Showing papers by "Federal University of São Carlos published in 2007"
TL;DR: This paper validate the method characterizing local structures in complex molecular-dynamics datasets, clarifying its advantages over the CNA and the CSP methods.
562 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles using poly(N-vinilpyrrolidone) (PVP) as a protective agent was studied, and the nanoparticles were prepared in air according to a modified polyol route, using nickel chloride as precursor and sodium borohydride as reducing agent.
216 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the results of gelatin-based protonic polymeric electrolytes (SPEs) were characterized by impedance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-vis-NIR spectrograph, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
175 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that each cell line responds differently to specific wavelength and dose combinations, and the physiological mechanisms responsible for the contrasting outcomes obtained when using laser irradiation on cultured normal and malignant bone cells are investigated.
Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 670-nm, 780-nm, and 830-nm laser irradiation on cell proliferation of normal primary osteoblast (MC3T3) and malignant osteosarcoma...
174 citations
TL;DR: The electrochemical performance of pure Ti-Pt/beta-PbO2 electrodes, or doped with Fe and F (together or separately), in the oxidation of simulated wastewaters containing the Blue Reactive 19 dye was investigated and compared with that of a boron-doped diamond electrode supported on a niobium substrate (Nb/BDD).
169 citations
University of Southern California1, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center2, Monash University3, Duke University4, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology5, Federal University of São Carlos6, Albany Medical College7, University of Bologna8, National Institutes of Health9, Johns Hopkins University10, Discovery Institute11, Nagoya University12, Carlos III Health Institute13, University College London14, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center15, Harvard University16, Stanford University17
TL;DR: This dissertation aims to provide a history of web exceptionalism from 1989 to 2002, a period chosen in order to explore its roots as well as specific cases up to and including the year in which descriptions of “Web 2.0” began to circulate.
Abstract: Kelvin J A Davies,* Gennady Ermak,* Beverley A Rothermel, Melanie Pritchard, Joseph Heitman, Joohong Ahnn, Flavio Henrique-Silva, Dana Crawford, Silvia Canaider,** Pierluigi Strippoli,** Paolo Carinci,** Kyung-Tai Min, Deborah S Fox, Kyle W Cunningham, Rhonda Bassel-Duby, Eric N Olson, Zhuohua Zhang, R Sanders Williams, Hans-Peter Gerber,*** Merce Perez-Riba, Hisao Seo, Xia Cao, Claude B Klee, Juan Miguel Redondo, Lois J Maltais, Elspeth A Bruford, Sue Povey, Jeffery D Molkentin,**** Frank D McKeon, Elia J Duh, Gerald R Crabtree,§§§§ Martha S Cyert, Susana de la Luna, and Xavier Estivill
159 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the catalytic behavior of Ni/Al2O3 catalysts modified with La and Ag was investigated in the steam reforming of ethanol, and the results showed that the Ni became more susceptible to modification by water in La-containing Ni catalyst.
Abstract: The catalytic behavior of Ni/Al2O3 catalysts modified with La and Ag was investigated in the steam reforming of ethanol. The catalysts were characterized by SBET, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of CO adsorption. The reaction rate for noncatalytic decomposition of ethanol in the homogeneous gas phase becomes significant only at high temperatures (T ≥ 890 K). FTIR results revealed that Ag strongly modifies the Ni surface, decreasing the intensity ratio of the bands for adsorbed CO in the bridging mode at low frequency (LF) and the linear mode at high frequency (HF). Similar but smaller effect was observed in the La-containing catalyst. The activity and stability against carbon depostion for steam reforming of ethanol of Ni/Al2O3 catalyst was only slightly sensitive to Ag but the activity was strongly dependent on the presence of La. The reaction data suggest that at temperatures lower than 650 K the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst was active for decomposition of ethanol via the acetaldehyde intermediate, showing high selectivity to methane and CO. The rate of steam reforming of ethanol became significant at temperature higher than 650 K. Comparing Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/La–Al2O3 catalysts the results pointed out that the Ni became more susceptible to modification by water in La-containing Ni catalyst. The Ni/La–Al2O3 catalysts become inactive at low temperatures, and the activity could be regenerated with reduction of NiO by ethanol on raising the reaction temperature. Differently from the steam reforming of methane, the coking cannot be suppressed by Ag promotion in the case of steam reforming of ethanol. Inversely, the La has a positive effect to decreasing coking on Ni catalysts. A scheme for ethanol reactions with H2O on Ni surfaces is proposed based on reaction tests.
153 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, eight chromium(III) complexes of tetradentate Schiff bases have been prepared in situ by condensing of a substituted salicylaldehyde compound with ethylenediamine.
149 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of Ag loading on the physicochemical properties and catalytic behavior of Ni/Al2O3-supported catalysts on steam reforming of methane was studied.
Abstract: The effect of Ag loading (0.1–0.6 wt.%) on the physicochemical properties and catalytic behavior of Al2O3-supported Ni catalysts on steam reforming of methane was studied. The surface properties of catalysts were evaluated by applying FTIR of adsorbed CO. Additional information was obtained by SBET, XRD, TPR, XANES, XPS and TEM characterizations. Ag caused a strong modification at the surface properties of the samples related to the CO adsorption and the stability to graphitic carbon deposition. The FTIR spectra of adsorbed CO on Ni/Al2O3 catalyst showed bands in two regions: (i) high frequency region (HF) with bands at 2075 cm−1 (HF1) and 2037 cm−1 (HF2), and (ii) low frequency region (LF) with bands at 1946 cm−1 (LF1) and 1902 cm−1 (LF2). The spectra of TPD-CO revealed that the HF2 species were favored with increasing the Ag loading, while the LF species were strongly suppressed. The kinetics parameters E a app versus ln A showed a compensation effect. The catalysts with Ag loading ≥0.3 wt.% submitted to stability tests showed high resistance to coke deposition. The high stability of the Ni catalysts promoted with Ag was attributed to changes in the superficial structure of Ni sites as result of the combination of different effects: (i) the decrease of Ni ensemble by geometric effect of Ag, (ii) changes of Ni sites involved in the nucleation of the graphite structure and (iii) equilibration of different steps of reaction rate decreasing the C* formation rate.
141 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that full crystallization of bioactive glasses in a range of compositions of the system P(2)O(5)-Na(3)O-CaO-SiO( 2) may promote enhancement of in vitro bone-like tissue formation in an osteogenic cell culture system.
Abstract: One of the strategies to improve the mechanical performance of bioactive glasses for load-bearing implant devices has been the development of glass-ceramic materials. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a highly bioactive, fully-crystallized glass-ceramic (Biosilicate) of the system P(2)O(5)-Na(2)O-CaO-SiO(2) on various key parameters of in vitro osteogenesis. Surface characterization was carried out by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Osteogenic cells were obtained by enzymatic digestion of newborn rat calvarial bone and by growing on Biosilicate discs and on control bioactive glass surfaces (Biosilicate) parent glass and Bioglass(R) 45S5) for periods of up to 17 days. All materials developed an apatite layer in simulated body fluid for 24h. Additionally, as early as 12 h under culture conditions and in the absence of cells, all surfaces developed a layer of silica-gel that was gradually covered by amorphous calcium phosphate deposits, which remained amorphous up to 72 h. During the proliferative phase of osteogenic cultures, the majority of cells exhibited disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton, whereas reassembly of actin stress fibers took place only in areas of cell multilayering by day 5. Although no significant differences were detected in terms of total protein content and alkaline phosphatase activity at days 11 and 17, Biosilicate supported significantly larger areas of calcified matrix at day 17. The results indicate that full crystallization of bioactive glasses in a range of compositions of the system P(2)O(5)-Na(2)O-CaO-SiO(2) may promote enhancement of in vitro bone-like tissue formation in an osteogenic cell culture system.
138 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of CeO 2 loading on the surface properties and catalytic behaviors of Pd catalysts was studied in the process of steam reforming of methane, and the results showed that the increase of specific reaction rate with enhancing the ceria loading suggests that net effect results in an increase of the accessibility of CH 4 to metal active sites.
Abstract: The effect of CeO 2 loading on the surface properties and catalytic behaviors of CeO 2 –Al 2 O 3 -supported Pd catalysts was studied in the process of steam reforming of methane. The catalysts were characterized by S BET , X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD measurements indicated that palladium particles on the surface of fresh and reduced catalysts are well dispersed. TPR experiments revealed a heterogeneous distribution of PdO species over CeO 2 –Al 2 O 3 supports; one fraction of large particles, reducible at room temperature, another fraction interacting with CeO 2 and Al 2 O 3 , reducible at higher temperatures of 347 and 423 K, respectively. The PdO species reducible at room temperature showed lower CO adsorption relative to the PdO species reducible at high temperature. In contrast to Pd/Al 2 O 3 , the FTIR results revealed that CeO 2 -containing catalyst with CeO 2 loading ≥12 wt.% show lower ratio (LF/HF) between the intensity of the CO bands in the bridging mode at low frequency (LF) and the linear mode at high frequency (HF). This ratio was constant with increasing the temperature of reduction. The FTIR spectra and the measurement of Pd dispersion suggested that Pd surface becomes partially covered with ceria at all temperature of reduction and with increasing ceria loading in Pd/CeO 2 –Al 2 O 3 catalysts. Although the PdO/Al 2 O 3 showed higher Pd dispersion compared to that of CeO 2 -containing catalysts, the addition of ceria resulted in an increase of the turnover rate and specific rate to steam reforming of methane. The CH 4 turnover rate of Pd/CeO 2 –Al 2 O 3 catalysts with ceria loading ≥12 wt.% was around four orders of magnitude higher compared to that of Pd/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. The increase of the activity of the catalysts was attributed to various effects of CeO 2 such as: (i) change of superficial Pd structure with blocking of Pd sites; (ii) the jumping of oxygen (O * ) from ceria to Pd surface, which can decrease the carbon formation on Pd surface. Considering that these effects of CeO 2 are opposite to changes of the reaction rate, the increase of specific reaction rate with enhancing the ceria loading suggests that net effect results in the increase of the accessibility of CH 4 to metal active sites.
25 May 2007-Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing
TL;DR: In this article, the microstructural characterization of induced adiabatic shear bands (ASB) in a hot-rolled interstitial free (IF) steel deformed at high strain rates (>2.8 × 104 s−1) under controlled conditions at −50 and 25°C.
Abstract: We report the microstructural characterization of induced adiabatic shear bands (ASB) in a hot-rolled interstitial free (IF) steel deformed at high strain rates (>2.8 × 104 s−1) in a split Hopkinson bar under controlled conditions at −50 and 25 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were used to reveal the degree of subdivision within ASB and neighboring grains. Deformation twins were found in adjacent grains suggesting that twinning occurs before the flow associated to shear banding. Progressive subgrain misorientation (PriSM) recrystallization is a plausible mechanism to explain the development of a new structure consisting of weakly textured ultrafine grains (0.1–0.5 μm) within the ASB. Recrystallization is proposed to occur by the formation and mechanical rotation of subgrains during deformation, coupled with boundary refinement via diffusion during shear band cooling. The presence of elongated subgrains and grains perfectly aligned within regions resembling a former lamellar structure within bands supports the occurrence of such a mechanism.
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18 Nov 2007TL;DR: The Marking Time as discussed by the authors is a collection of essays by Paul Rabinow on antropologia da contemporaneidade, in which he elaborou alguns dos conceitos que fundamentam a proposta de uma antropology de contemporary research.
Abstract: A expressao Marking Time evoca diversos sentidos. Neste livro, Rabinow nos diz que procurara destacar tres possiveis: um intervalo entre acoes; um espaco performativo, tal como o entreato numa composicao; e a possibilidade de uma antropologia que conjugue os aspectos precedentes num inquerito das praticas e formas que caracterizam o mundo contemporâneo. Marking Time da continuidade aos livros Anthropos Today (2003) e A Machine to Make a Future (2005), nos quais o autor elaborou alguns dos conceitos que fundamentam sua proposta de uma antropologia da contemporaneidade. Marking Time resulta das pesquisas de Paul Rabinow durante os anos de 2003 a 2006, periodo no qual se ocupou, sobretudo, das mudancas nos dominios da biotecnologia numa era pos-genomica e da experimentacao de metodos alternativos ao inquerito e producao do conhecimento antropologico. Tendo em vista a miriade de temas e objetos de estudos forjados na seara estabelecida entre a antropologia e as ciencias biologicas, o desafio inicial foi o de compor uma agenda coletiva de pesquisa que foi levada adiante a partir da consolidacao do grupo “The Anthropology of the Contemporary Research Collaboratory”, sediado na Universidade da California (UCLA-Berkeley). Foi tambem neste periodo que Rabinow passou a trabalhar com Robert Brent, diretor do Instituto de Ciencias Moleculares de Berkeley (MSI), um centro de excelencia norte-americano em pesquisas de genoma e biologia computacional. Sua insercao no Instituto tem por objetivo o acompanhamento das iniciativas de Brent e sua equipe no que concerne ao tema da biosseguranca em torno do incipiente campo da biologia sintetica. Messias Basques Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Antropologia Social, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brasil messias.basques@gmail.com
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the influence of natural sugars present in the cassava root on the properties of thermoplastic starch produced with the root and found that the use of only sugar and water as plasticizers in the TPS caused a considerable reduction (∼60%) in subsequent water uptake.
TL;DR: In this article, several quality parameters, such as water activity, glass transition temperature (Tg), Vitamin C content, shrinkage and rehydration capacity were investigated for the freeze-drying of acerola fruits.
Abstract: Several quality parameters, such as water activity (aw), glass transition temperature (Tg), Vitamin C content, shrinkage and rehydration capacity were investigated for the freeze-drying of acerola fruits. The variation of temperature with time at different positions of the samples was measured during the freezing of samples, performed prior to the freeze-drying. Drying kinetic curves were obtained for different types of samples. The extent of shrinkage after freeze-drying was investigated and related to the glass transition temperature, Tg. The variation of water activity (aw) along the drying and sorption isotherms was obtained for different freezing techniques. It was observed that freeze-dried acerola fruits can be easily reconstituted, and important nutritional parameters are well preserved after the process. They may be considered as a good source of Vitamin C, whose content was best preserved for freeze-drying of fruits at an intermediary stage of ripening.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered the Bethe ansatz solution of integrable models interacting through factorized S-matrices based on the central extension of the su(2|2) symmetry.
TL;DR: The combined use of FES and treadmill training with BWS led to an improvement in motor recovery and seemed to improve the gait pattern of subjects with hemiparesis, indicating the utility of this combination method during gait rehabilitation.
Abstract: Background and Purpose: Treadmill training with harness support is a promising, task-oriented approach to restoring locomotor function in people with poststroke hemiparesis. Although the combined use of functional electrical stimulation (FES) and treadmill training with body-weight support (BWS) has been studied before, this combined intervention was compared with the Bobath approach as opposed to BWS alone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the combined use of FES and treadmill training with BWS on walking functions and voluntary limb control in people with chronic hemiparesis.
Subjects: Eight people who were ambulatory after chronic stroke were evaluated.
Methods: An A1-B-A2 single-case study design was applied. Phases A1 and A2 included 3 weeks of gait training on a treadmill with BWS, and phase B included 3 weeks of treadmill training plus FES applied to the peroneal nerve. The Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement was used to assess motor recovery, and a videography analysis was used to assess gait parameters.
Results: An improvement (from 54.9% to 71.0%) in motor function was found during phase B. The spatial and temporal variables cycle duration, stance duration, and cadence as well as cycle length symmetry showed improvements when phase B was compared with phases A1 and A2.
Discussion and Conclusions: The combined use of FES and treadmill training with BWS led to an improvement in motor recovery and seemed to improve the gait pattern of subjects with hemiparesis, indicating the utility of this combination method during gait rehabilitation. In addition, this single-case series showed that this alternative method of gait training—treadmill training with BWS and FES—may decrease the number of people required to carry out the training.
TL;DR: In this review, the biosynthesis, fermentation, structure elucidation (by MS and NMR techniques in particular) and biological activity of antibiotic peptides from Trichoderma species are described.
TL;DR: Ferrihydrite controls oxidation of ATZ by H(2)O(2), producing non-reactive oxygen species in particular at higher pH in two different ways: mineral dissolution at low pH allowing the Fenton reaction to proceed in solution and surface-mediated decomposition of H( 2) O(2).
TL;DR: In this article, the coupling efficiency of maleated polypropylene (PP-MAH) with varying MAH content and melt flow index in wood composites has been investigated.
Abstract: The main accomplishment of compounding wood-flour with thermo- plastics is an increase in rigidity and specific strength. Filler-matrix interactions play a key role in the composite performance and the strength of the interface is determined by the nature of the coupling agents employed. The coupling efficiency of maleated polypropylene (PP-MAH) with varying MAH content and melt flow index in polypropylene-wood composites has been investigated. A method based on a simplified single rule of mixtures aiming to compare differences in interface adhesion in the presence of PP-MAH is proposed in terms of relaxation spectra of polypropylene-wood composites obtained by dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The criterion is an attempt to determine an adhesion factor as derived from the relative mechanical damping (tan � ) of the composite as a function of the filler content and temperature. Experimental results deviate from model predictions possibly owing to assumptions of wood-flour as a rigid filler as well as neglect of an interphase volume fraction and its damping characteristics. However, good correlations of coupling efficiency and yield properties have been found for wood composites with homopolymer and copolymer matrices within a range of varying wood-flour content and type of coupling agent. Further evidences of improved matrix-filler interactions, wettability, and filler dispersion in the presence of the PP-MAH are observed by scanning electron microscopy.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the social abilities, social support, quality of life and depression of the elderly from Universidade Aberta da Terceira Idade da Unividade do Estado do Brazil (UnATI/UERJ), in the contexts of family and asylums.
Abstract: Current studies suggest that the capacity to socially interact is basic for the elderly in order to reach out and keep social support, and to guarantee a better quality of life. The present study aimed to investigate the social abilities, social support, quality of life and depression of the elderly from Universidade Aberta da Terceira Idade da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UnATI/UERJ), in the contexts of family and asylums. For this research the following tools were used: Social Skills Inventory, Social Support Measurement, WHOQOL-BRIEF and Geriatric Depression Scale-15. Analysis of the data obtained from the instruments above, show that the elderly that live in asylums present a reduced repertoire of social abilities, a diminished social support network and an impaired quality of life. This research offers subsidies for the implantation of Social Skills Training Programs directed for the elderly, enhancing their ability to get social support and, therefore, a better quality of life.
TL;DR: The control of the heating cycle was the main factor in achieving success in microwave hybrid fast sintering of porcelain bodies, and the modulus of rupture of the microwave-sintered dental porcelains was higher than those of the conventional sintered samples.
TL;DR: As a larger number of ambulances are decentralized, mean response times, fractions of calls served by backups and other performance measures of the system are improved, while the ambulance workloads remain approximately constant, but total decentralization as suggested by the system operators of SAMU-192 may not produce satisfactory results.
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple method to co-precipitate CeO2 and Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9−δ with ammonium hydroxide from solvents such as: water, ethylene glycol, ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol was described.
TL;DR: In this paper, the solubility of d-glucose in water as a function of temperature in a mixture of ethanol/water containing (50, 60, 70, and 80) % ethanol was evaluated on the basis of the refraction index at 60 °C.
Abstract: The solubility of d-glucose in water as a function of temperature in a mixture of ethanol/water containing (50, 60, 70, and 80) % ethanol was evaluated on the basis of the refraction index at 60 °C. The results obtained have shown that the solubility in water presents a linear increase with an increase in temperature, whereas for the solutions containing ethanol/water mixtures, this increase is represented by a second-order polynomial. Because glucose shows considerably high solubility, these data can be used to study the glucose crystallization process in mixtures containing antisolvents.
TL;DR: In this article, the electrodeposition of cobalt from sulphate solutions containing boric acid was investigated using EQCM technique coupled with potentiostatic measurements, and the results showed that the buffer contribution of Boric acid is effective in the cobalt electro deposition at 25 ◦ C; however, cobalt hydroxide is formed simultaneously with cobalt deposition at 48 ◦C.
TL;DR: Respiratory muscle stretching using the GPR method was efficient in promoting an increase in maximal respiratory pressures, thoracic expansion and abdominal mobility, suggesting that it could be used as a physiotherapy resource to develop respiratory muscle strength, thorACic expansionand abdominal mobility.
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effect that respiratory muscle stretching using the global postural reeducation (GPR) method has on respiratory muscle strength, thoracic expansion and abdominal mobility in sedentary young males. Methods: This was a randomized study involving 20 sedentary volunteers, aged 22.7 ± 2.5 years, divided into two groups of 10: a control group, composed of subjects not performing any exercises, and a group of subjects submitted to the GPR method. The protocol consisted of a program to stretch the respiratory muscles with participants in the ‘open-arm, open hip joint angle’ position, which was regularly performed twice a week for 8 weeks, totaling 16 sessions. The two groups were submitted to measurements of maximal inspiratory pressure, maximal expiratory pressure, thoracic expansion and abdominal mobility, prior to and after the intervention period. Results: The initial and final values for maximal respiratory pressures, thoracic expansion and abdominal mobility for the control group showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). However, for the GPR group, all values increased after the intervention (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Respiratory muscle stretching using the GPR method was efficient in promoting an increase in maximal respiratory pressures, thoracic expansion and abdominal mobility, suggesting that it could be used as a physiotherapy resource to develop respiratory muscle strength, thoracic expansion and abdominal mobility.
TL;DR: The use of zein in thermoplastic starch compositions causes a decrease in the water sensitivity of these materials and lower its melt viscosity during processing making zein a suitable and very promising component in TPS compositions as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Blends of starch and zein plasticized with glycerol were prepared by melting processing in an intensive batch mixer connected to a torque rheometer at 160 °C. The resulting mixtures were compression molded and then characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X ray diffraction and water-absorption experiments. The blends were immiscible, showing two distinct phases of starch and zein. The water uptake at equilibrium and its diffusion coefficient were determined. The water uptake at equilibrium decreased with increasing zein content. The diffusion coefficient fell sharply on addition of 20% zein and remained constant as zein content was increased. No appreciable effect of zein on starch crystallization was observed by X ray diffraction. The use of zein in thermoplastic starch compositions causes a decrease in the water sensitivity of these materials and lower its melt viscosity during processing making zein a suitable and very promising component in TPS compositions.
TL;DR: In this paper, a drawing at 80 °C of α-phase films was shown to contain about 20% of phase α, a crystallinity degree of 40% and a β-phase crystallographic c-axis orientation factor of 0655.
Abstract: Oriented β-phase films were obtained by utilizing two different techniques: conventional uniaxial drawing at 80 °C of predominantly α-phase films, and by drawing almost exclusively β-phase films obtained by crystallization at 60 °C from dimethylformamide (DMF) solution with subsequent pressing Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and pole figure plots showed that with the conventional drawing technique films oriented at a ratio (R) of 5 still contained about 20% of phase α, a crystallinity degree of 40% and β-phase crystallographic c-axis orientation factor of 0655 Drawing at 90 °C and with R = 4 of originally β-phase films results in exclusively β-phase films with crystallinity degree of 45% and orientation factor of 0885 Crystalline phase, crystallinity degree, and crystallographic c-axis orientation factor of both phases were also determined for α-phase oriented films obtained by drawing α-phase films at 140 °C For films drawn at 140 °C the α to β phase transition drops to about 22% Reduction in crystallinity degree with increasing R is more pronounced at draw temperature of 140 °C compared with 80 °C Moreover, for both phases the c-axis orientation parallel to the draw direction is higher at draw temperature of 140 °C than at 80 °C © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2793–2801, 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, Magnesia is used to increase the performance of pre-shaped linings for steel production, which is a very important raw material in the refractory industry because of its high refractoriness (melting point of 2800°C) and corrosion resistance.