Showing papers by "Federal University of Rio de Janeiro published in 1997"
TL;DR: The selective action of choline on native α7 nAChRs suggests that this naturally occurring compound may act in vivo as an endogenous ligand for these receptors.
Abstract: In the present study, we demonstrate that choline, a precursor of acetylcholine (ACh) and a product of acetylcholine hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acts as an efficient and relatively selective agonist of alpha7-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in neurons cultured from the rat hippocampus, olfactory bulb and thalamus as well as in PC12 cells. Choline was able to activate postsynaptic and presynaptic alpha7 nAChRs, with the latter action resulting in the release of other neurotransmitters. Although choline was approximately one order of magnitude less potent than ACh (EC50 of 1.6 mM for choline and 0.13 mM for ACh), it acted as a full agonist at alpha7 nAChRs. In contrast, choline did not activate alpha4beta2 agonist-bearing nAChRs on hippocampal neurons, and acted as a partial agonist at alpha3beta4-containing nAChRs on PC12 cells. The ethyl alcohol moiety of choline is required for the selective action on alpha7 nAChR. Exposure of cultured hippocampal neurons for 10 min to choline (10-100 microM) resulted in desensitization of the native alpha7 nAChRs. Moreover, chronic exposure (10 days) of the cultured hippocampal neurons to a desensitizing concentration of choline (approximately 30 microM) decreased their responsiveness to ACh. The selective action of choline on native alpha7 nAChRs suggests that this naturally occurring compound may act in vivo as an endogenous ligand for these receptors. Putative physiological actions of choline include retrograde messenger activity during the development of the mammalian central nervous system and during periods of elevated synaptic activity that leads to long-term potentiation.
450 citations
TL;DR: Weak isosinglet neutral heavy leptons (m) have been searched for using data collected by the DELPHI detector corresponding to 3:3 106 hadronic Z0 decays at LEP1.
Abstract: Weak isosinglet Neutral Heavy Leptons (m) have been searched for using data collected by the DELPHI detector corresponding to 3:3 106 hadronic Z0 decays at LEP1. Four separate searches have been performed, for short-lived m production giving monojet or acollinear jet topologies, and for long-lived m giving detectable secondary vertices or calorimeter clusters. No indication of the existence of these particles has been found, leading to an upper limit for the branching ratio BR(Z0 ! m) of about 1:310−6 at 95% confidence level for m masses between 3.5 and 50 GeV/c2. Outside this range the limit weakens rapidly with the m mass. The results are also interpreted in terms of limits for the single production of excited neutrinos.
337 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents a new methodology for making Bayesian inference about exponential family regression models, overdispersed data and longitudinal studies and involves the use of Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques.
Abstract: Generalized linear mixed models provide a unified framework for treatment of exponential family regression models, overdispersed data and longitudinal studies. These problems typically involve the presence of random effects and this paper presents a new methodology for making Bayesian inference about them. The approach is simulation-based and involves the use of Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques. The usual iterative weighted least squares algorithm is extended to include a sampling step based on the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm thus providing a unified iterative scheme. Non-normal prior distributions for the regression coefficients and for the random effects distribution are considered. Random effect structures with nesting required by longitudinal studies are also considered. Particular interests concern the significance of regression coefficients and assessment of the form of the random effects. Extensions to unknown scale parameters, unknown link functions, survival and frailty models are outlined.
329 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Wigner distribution of a quantum system can be directly measured, through a very simple scheme, especially suitable to experiments in cavity quantum electrodynamics and in ion traps.
Abstract: Phase space representations are very useful in quantum mechanics since they allow the calculation of correlation functions of operators as classical-like integrals, and are also helpful for the study of the transition to classical physics. The oldest of such representations is due to Wigner [1], who used it as a convenient tool to calculate quantum corrections to classical statistical mechanics. It was shown by Moyal [2] that the quantum average of a Weyl-ordered (symmetric-ordered) function of the momentum and position operators could be expressed as a classical-like average of the corresponding classical function (in which the operators are replaced by c numbers), with the Wigner distribution acting as a weight measure in phase space [3]. The uncertainty principle forbids, however, the interpretation of this function as a probability distribution, since it is not possible to determine simultaneously the momentum and the position of a particle. In fact, it is easy to find examples of states for which the Wigner distribution assumes negative values. This fact may lead to the idea that it does not correspond to any directly measured quantity. Up until now, this notion has been upheld by the fact that the different schemes proposed so far to determine the Wigner distribution of a quantum system rely either on tomographic reconstructions from data obtained in homodyne measurements [4,5] or on convolutions obtained by photon counting [6]. It is the purpose of this Letter to show that the Wigner function can be directly measured, through a very simple scheme, especially suitable to experiments in cavity quantum electrodynamics and in ion traps. This is especially important in view of recent experimental results concerning the production and detection of coherent superpositions of localized mesoscopic states [7,8]. In these experiments, the existence of coherence is inferred from partial information obtained about the system. A method yielding more complete knowledge onf the quantum states involved would be highly desirable. Quantum tomography schemes for determining the vibrational state of a trapped ion were proposed in [5]. In cavity QED, information on the field must be obtained from probe atoms, since the high Q of the cavity and the weak intensities involved do not allow the direct measurement of the field. A method for realizing the “quantum endoscopy” of a field in a cav-
323 citations
TL;DR: NaOCl applied by the three methods tested, was significantly more effective than the saline solution (control group) in disinfecting the root canal.
Abstract: The effectiveness of 4.0% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) used with three irrigation methods in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis from the root canal was tested in vitro. Root canals contaminated with E. faecalis were treated as follows: (i) irrigation with 2 mL of NaOCl solution and agitation with hand files; (ii) irrigation with 2 mL of NaOCl solution and ultrasonic agitation; (iii) irrigation with NaOCl alternated with hydrogen peroxide. Contaminated canals irrigated with sterile saline solution served as the control. Paper points used to sample bacteria from the root canals were transferred to tubes containing 5 mL of brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. Tubes were incubated and the appearance of broth turbidity was indicative of bacteria remaining in the root canal. There were no statistically significant differences between the experimental groups. However, NaOCl applied by the three methods tested, was significantly more effective than the saline solution (control group) in disinfecting the root canal.
262 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the energy consumption of the iron and steel industry in seven countries (Brazil, China, France, Germany, Japan, Poland and the United States) for the period 1980-1991.
254 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, polypropylene/wood fiber composites were prepared at three different temperatures: 170°C, 180°C and 190°C. The fiber coating was performed by propylene polymerization in the presence of wood fibers or by immersion in an o-dichlorobenzene poly-propylene (or maleated polyprobylene) solution.
Abstract: Polypropylene/wood fiber composites were prepared at three different temperatures: 170°C, 180°C, and 190°C. The surface of wood fibers was modified through the use of silane coupling agents and/or coating with polypropylene or maleated polypropylene. The fiber coating was performed by propylene polymerization in the presence of wood fibers or by immersion in an o-dichlorobenzene polypropylene (or maleated polypropylene) solution. Tensile and three-point bending tests were performed in order to evaluate the adhesion between matrix and wood fibers. Evidence shows that 180°C is the best mixing temperature, while the use of vinyl-tris (2-methoxy ethoxy) silane with or without maleated polypropylene coating is the best surface treatment. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65:1227–1235, 1997
226 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the serum IgM repertoire of normal mice is strictly regulated and selected by endogenous ligands.
Abstract: Antigen-free (AGF) and germ-free (GF) mice, although essentially free of serum IgG, maintain normal levels of circulating IgM. Using a quantitative immunoblot assay, we have now analyzed the repertoire of serum IgM from AGF, GF, and specific pathogen-free (SPF) BALB/c mice, on large panels of natural antigens from homologous tissues and bacteria. The reactivity profiles were very similar in the three groups of mice. Multiparametric statistic evaluation of the data showed that BALB/c animals, SPF, GF, and AGF mice constitute an homogeneous group with similar immunoreactivity profiles when compared to C57BL/6. Differences between immunoreactivity profiles of GF and AGF mice were observed, but were not statistically significant. These results suggest that the serum IgM repertoire of normal mice is strictly regulated and selected by endogenous ligands.
192 citations
TL;DR: Both the complementary prion peptide and antiserum against it inhibit the toxicity of a prion-derived peptide toward neuronal cells in culture, and such reagents might therefore have therapeutic applications.
Abstract: Prions, the etiological agents for infectious degenerative encephalopathies, act by entering the cell and inducing conformational changes in PrPc (a normal cell membrane sialoglycoprotein), which result in cell death. A specific cell-surface receptor to mediate PrPc and prion endocytosis has been predicted. Complementary hydropathy let us generate a hypothetical peptide mimicking the receptor binding site. Antibodies raised against this peptide stain the surface of mouse neurons and recognize a 66-kDa membrane protein that binds PrPc both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, both the complementary prion peptide and antiserum against it inhibit the toxicity of a prion-derived peptide toward neuronal cells in culture. Such reagents might therefore have therapeutic applications.
187 citations
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that species specificity of fertilization in sea urchins depends in part on the fine structure of egg jelly sulfated polysaccharide.
171 citations
TL;DR: The composition of the phytoplankton of Lago Batata, a flood-plain lake connected to Rio Trombetas,undergoes a conspicuous annual cycle which is related to the hydrology (depth of water, rate of fluvialflushing) and the hydrography (stability, frequency ofmixing of the water) of the lake as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The composition of the phytoplankton of Lago Batata,a flood-plain lake connected to Rio Trombetas,undergoes a conspicuous annual cycle which is relatedto the hydrology (depth of water, rate of fluvialflushing) and the hydrography (stability, frequency ofmixing of the water) of the lake. From a sparsenanoplankton at high-water and high flushing, the lakepasses to desmid-diatom dominance and finally tofilamentous cyanobacteria when the lake is barely 2 mdeep. As it refills, the lake again becomes desmid-dominated; then, when the turbidity is least and thestratification most stable, Botryococcus becomesa major component. Eventually flushing becomes toorapid for any but the relatively fastest-growingspecies. These changes are gradual and, at the scaleof algal generation times, cannot be explained assharp or sudden disturbances. Neither do they have theproperties of ecological successions but ratherrepresent compositional responses to a progressiveenvironmental modification analogous to the floristicphenomenon of gradual climate change.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors pointed out how these terms are misused and suggested definitions that distinguish one concept clearly from another while accounting of their interrelationships, and each term is also linked to a specific historical moment.
Abstract: The literature on Brazilian politics makes broad and frequent use of the concepts of mandonismo, coronelismo, clientelismo, patrimonialism, and feudalism. However, the explanatory power of these concepts has been jeopardized by the imprecise (and at times contradictory) way in which they are often employed. The article points out how these terms are misused and suggests definitions that distinguish one concept clearly from another while accounting of their interrelationships. Each term is also linked to a specific historical moment.
TL;DR: Results indicated that all V2 sites project topographically back to V1 and forward to V3, V4 and MT, and projections from the peripheral field representation V2 of parietal areas could provide a direct route for rapid activation of circuits serving spatial vision and spatial attention.
Abstract: To determine the locus, extent and topographic organization of cortical projections of area V2, we injected tritiated amino acids under electrophysiological control into 15 V2 sites in 14 macaques. The injection sites included the foveal representation and representations ranging from central to far peripheral eccentricities in both the upper and lower visual fields. The results indicated that all V2 sites project topographically back to V1 and forward to V3, V4 and MT. There is also a topographically organized projection from V2 to V4t, but this projection is limited to the lower visual field representation. V2 thus appears to project to virtually all the visual cortex within the occipital lobe. In addition to these projections to occipital visual areas, V2 sites representing eccentricities of ~30° and greater project to three visual areas in parietal cortex ‐ the medial superior temporal (MST), parieto-occipital (PO) and ventral intraparietal (VIP) areas. This peripheral field representation of V2 also projects to area VTF, a visual area located in area TF on the posterior parahippocampal gyrus. Projections from the peripheral field representation of V2 to parietal areas could provide a direct route for rapid activation of circuits serving spatial vision and spatial attention.
TL;DR: In this article, the effectiveness of polyethylene elastomer (POE) as an impact modifier for polypropylene in relation to the traditional modifier EPDM was analyzed by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
Abstract: A new family of homogeneous polyolefin polymers that exhibit unique molecular and rheological properties designated polyolefin elastomers (POEs) are characterized by a narrow molecular weight and high degrees of comonomer distribution. Because these copolymers are often elastomeric in nature, one of the uses for these materials is as impact properties improver for brittle polymers such as polypropylene at low temperatures. In this work a study was carried out about the effectiveness of the polyethylene elastomer (POE) as an impact modifier for polypropylene in relation to the traditional modifier EPDM. In this study the flow properties of of the POE/PP and EPDM/PP blends were also evaluated. The blends were analyzed by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that PEE/PP and EPDM/PP blends present a similar crystalline behavior, which resulted in a similar mechanical performance of the blends, on the composition analyzed. It was also verified that the POE/PP blend presents lower torque values than the EPDM/PP blend, which indicates a better processability when POE is used as an impact modifier. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 2005–2014, 1997
TL;DR: All medicaments showed that all medicaments were effective in reducing or eliminating the endodontic microbiota, as demonstrated by the incidence of negative cultures.
TL;DR: The data showed that canatoxin is highly toxic when ingested by some species of insects but not affecting others, probably in correlation with the characteristics of the digestive process of the insect.
Abstract: Canatoxin is a toxic protein isolated from the jackbean, Canavalia ensiformis. The toxin injected intraperitoneally is lethal for mice and rats; however, it is inactive if given orally. In this study. Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera), Schistocerca Americana (Drury) (Orthoptera), Drosophila melanogester (L.) (Diptera), Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera), Rhodnius prolixus (Stal)(Hemiptera), and Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera) were fed on canatoxin- containing diets. No effects were seen in M. sexta, S. Americana, D. melanogaster or A. aegypti . No traces of canatoxin were found in their feces, suggesting that the protein was digested completely by these insects, which characteristically have a trypsin-based digestion. In contrast, canatoxin was lethal for insects displaying cathepsin-based digestion. Thus, for C. maculatus , a diet containing 0.25% wt:wt canatoxin caused complete inhibition of larval growth. When R. prolixus were fed on canatoxin, 2 effects were seen: impairment of water excretion and increased lethality 48-96 h after feeding. The lethal effect of canatoxin in R. prolixus was blocked partially or completely when the digestion of the toxin by R. prolixus midgut enzymes was impaired. The data showed that canatoxin is highly toxic when ingested by some species of insects but not affecting others, probably in correlation with the characteristics of the digestive process of the insect.
TL;DR: A preliminary screening work selected Penicillium restrictum as a promising micro-organism for lipase production based on the physiological response of the fungus towards cell growth and enzyme production upon variable carbon and nitrogen nutrition, specific air flow rate and agitation.
Abstract: A preliminary screening work selected Penicillium restrictum as a promising micro-organism for lipase production. The physiological response of the fungus towards cell growth and enzyme production upon variable carbon and nitrogen nutrition, specific air flow rate (Qa) and agitation (N) was evaluated in a 5-L bench-scale fermenter. In optimized conditions for lipase production meat peptone at 2% (w/v) and olive oil at 1% (w/v) were used in a growth medium with a C/N ratio of 9.9. Higher C/N ratios favored cell growth in detriment of enzyme production. Low extracellular lipase activities were observed using glucose as carbon source suggesting glucose regulation. Final lipase accumulation of 13,000 U/L was obtained, using optimized specific air flow rate (Qa) of 0.5 vvm and an impeller speed (N) of 200 rpm. Agitation showed to be an important parameter to ensure nutrient availability in a growth medium having olive oil as carbon source.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the daily, weekly, and monthly behavior of volatility in emerging stock markets in local currency and in dollar-adjusted returns and used cumulative sums of squares methodology to identify the points and magnitude of shocks/sudden changes in the unconditional variance of returns in each market.
Abstract: This study examines the daily, weekly, and monthly behavior of volatility in emerging stock markets in local currency and in dollar-adjusted returns. An iterated cumulative sums of squares methodology is used to identify the points and magnitude of shocks/sudden changes in the unconditional variance of returns in each market. Both increases and decreases in the variance are identified. The high volatility in emerging markets is not simply continuous, but is marked by shocks. The large changes in volatility seem to be related to important country-specific political, social and economic events. These events include the Mexican Peso crisis, periods of hyperinflation in Latin America, the Marcos-Aquino conflict in the Philippines, and the stock market scandal in India. The October 1987 crash is the only “global event” in the last decade that caused a significant jump in the volatility of several emerging stock markets. After accounting for these shocks, ARCH/GARCH effects are considerably reduced.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that cruzipain activates plasmatic prekallikrein, which would be a second and indirect way of the parasite protease to release bradykinin.
TL;DR: Two‐photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy was used noninvasively to monitor a fluorescent antigen during macrophage‐mediated endocytosis, intracellular vacuolar encapsulation, and protease‐dependent processing to validate the use of flow cytometry for future studies.
Abstract: Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy was used noninvasively to monitor a fluorescent antigen during macrophage-mediated endocytosis, intracellular vacuolar encapsulation, and protease-dependent processing. Fluorescein-conjugated bovine serum albumin (FITC–BSA) served as the soluble exogenous antigen. As a relatively nonfluorescent probe in the native state, the antigen was designed to reflect sequential intracellular antigen processing events through time-dependent changes in fluorescence properties. Using two-photon lifetime imaging microscopy, antigen processing events were monitored continuously for several hours. During this time, the initial fluorescein fluorescence lifetime of 0.5 ns increased to α 3.0 ns. Control experiments using fluorescein conjugated poly-l-lysine and poly-d-lysine demonstrated that the increase in fluorescence parameters observed with FITC–BSA were due to intracellular proteolysis since addition of the inert d-isomer did not promote an increase in fluorescence lifetime or intensity. Comparisons of intravacuolar and extracellular FITC–dextran concentration suggested active localization of dextran in the vacuoles by the macrophage. In addition, the kinetics of degradation observed using two-photon microscopy were similar to results obtained on the flow cytometer, thus validating the use of flow cytometry for future studies.
TL;DR: The detailed analysis of the optical spectrum and evolutionary state of the G2 Va star HR 6060 shows this object to have atmospheric parameters, mass, chromospheric activity, and UBV colors indistinguishable from the solar ones within the observational uncertainties.
Abstract: The detailed analysis of the optical spectrum and evolutionary state of the G2 Va star HR 6060 shows this object to have atmospheric parameters, mass, chromospheric activity, and UBV colors indistinguishable from the solar ones within the observational uncertainties. Only its luminosity and age are slightly higher than solar. Its abundance pattern is solar, with the exception of a slight excess of Sc, V, and the elements heavier than Sr. HR 6060 surpasses all previously claimed solar twins in likeness to the Sun, and we recommend that it be considered for strong priority in the ongoing planet-searching programs as well as in SETI surveys.
TL;DR: P pores recorded using cell-attached patch-clamp experiments performed in macrophages and J774 cells are associated with the P2Z permeabilization phenomenon.
Abstract: Millimolar concentrations of extracellular ATP (ATPo) can induce the permeabilization of plasma membranes of macrophages and other bone marrow-derived cells to low-molecular-weight solutes, a pheno...
TL;DR: Observations show that a previous treatment outcome and current clinical and epidemiologic histories can be used to predict the development of MDR-TB and adverse outcomes in patients undergoing retreatment for TB.
TL;DR: The high-affinity binding of convulxin appears specific to platelets, since it is not observed on other cell types such as neutrophils and erythrocytes, and together with the recent observation that platelet activation by convULxin is partially mediated by phospholipase C and involves other mechanisms as well, indicates that convulXin may interact with a specific platelet acceptor (receptor) protein which has yet to be characterized.
TL;DR: The RAPD technique revealed intraserotype-specific variations, undetectable by the combination of several phenotypic typing methods, among the ETEC strains analyzed, showing that RAPD typing represents a useful tool for population genetics as well as for epidemiological studies of ETEC.
Abstract: The genetic diversity of 47 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains of serotypes O6:H16, O27:H7, O29:H21, O128ac:H12, and O153:H45, previously isolated from diarrheic patients in Brazil over a period of 15 years, was investigated by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Informative band arrays were obtained with three 10-mer primers with G+C contents of 50, 60, and 70%. Based on the combination of the band profiles generated by the three primers 22 RAPD types were detected, and 5 major clonal clusters, each one with at least 80% identical bands, were established. The clonal clusters corresponded to strains having the same serotype which, in most cases, also had the same virulence factors (colonization factors and toxin types) and outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles. The results suggested a correlation between phenotypic properties and genetic relatedness of ETEC isolates of human origin and indicated that a reduced number of clonally related strains are found in areas of ETEC endemicity in Brazil. Moreover, the RAPD technique revealed intraserotype-specific variations, undetectable by the combination of several phenotypic typing methods, among the ETEC strains analyzed. These results show that RAPD typing represents a useful tool for population genetics as well as for epidemiological studies of ETEC.
TL;DR: Recent findings about the features of host cell-mediated immunity against the parasite and possible mechanisms leading to chronic infection are reviewed.
TL;DR: The number of strains presented, including four strains recovered from human clinical sources, one strain isolated from an environmental source, and two strains isolated from pigs, provides molecular characterization of V. fluvialis and the first evidence of a possible connection of this species with human infections.
Abstract: This study presents phenotypic and genotypic data for seven isolates of Vagococcus fluvialis, including four strains recovered from human clinical sources, one strain isolated from an environmental source, and two strains isolated from pigs. On the basis of phenotypic characteristics, most isolates were initially classified as "unidentified enterococci," because they resembled atypical arginine-negative enterococcal species. All seven strains as well as the type strain of V. fluvialis reacted with the AccuProbe Enterococcus genetic probe. The seven isolates had virtually indistinguishable whole-cell protein profiles that were similar to that of the V. fluvialis type strain and distinct from those of Enterococcus and Lactococcus species. DNA-DNA reassociation experiments confirmed that the strains were V. fluvialis. They were 71% or more related to the V. fluvialis type strain under optimum and stringent conditions, with 2.5% or less divergence within related sequences. All strains were susceptible to ampicillin, cefotaxime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and vancomycin and were resistant to clindamycin, lomefloxacin, and ofloxacin. Strain-to-strain variation was observed in relation to susceptibilities to 18 other antimicrobial agents. Chromosomal DNA was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after digestion with SmaI. Distinctive PFGE patterns were generated, suggesting the nonclonal nature of V. fluvialis strains. Although the number of strains was small, this report provides molecular characterization of V. fluvialis and the first evidence of a possible connection of this species with human infections.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the recently described triterpenoid fractions of P. mediterranea can be safely used as adjuvant with low or non-haemolytic effect.
TL;DR: A complete stability analysis in the general case of variable structure model-reference adaptive control (VS-MRAC) based on the explicit consideration of input disturbances which may include the disturbance originated by the uncertainty of the plant high-frequency gain is presented.
Abstract: The variable structure model-reference adaptive control(VS-MRAC) redesign and stability analysis, presented previously by the authors (1993) for the case of plants with relative degree n*/spl les/2, is generalized to the case of arbitrary n*/spl ges/1. This paper presents a complete stability analysis in the general case. The redesign is based on the explicit consideration of input disturbances which may include the disturbance originated by the uncertainty of the plant high-frequency gain. This leads to a considerably simpler and less restrictive stability analysis as well as to a systematic controller design for external disturbance rejection. The overall error system is globally exponentially stable with respect to a small residual set. Robustness to unmodeled dynamics is also discussed.
TL;DR: The known history of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia on the West Coast of the USA is traced in three time periods: the early observations of 1920–1943, later publications in 1960–1990, and recent publications after known domoic acid events in 1991–1996.
Abstract: The known history of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia [mostly reported in error as Nitzschia seriata (PT. Cleve) H. Peragallo] on the West Coast of the USA is traced in three time periods: the early obse...