Showing papers by "ExxonMobil published in 1976"

Electrical Energy Storage and Intercalation Chemistry

Abstract: The electrochemical reaction of layered titanium disulfide with lithium giving the intercalation compound lithium titanium disulfide is the basis of a new battery system. This reaction occurs very rapidly and in a highly reversible manner at ambient temperatures as a result of structural retention. Titanium disulfide is one of a new generation of solid cathode materials.

Catalytic synthesis of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen

Abstract: The increasing demand for energy, coupled with the uncertainty and expense of crude oil imports, has renewed interest in the production of fuels and chemicals from hydrogen-deficient materials. These energy sources such as coal, residua, oil shale, and tar sands can be gasified with steam and oxygen to produce a gas containing large quantities of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Once methane is removed from this CO/H2 mixture it is purified to remove S poisons and then reacted over a catalyst to produce a variety of organic products. The synthesis of hydrocarbon products, with the exception of methane, is commonly referred to as the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction.

Multiphase Microemulsion Systems

Abstract: Economical microemulsion flooding inevitably involves microemulsion phases immiscible with oil, water or both; and oil recovery is largely affected by displacement efficiency during the immiscible regime. Therefore, it is pertinent to study interfacial tension in relation to multiphase microemulsion behavior. Three basic types of multiphase systems are identified and used to label phase transitions that occur when changes are made in salinity, temperature, oil composition, surfactant structure, cosolvent, and dissolved solids in the aqueous phase. Directional effects of these changes on phase behavior, interfacial tension, and solubility number are tabulated for the alkyl aryl sulfonates studied, and conjectured to hold for all anionic surfactant systems. This approach provides a convenient method for preliminary screening of surfactants for tertiary oil recovery. Interfacial tensions were found to correlate with solubility number in the various microemulsion phases. (18 refs.)

Reservoir Simulation With History-Dependent Saturation Functions

Abstract: A history-dependent model for saturation functions, combined with a three-dimensional, three-phase, semi-implicit reservoir simulator, has been developed. In water-coning simulations with variable rates, for waterflooding in the presence of free gas saturations, and for gas-cap shrinkage, use of hysteresis in saturation functions shows results significantly different from those obtained by conventional methods. To some extent, the model is based upon remembering the saturation history of the reservoir. In doing this, smooth transitions of both relative permeabilities and capillary pressures from drainage-to-imbibition or imbibition-to-drainage states are allowed. In addition, the effect of trapped gas or oil saturations on relative permeabilities and capillary pressures is accounted for. Tests of the model indicate that simulation with hysteresis is a stable procedure requiring little more computation time and storage than normal simulations. In addition, results of these tests agree qualitatively with experimental and field results.

Recovery of hydrocarbons from coal

Abstract: Coal liquids and gases are recovered from a thick underground coal seam by drilling one or more boreholes from the earth's surface into the lower part of the seam, burning out the coal over a limited area near the bottom of the seam, collapsing the overlying coal to form a rubblized zone extending vertically to a point near the upper boundary of the seam, driving a flame front vertically through the rubblized zone to liberate hydrocarbon liquids and produce gases, and recovering the liquids and gases from the rubblized zone.

Prediction of Segregation to Alloy Surfaces from Bulk Phase Diagrams

Abstract: Current theories of surface segregation are based on either the difference in the sizes or the heats of sublimation of the alloy components. We show that neither of these theories gives adequate agreement with experiment. A simple rule, based on the melting curve of the alloy, gives good agreement with all available experimental data.

Polymeric additives for fuels and lubricants

Abstract: A substantially haze-free lubricating oil composition comprising a lubricating oil and from about 0.1 to 50 wt. %, based upon the total weight of said composition of ethylene copolymeric dispersant-viscosity index improver material, which material has been formed by (a) grafting an ethylene copolymer comprising about 30 to 80 wt. % ethylene and about 20 to 70 % C3 to C18 alpha olefin, with an ethylenically unsaturated compound selected form the group consisting of unsaturated carboxylic acid and anhydride of carboxylic acid, said ethylene copolymer when grafted with said carboxylic acid or said anhydride being further reacted with a polyfunctional reactant selected from the group consisting of polyamine, polyol and hydroxy amine, and reacting with from about 0.1 to 8 wt. % of an oil-soluble hydrocarbyl substituted strong acid containing from about 3 to about 70 total carbons to thereby inhibit haze in said composition, and wherein said strong acid is selected from the group consisting of alkyl carboxylic acids, phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid, thiophosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, thiophosphinic acid, sulfonic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfinic acid and alpha-substituted halo-or nitro- or nitrilo-carboxylic acids; or (b) grafting an ethylene copolymer comprising about 30 to 80 wt. % ethylene and about 20 to 70 wt % C3 to C18 alpha olefin, with a vinyl monomer containing nitrogen, and reacting with from about 0.1 to 8 wt. % of an oil-soluble hydrocarbyl substituted strong acid containing from about 3 to about 70 total carbons, to thereby inhibit haze in said composition.

The effect of the surface structure of Pt on its electronic properties and the adsorption of CO, O2, and H2: A comparison of Pt(100) – (5×20) and Pt(100) – (1×1)

Abstract: We describe studies of the Pt(100) – (1×1) and Pt(100) – (5×20) surfaces with LEED, UPS, AES, and flash desorption spectroscopy. The clean Pt(100) – (1×1) surface is prepared by adsorbing CO, then reacting it off with oxygen ions in the form of CO2. The clean (1×1) surface formed is metastable, converting back to the (5×20) surface at 125 °C. This and other evidence leads us to the conclusion that the (5×20) surface is the clean equilibrium structure. The electronic structure of the (1×1) surface is characterized by a surface state or resonance 0.25 eV below the Fermi level, which is not observed on the (5×20) surface. Although O2 and H2 do not chemisorb at room temperature for exposures less than 102 equivalent monolayers on the (5×20) surface, the (1×1) surface readily chemisorbs O2 and H2. It is suggested that the structure sensitivity of the O2 and H2 chemisorption observed may be due to the corresponding change in surface electronic structure. CO adsorbs on both the (5×20) and (1×1) surfaces. At 0.5 ...

Lubricating oil composition containing a dispersing-varnish inhibiting combination of polyol ester compound and a borated acyl nitrogen compound

Abstract: The combination of an oil-soluble polyol ester reaction product having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from about 1,300 to 8,000, e.g., the reaction product of polybutenyl succinic anhydride with pentaerythritol which reaction product can be borated, if desired, and an oil-soluble acylated nitrogen compound having a (Mn) of from about 1,300 to 8,000, e.g. polybutenyl succinic anhydride reacted with an alkylene polyamine such as tetraethylene pentamine, which nitrogen compound can be borated, if desired, are surprisingly useful as combined additives for lubricating oils to increase the dispersancy and varnish inhibition properties of said oil when one part per weight of said polyol ester reaction product is combined with from 0.2 to 4, preferably 1 to 3, parts by weight of said acylated nitrogen compound.

Evaluation of Polymer Flooding in a Layered Reservoir With Crossflow, Retention, and Degradation

Abstract: Oil recovery by polymer flooding is influenced by reservoir heterogeneity not only through its effects on crossflow, but also through the dependence of polymer retention, inaccessible pore volume and polymer shear degradation on permeability A simulator is described that accounts for all of these factors, and experimental data, obtained using field and Berea cores, are included that demonstrate the permeability dependence of these factors Use is made of a standard 2-dimensional reservoir simulator with the added feature of point-tracking capability For each of the different layers, one chain of points is identified with the front of the polymer bank and another chain with the rear Retention and inaccessible pore volume can be accounted for through a factor which is the ratio of the velocity of the moving points to the wetting phase velocity (15 refs)

Post-drawn, melt-blown webs

Abstract: A novel nonwoven article useful as a scrim support for other materials, such as paper toweling and wiping cloths, or as porous, nonadsorbent coverings for adsorbent packaging such as bandages or sanitary napkins, or a ribbon for packaging and decorative applications, is produced by post drawing certain melt-blown thermoplastic mats under defined conditions of draw ratios and temperatures. A moderate strength yarn or twine can be produced by twisting the post-drawn, melt-blown thermoplastic web.

Preparation of catalysts of predetermined pore size distribution and pore volume

Abstract: A process for the formation of a catalyst of predetermined pore size distribution and pore volume from an alumina hydrogel formed and obtained by precipitation from a solution containing a hydrous form of alumina in 1-5 wt. % concentration and an anion that is soluble in an alkaline solution and forms an aluminum salt, at pH 8-12, and temperature ranging about 15° F.-120° F., and then extended by contact with a water-soluble polymer containing from 2 to about 24 monomer units from the group consisting of (a) polyethylene glycols, (b) polypropylene glycols, and (c) polyethylene amines sufficient to absorb the polymer and displace water from the pores until the weight ratio of polymer:alumina ranges about 0.5:1 to about 4:1. The so formed alumina hydrogel in a series of steps, inclusive of the polymer extending step, is blended with make-up and recycle polymer for displacement of water and incorporation of the polymer, spray dried to convert the hydrogel to essentially boehmite powder of microspherical form, the boehmite powder mulled with water to form a paste, and the paste extruded to form extrudates. If desired, the extrudates are marumerized to form spheres. The extrudates or spheres, as desired, are extracted with a solvent to remove the polymer, and the alumina is then dried and calcined to form gamma alumina. In formation of the catalyst, a metal hydrogenation component, or components, is added during the initial alumina hydrogel forming step, added to the hydrogel after its precipitation from solution, or added to the gamma alumina after calcination.

Method for making structural foams with facing sheets

Abstract: A method for forming a structural foam article having a cellular core, a high density integral skin with fiber reinforcement embedded therein, and exterior facing sheets so as to substantially avoid blistering of the facing sheets, is disclosed. The foam article is prepared by foaming an expandable resin composition between the fiber reinforcing material and facing sheets. The resin has a predetermined viscosity which is a direct function of the porosity of the reinforcing material and an indirect function of the foam initiation time.

13 C Knight shift in TTF-TCNQ( 13 C): Determination of the local susceptibility

Abstract: The temperature dependent $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ Knight shift and spin-lattice relaxation rate of tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ) labeled at the CN group of TCNQ are presented. The Knight shift is a direct measure of the time-averaged local susceptibility on the TCNQ chain. From these data, the local susceptibilities on the TTF and TCNQ chains are obtained. The TCNQ chain susceptibility falls to zero below 54 K, indicating the onset of long-range order. The TTF susceptibility persists to lower temperature decreasing below approximately 49 K. The temperature dependence of the TCNQ chain susceptibility is in quantitative agreement with the calculated susceptibility based on the Peierls-Fr\"ohlich model with a complex order parameter for $Tg54$ K which becomes pinned below 54 K. The susceptibility and thus the density of states on the TTF chain is considerably larger (a factor of 2 at 300 K) than that of the TCNQ chain suggesting a correspondingly narrower bandwidth.

High Speed Laser Schlieren Studies of Electrical Breakdown in Liquid Hydrocarbons

Abstract: Although numerous theories have been proposed to explain breakdown in dielectric liquids, a unified understanding of its origin is still lacking. Measurements of such breakdowns are difficult because it is an ultrafast transient event, lasting only nanoseconds. Within that time, quantities of interest such as conduction current can change from milliamperes to tens of thousands of amperes. Moreover, even by taking extreme precautions such as using isolation transformers and well-shielded cables, the electromagnetic radiation associated with breakdown can strongly disturb electronic equipment. Such problems pose great difficulties for investigation of electrical breakdown events based on electrical measurements. In the present study, an optical method based on a laser-schlieren system was used and the spatial development of electrical breakdown in liquid hydrocarbons was recorded photographically.

Surface segregation in alloys: LEED, Auger, and gas adsorption study of segregation of Au to the (111) surface of Ni

Abstract: The (111) surface of Ni single crystals containing less than 1% Au was studied using Auger spectroscopy, LEED, and gas adsorption. The heat of segregation of gold to the Ni(111) surface, obtained from equilibrium measurements of the surface composition as a function of temperature, was found to be 12±2 kcal/mole. This result is not temperature, was found to be 12±2 kcal/mole. This result is not adequately described by existing theories of surface segregation. We also observed a variety of other complex phenomena. For gold surface concentrations above about 50%, an ordered overlayer of gold formed on the nickel substrate. Exposure of a partially gold covered surface to oxygen causes the disappearance of the gold. Small amounts of gold on the surface effectively poison it for adsorption of CO.

Pour point depressant additive for fuels and lubricants

Abstract: An oil-soluble copolymer, useful as a pour point depressant for lubricating oils, is composed of about equimolar amounts of 1-olefins and maleic anhydride, said 1-olefins being a mixture comprising from about 25 to 75, preferably 30 to 55, mole percent of straight chain C 20 -C 24 1-olefins and from about 25 to 75, preferably 45 to 70, mole percent of C 10 -C 14 1-olefins. These useful copolymers are oil-soluble, essentially free of olefinic unsaturation and have a number average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 30,000. Pour point depressant activity of said copolymers is enhanced by esterification with a C 1 to C 8 alcohol, e.g. 2-ethyl hexanol. The copolymers are usefully admixed with lubricants in an amount of from 0.01 to 3 wt. % based on the total weight of the admixture.

Alkali metal anode-containing cells having electrolytes of organometallic-alkali metal salts and organic solvents

Abstract: Electrolyte compositions for reversible alkali metal cells, e.g., lithium batteries, are described which consist essentially of (a) organic solvents selected from the group consisting of inertly substituted and unsubstituted ethers, esters, sulfones, organic sulfites, organic sulfates, organic nitrites and organic nitrates; and (b) electrolytically active alkali metal salts including organometallic alkali metal salts having the formula ZMRn wherein Z is an alkali metal, M is a metal selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, B, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sn (stannous), P and As, the Rs are certain organic radicals, and n is a numerical value equal to one plus the valence of the metal M. Rechargeable, high energy density electrochemical cells containing an anode having an alkali metal as its active material, a cathode, e.g., one having as its active material a transition metal chalcogenide, and an electrolyte composition of the above-described type, are also described.

Hydrocarbons in Open Ocean Waters

Abstract: Nonvolatile hydrocarbons in Atlantic Ocean and nearby waters were found to contain aromatics at lower concentrations than would be expected if the source of the hydrocarbons were crude oil or petroleum refinery products. Hydrocarbons appear to persist in the water to varying degrees with the most persistent being the cycloparaffins, then the isoparaffins, and finally the aromatics.

Epoxidized terpolymer or derivatives thereof, and oil and fuel compositions containing same

Abstract: Terpolymers of ethylene, a C3 to C8 alpha-olefin and a non-conjugated acyclic or alicyclic diolefin are epoxidized at sites of unsaturation which are extraneous to the main backbone chain of carbon atoms. Either the epoxidized terpolymer or the reaction products of the epoxidized terpolymer with reagents having replaceable hydrogen, i.e., water, organic acids, alcohols, amines, phenols, mercaptans and the like, are useful as multifunctional additives for synthetic and mineral oil lubricants and fuels.

Process and product

Abstract: In a process for producing elastomers of ethylene and C 3 to C 10 alpha-olefins, improved products, higher catalyst efficiency, improved monomer conversion and control of molecular weight distribution are obtained by the use of staged reactors wherein the monomer feed is divided between the reactors, the catalyst feed is added to the first reactor and the cocatalyst feed is divided with a different cocatalyst supplied to the second reactor. The process is applicable in either a divided single reactor or in the use of multiple reactors.