstract: Actualmente, los riesgos de diferente comportamiento (variabilidad y vinculados a eventos) pueden afectar a las edificaciones multifamiliares, generando importantes sobrecostos y desviaciones presupuestales. Esta tesis se enfoca en la elaboración de una metodología pauteada que sirva como herramienta aplicativa para cualquier proyecto de edificio multifamiliar, independientemente de su ubicación. Se ha diferenciado el análisis de los riesgos bajo las dos tipologías mencionadas por el PMBOK en su sexta edición (variabilidad y vinculados a eventos), como una tendencia novedosa. En la investigación primeramente se desarrolla una encuesta de juicio experto para identificar los riesgos más frecuentes en la muestra de estudio (distrito de Miraflores, ciudad de Lima). Seguidamente, se realiza una entrevista a los profesionales responsables de los tres proyectos que se toman como caso de estudio. En las mismas se recaban todos los datos necesarios para realizar a continuación el análisis cualitativo y el análisis cuantitativo de los diferentes riesgos investigados. Para el análisis cuantitativo se utiliza el método de Monte Carlo, a través del software @RISK. En cada proyecto se obtienen los valores de los riesgos en forma de contingencia, relacionados con el Costo Directo del presupuesto. Finalmente, a través de las convoluciones, se determinan los valores de la contingencia de los riesgos generales, o combinación simultánea de los riesgos de variabilidad y vinculados a eventos. Se puede concluir que esta metodología es muy beneficiosa al implementarse en etapas tempranas o de planificación, pues permite cuantificar los riesgos, en aras de mitigarlos y controlarlos durante la ejecución del proyecto.

Revisiting the Emission Line Source Detection Problem in Integral Field Spectroscopic Data

Abstract: We present a 3-dimensional matched filtering approach for the blind search of faint emission-line sources in integral-field spectroscopic datasets. The filter is designed to account for the spectrally rapidly varying background noise due to the telluric air glow spectrum. A software implementation of this matched filtering search is implemented in an updated version of the Line Source Detection Cataloguing tool (LSDCat2.0). Using public data from the MUSE-Wide survey we show how the new filter design provides higher detection significances for faint emission line sources buried in between atmospheric [OH]-bands at $\lambda \gtrsim 7000$\,\AA{}. We also show how, for a given source parameterisation, the selection function of the improved algorithm can be derived analytically from the variances of the data. We verify this analytic solution against source insertion and recovery experiments in the recently released dataset of the MUSE eXtreme Deep Field (MXDF). We then illustrate how the selection function has to be re-scaled for 3D emission line source profiles that are not fully congruent with the template. This procedure alleviates the construction of realistic selection functions by removing the need for computationally cumbersome source insertion and recovery experiments.

Global Intercultural Project Experience (GIPE): A distributed interdisciplinary project-based learning framework

Abstract: In this seventh volume, a dedicated set of authors explore the Education field, contributing to the frontlines of knowledge. Success depends on the participation of those who wish to find creative solutions and believe their potential to change the world, altogether to increase public engagement and cooperation from communities. Part of our mission is to serve society with these initiatives and promote knowledge, therefore it requires the reinforcement of research efforts, education and science and cooperation between the most diverse studies and backgrounds. The contents of this 7th edition bring us to the most broadening issues in contemporary research on Education. This book explores four major areas within the broad spectrum of Education, corresponding to four sections: “Teachers and Students”, “Teachers and Learning”, “Projects and Trends” and “Organizational Issues”. Each section comprises chapters that have emerged from extended and peer reviewed selected papers, originally published last year in the proceedings of the International Conference on Education and New Developments (END) conference series (http://end-educationconference.org/). This meeting occurs annually always with successful outcomes. Original papers have been selected and the authors were invited to extend and to submit them to a new evaluation’s process. Afterwards the authors of the accepted chapters were requested to make the necessary corrections and improve the final submitted chapters. This process has resulted in the final publication of 25 high quality chapters organized into 4 sections. The following sections’ and chapters’ abstracts provide some information on this book’s contents.