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European Union

GovernmentBrussels, Belgium
About: European Union is a government organization based out in Brussels, Belgium. It is known for research contribution in the topics: European union & Population. The organization has 1519 authors who have published 1486 publications receiving 34701 citations. The organization is also known as: EU & E.U..


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Forest transitions have occurred in two, sometimes overlapping circumstances: economic development and scarcity of forest products have prompted governments and landowners to plant trees in some fields as mentioned in this paper, and these transitions do little to conserve biodiversity, but they do sequester carbon and conserve soil, so governments should place a high priority on promoting them.
Abstract: Places experience forest transitions when declines in forest cover cease and recoveries in forest cover begin. Forest transitions have occurred in two, sometimes overlapping circumstances. In some places economic development has created enough non-farm jobs to pull farmers off of the land, thereby inducing the spontaneous regeneration of forests in old fields. In other places a scarcity of forest products has prompted governments and landowners to plant trees in some fields. The transitions do little to conserve biodiversity, but they do sequester carbon and conserve soil, so governments should place a high priority on promoting them. C 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1,278 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new approach in polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) speckle filtering is proposed that uses edge-aligned nonsquare windows and applies the local statistics filter and is quite dramatic in boosting classification performance.
Abstract: This paper proposes a new approach in polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) speckle filtering. The new approach emphasizes preserving polarimetric properties and statistical correlation between channels, not introducing crosstalk, and not degrading the image quality. In the last decade, speckle reduction of polarimetric SAR imagery has been studied using several different approaches. All of these approaches exploited the degree of statistical independence between linear polarization channels. The preservation of polarimetric properties and statistical characteristics such as correlation between channels were not carefully addressed. To avoid crosstalk, each element of the covariance matrix must be filtered independently. This rules out current methods of polarimetric SAR filtering. To preserve the polarimetric signature, each element of the covariance matrix should be filtered in a way similar to multilook processing by averaging the covariance matrix of neighboring pixels. However, this must be done without the deficiency of smearing the edges, which degrades image quality and corrupts polarimetric properties. The proposed polarimetric SAR filter uses edge-aligned nonsquare windows and applies the local statistics filter. The impact of using this polarimetric speckle filtering on terrain classification is quite dramatic in boosting classification performance. Airborne polarimetric radar images are used for illustration.

785 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that strategies aimed at modulating the SDF‐1–CXCR4 axis could have important clinical applications both in regenerative medicine to deliver normal stem cells to the tissues/organs and in clinical hematology/oncology to inhibit metastasis of cancer stem cells.
Abstract: The alpha-chemokine stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1 and the G-protein-coupled seven-span transmembrane receptor CXCR4 axis regulates the trafficking of various cell types. In this review, we present the concept that the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis is a master regulator of trafficking of both normal and cancer stem cells. Supporting this is growing evidence that SDF-1 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of trafficking of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their homing/retention in bone marrow. Moreover, functional CXCR4 is also expressed on nonhematopoietic tissue-committed stem/progenitor cells (TCSCs); hence, the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis emerges as a pivotal regulator of trafficking of various types of stem cells in the body. Furthermore, because most if not all malignancies originate in the stem/progenitor cell compartment, cancer stem cells also express CXCR4 on their surface and, as a result, the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis is also involved in directing their trafficking/metastasis to organs that highly express SDF-1 (e.g., lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and bones). Hence, we postulate that the metastasis of cancer stem cells and trafficking of normal stem cells involve similar mechanisms, and we discuss here the common molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. Finally, the responsiveness of CXCR4+ normal and malignant stem cells to an SDF-1 gradient may be regulated positively/primed by several small molecules related to inflammation which enhance incorporation of CXCR4 into membrane lipid rafts, or may be inhibited/blocked by small CXCR4 antagonist peptides. Consequently, strategies aimed at modulating the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis could have important clinical applications both in regenerative medicine to deliver normal stem cells to the tissues/organs and in clinical hematology/oncology to inhibit metastasis of cancer stem cells.

769 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The worldwide story of SFP outbreaks, the characteristics and behaviour of S. aureus in food environment, the toxinogenic conditions and characteristics of SEs, and currently available methods used to characterize staphylococcal outbreaks are focused on.
Abstract: Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is one of the most common food-borne diseases and results from the ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) preformed in food by enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus. To date, more than 20 SEs have been described: SEA to SElV. All of them have superantigenic activity whereas half of them have been proved to be emetic, representing a potential hazard for consumers. This review, divided into four parts, will focus on the following: (1) the worldwide story of SFP outbreaks, (2) the characteristics and behaviour of S. aureus in food environment, (3) the toxinogenic conditions and characteristics of SEs, and (4) SFP outbreaks including symptomatology, occurrence in the European Union and currently available methods used to characterize staphylococcal outbreaks.

751 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the literature on the available methodology for analysis, quantification, isolation, purification, and structure elucidation of polyphenols in cocoa components and other commodities is presented.

611 citations


Authors

Showing all 1540 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Jean-Laurent Casanova14484276173
Hans-Dieter Volk10778446622
Capucine Picard10341435779
Frank Møller Aarestrup10146237509
Carsten Denkert9350434719
Joakim Dillner9159635534
Hans V. Westerhoff9056629104
Christos C. Zouboulis8868927614
Mariusz Z. Ratajczak8452527088
Lennart Nilsson8286134898
Kathryn J. Wood7545420857
Frédéric Amant7359223576
Xiao Dong Chen73151330188
Bo N. J. Persson6835719552
Steven X. Ding6754121539
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
20235
202223
202175
202099
2019100
201867