Showing papers by "Flinders University published in 1989"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report the results of an historical analysis of social disclosures in 100 years of annual reporting by a dominant corporation in the Australian mining/manufacturing industry and identify a variable but significant pattern of social reporting.
Abstract: Various rationales have been advanced to explain the phenomenon of corporate social reporting. Among these has been legitimacy theory which posits that corporate disclosures are made as reactions to environmental factors and in order to legitimise corporate actions. This paper reports the results of an historical analysis of social disclosures in 100 years of annual reporting by a dominant corporation in the Australian mining/manufacturing industry. A variable but significant pattern of social reporting is identified and compared with an earlier study of social reporting by US Steel. The results of this study fail to confirm legitimacy theory as the primary explanation for social reporting in the Australian case.
1,405 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a methodology is presented for the prediction of fission track parameters in geological situations from a laboratory-based description of annealing kinetics, which is applied to a number of geological situations for which apatite fission-track analysis (AFTA) data are available and where thermal history is known with some confidence.
Abstract: A methodology is presented for the prediction of fission-track parameters in geological situations from a laboratory-based description of annealing kinetics. To test the validity of extrapolation from laboratory to geological timescales, the approach is applied to a number of geological situations for which apatite fission-track analysis (AFTA) data are available and where thermal history is known with some confidence. Predicted fission-track parameters agree well with observation in all cases, giving confidence in the validity of the extrapolation, and suggesting that fission-track annealing takes place by a single pathway in both laboratory and geological conditions. The precision of predicted track lengths is considered in some detail. Typical levels of precision are ∼ ±0.5 μm for mean lengths ⪷ 10 μm, and ∼ ±0.3 μm for length ⪆ 10 μm. Precision is largely independent of thermal history for any reasonable geological thermal history. Accuracy of prediction is limited principally by the effect of apatite composition on annealing kinetics. The development of fission-track parameters is illustrated through a series of notional thermal histories to emphasise various key aspects of the response of the system. Temperature dominates over time in determining final fission-track parameters, with an order of magnitude increase in time being equivalent to a ∼ 10°C increase in temperature. The final length of a track is determined predominantly by the maximum temperature to which it is subjected. Aspects of AFTA response are further highlighted by prediction of patterns of AFTA parameters as a function of depth and temperature from a series of notional burial histories embodying a variety of thermal history styles. The quantitative understanding of AFTA response not only affords the basis of rigorous paleotemperature estimation, but also allows a better understanding of the situations in which AFTA can be applied to yield useful information.
655 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a group of 469 firefighters were studied 4, 11 and 29 months after having an extreme exposure to a bushfire disaster, and the relative importance of the impact of the disaster, personality and ways of coping were investigated as determinants of post-traumatic morbidity.
Abstract: A group of 469 firefighters were studied 4, 11 and 29 months after having an extreme exposure to a bushfire disaster. The relative importance of the impact of the disaster, personality and ways of coping were investigated as determinants of post-traumatic morbidity. Neuroticism and a past history of treatment for a psychological disorder were better predictors of post-traumatic morbidity than the degree of exposure to the disaster or the losses sustained. These results raise doubts about the postulated central aetiological role a traumatic event plays in the onset of morbidity.
427 citations
TL;DR: The evidence suggests that by the age of 15 years many adolescents show a reliable level of competence in metacognitive understanding of decision-making, creative problem-solving, correctness of choice, and commitment to a course of action.
320 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, sufficient conditions are obtained respectively for the asymptotic stability of the trivial solution of x(t) + ax(t − τ) = ∑j = 1∞ bjx(tj − )δ (t − tj), t ≠ tj and for all solutions to be oscillatory.
252 citations
TL;DR: The role of brain catecholamines in covert orienting was tested in normal subjects using a cued reaction time paradigm which measures the directional engagement, disengagement and movement of attention suggesting that both noradrenaline and dopamine are involved in facilitating the disengagement of attention.
217 citations
Journal Article•
182 citations
TL;DR: The effectiveness of morphine after surgery by patient‐controlled analgesia alone or with a concurrent infusion was studied and patients treated in this way received twice as much drug as those who used patient‐ controlled analgesia plus infusion.
Abstract: Summary
The effectiveness of morphine after surgery by patient-controlled analgesia alone or with a concurrent infusion was studied. The infusion did not reduce the dose of self-administered analgesic and patients treated in this way received twice as much drug as those who used patient-controlled analgesia alone. Pain control was similar in both groups. The practice of patient-controlled analgesia plus infusion requires critical review.
159 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that subjects were more concerned about a high achiever's fall than about an average achiever''s fall, and were more pleased when a high-achieving student fell to the average position on the performance scale rather than to the bottom.
Abstract: Three studies are reported that concerna attitudes towards a person in a high position (the tall poppy) and towards, the tall poppy's fall. The studies were developed in relation to theoretical analyses concerned with value systems, envy, social comparison, and other psychological processes. In Study 1,531 students in South Australian high schools responded to scenarios in which either a high achiever or an average achiever experienced failure. Results showed that subjects reported feeling more pleased about a high achiever's fall than about an average achiever's fall, more pleased when a high achiever fell to the average position on the performance scale rather than to the bottom, and more pleased and friendly towards a high achiever who fell to the average position than towards an average achiever who fell to the bottom. In Study 2, 361 university students responded to scenarios in which a high achiever or an average achiever cheated at an examination. Results showed that the students were more...
155 citations
TL;DR: The present review looks at the ways in which combinations of neuronal markers identify individual groups of neurons and the manner in which neurotransmission can involve the combined release and action of more than one substance, referred to as plurichemical transmission.
Abstract: Two unexpected facts about neurons have been established in recent years: neurons contain and can release a large variety of substances that are capable of influencing target cells; and it is common for individual neurons to contain several such substances. Both of these findings have opened the way to the solution of old problems and have posed problems of their own. The discov ery of a cornucopia of substances contained in neurons has led to a revitaliza tion of microscopic neuroanatomy, spawning a new field termed "chemical neuroanatomy" (1). This burgeoning of knowledge of immunohistochemi cally identifiable neuronal markers occurred in the last decade and now encompasses thousands of publications, numerous reviews, several books, and even a Handbook series and a journal (1-8). On the other hand, it has been a considerably more difficult task for physiologists and pharmacologists to evaluate the roles of these substances and, in particular, to determine in which ways more than one substance can participate in the transmission process. In the present review we look at two aspects of recent work in this field: the ways in which combinations of neuronal markers identify individual groups of neurons. a phenomenon referred to here as chemical coding; and the manner in which neurotransmission can involve the combined release and action of more than one substance. referred to as plurichemical transmission.
155 citations
TL;DR: Four out of four lidocaine-treated animals, respiratory depression with bradycardia and hypotension without arrhythmias were the causes of death, and three out of five animals given ropivacaine died in a manner resembling the fatal effects of lidocane-treatedAnimals treated with successive daily dose increments of each drug.
Abstract: This paper reports the cardiovascular effects of intentionally toxic intravenous doses of lidocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine and the mechanisms of death. Fatal doses of lidocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine were established in sheep treated with successive daily dose increments of each drug. The mean fatal dose of lidocaine (+/- SD) was 1450 +/- 191 mg (30.8 +/- 5.8 mg/kg), that of bupivacaine was 156 +/- 31 mg (3.7 +/- 1.1 mg/kg), and that of ropivacaine was 325 +/- 108 mg (7.3 +/- 1.0 mg/kg); thus the ratio of fatal doses was approximately 9:1:2. In four out of four lidocaine-treated animals, respiratory depression with bradycardia and hypotension without arrhythmias were the causes of death. Three out of four bupivacaine-treated animals died after the sudden onset of ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation without hypoxia or acidosis; the fourth died in a similar manner to the lidocaine-treated animals. Three out of five animals given ropivacaine died in a manner resembling the fatal effects of lidocaine-treated animals, but unlike the lidocaine-treated animals, in all three sheep there were also periods of ventricular arrhythmias. The remaining two ropivacaine-treated sheep died as a result of the sudden onset of ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation. The mean percentages of the fatal dose found in the myocardium was 2.8 +/- 0.7 for lidocaine-treated animals, 3.3 +/- 0.9 for bupivacaine-treated animals, and 2.2 +/- 1.4 for ropivacaine-treated animals; the corresponding percentages in whole brain were, respectively, 0.71 +/- 0.01, 0.71 +/- 0.21, and 0.89 +/- 0.27.
TL;DR: A dose of 1 mg was the best increment under the conditions of this study but the relationship between increment and lockout interval requires consideration.
Abstract: The efficacy of a range of demand doses of morphine for patient-controlled analgesia was studied. Patients who self-administered the smallest dose (0.5 mg) were frequently unable to achieve good pain control; patients who received the largest dose (2 mg) had a high incidence of ventilatory depression. A dose of 1 mg was the best increment under the conditions of this study but the relationship between increment and lockout interval requires consideration.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Stroop Effect has been adapted to provide a quantitative measure of concerns relating to food and shape in patients undergoing treatment for anorexia nervosa and bulimia.
Abstract: This report describes an adaptation of the Stroop Effect for measuring psychopathology. The Stroop Effect has been adapted to provide a quantitative measure of concerns relating to food and shape in patients undergoing treatment for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. The measure takes advantage of the disrupting effect of psychopathology on color naming of food and shape words. In comparison to agematched controls, anorexic and bulimic patients had significantly retarded colornaming of food words. There was a trend, which only reached significance with the bulimic subjects, for the color-naming of shape words to be similarly retarded. The potential utility of this adaptation of the Stroop Effect is discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a three-body Faddeev-type formulation of baryons, as qqq colour-singlet states bound by gluon exchange, which is covariant, has dynamically hidden chiral symmetry and incorporates the colour dynamics was derived.
Abstract: From QCD we derive a three-body Faddeev-type formulation of baryons, as qqq colour-singlet states bound by gluon exchange, which is covariant, has dynamically hidden chiral symmetry and incorporates the colour dynamics. The formulation exploits the dynamical role of colour "3 diquark substructure in baryons to simplify computations. For non-zero current quark masses the jP = ~ + and ~ - baryon octet mass formulae are shown to satisfy the Gell-Mann-Okubo and the Coleman-Glashow multiplet mass relationships.
TL;DR: With sublethal doses, the hemodynamic responses to these agents were qualitatively and quantitatively similar when compared with their local anesthetic potencies.
Abstract: Lidocaine hydrochloride (HCl) (80-320 mg), bupivacaine HCl (20-80 mg), and ropivacaine HCl (30-120 mg) were administered as intravenous bolus doses to conscious sheep (n = 18; average body weight 45 kg) that had previously placed intravascular cannulae for hemodynamic monitoring and for obtaining blood samples The mean convulsive doses and arterial blood concentrations were approximately 110 mg and 40 mg/L, respectively, for lidocaine HCl, 45 mg and 14 mg/L for bupivacaine HCl, and 60 mg and 20 mg/L for ropivacaine HCl After subconvulsive doses of each agent, there were minimal cardiovascular effects After convulsive doses, there were marked increases in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, and myocardial contractility Ventricular fibrillation caused death in two sheep after bupivacaine (80 mg) and in two sheep after ropivacaine (90 and 120 mg) administration With sublethal doses, the hemodynamic responses to these agents were qualitatively and quantitatively similar when compared with their local anesthetic potencies
TL;DR: The proportion of tumours which were ER+ increased with age, and there was a higher proportion of ER+ tumours in post-menopausal than in premenopausal women.
Abstract: Data from a population-based case-control study conducted in Adelaide, South Australia, and involving 451 case-control pairs, were analysed to determine whether the associations of menstrual, reproductive, dietary and other factors with risk of breast cancer differed by oestrogen receptor (ER) status. Data on ER status were available for 380 cases. The proportion of tumours which were ER+ increased with age, and there was a higher proportion of ER+ tumours in post-menopausal than in premenopausal women. Both oral contraceptive use (P = 0.055) and cigarette smoking (P = 0.047) were associated with increased (unadjusted) risk of ER- cancer, while having little association with risk of ER+ cancer. Most dietary factors had little association with risk of either cancer type, the main exception being the reduction in risk of ER- breast cancer with increasing beta-carotene intake (P for trend = 0.017). In general, however, links with the factors examined were not strong enough to suggest different causal pathways for ER- and ER+ breast cancer.
TL;DR: In this paper, a quantitative basis for determining the potential energy associated with vertical structure in estuaries is derived, along similar lines to that of Bowden (1981), providing a simple but comprehensive method of incorporating many relevant stratifying and mixing influences in a given problem, and is also shown to be capable of rearrangement into forms akin to the estuarine Richardson number which is commonly found in discussions of statification.
Abstract: It is competition between the various stratifying and mixing influences which determines the character of stratification in an estuary. Borrowing concepts which have been successfully applied to the discussion of stratification in shelf seas, a quantitative basis for determining the potential energy associated with vertical structure in estuaries is derived. The formulation, along similar lines to that of Bowden (1981) , provides a simple but comprehensive method of incorporating many relevant stratifying and mixing influences in a given problem, and is also shown to be capable of rearrangement into forms akin to the estuarine Richardson number which is commonly found in discussions of estuarine statification. The paper argues, based on a survey of the literature, that in wide, relatively well-mixed estuaries, the greatest longitudinal mass flux occurs at times when stratification is most developed, that is, when the turbulent kinetic energy in the water column is at a minimum. Modulation of turbulence, principally at various tidal frequencies, causes a pulsing of the mass flux in which the contribution of each pulse increases non-linearly as the period of the modulation increases. Some, possibly significant, changes to the state of stratification and to the corresponding mass transport may occur in association with slack water periods. However, the spring-neap cycle is proposed to have a far greater influence on stratification, mass transport and the long-term mass balance in estuaries, and recent observational studies lend support to this position.
TL;DR: The case-prevalence rate using the binary scoring method was comparable with other studies, but misclassification rates were unacceptably high when DSM-Ill Axis I diagnosis was used as the criterion for the presence of any psychiatric disorder.
Abstract: General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) results are given for a large (N = 1013) sample of South Australian young people (average age 19.6 years), to compare the usefulness of the 12-, 28-, and 30-item forms of the GHQ. Internal reliabilities are generally adequate and the Likert scoring method produces significant correlations with psychological measures such as self-esteem. the case-prevalence rate using the binary scoring method was comparable with other studies, but misclassification rates were unacceptably high when DSM-Ill Axis I diagnosis was used as the criterion for the presence of any psychiatric disorder.
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that a population of NTS neurones projecting to areas of the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) of rats using excitatory amino acids as transmitters may mediate tonic and reflex control of blood pressure via NMDA receptors in the VLM.
TL;DR: The oxygen yield per flash provides a convenient, direct assay of PS II in vivo when conditions are selected so as to avoid limitation by PS I and is suggested that PS I is able to turn over more than once per flash, thus preventing a backlog of electrons in the plastoquinone pool.
TL;DR: The research design and selection of questionnaire items and measures that have been chosen are representative at a ‘state of the art’ level and provide the opportunity for cross-national analysis of findings, particularly between Australia and the United States.
Abstract: The Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ALSA) is a comprehensive multi-dimensional study aimed at identifying factors which determine and predict the state of health and social well-being of an Australian elderly population The research design and selection of questionnaire items and measures that have been chosen are representative at a ‘state of the art’ level and provide the opportunity for cross-national analysis of findings, particularly between Australia and the United States It is planned to select a probability sample of 3000 people aged 60 and over from metropolitan Adelaide for a prospective follow-up study, initially for a period of five years
TL;DR: Factors which make it difficult for postoperative transsexuals to “pass” or which continue to remind them of their gender-reassigned status are associated with adjustment difficulties, suggesting that surgical results may be a major determinant of postoperative psychopathology.
Abstract: The relationship between the adequacy of surgical result and postoperative psychopathology was examined in 14 male-to-female transsexuals selected for the absence of preoperative psychopathology. Data indicated that the best predictors of postoperative psychopathology as rated on Hunt and Hampson's (1980) Standardized Rating Format were breast scarring, erectile urethral meatus, current social supports, family reaction, urinary incontinence, and need for extra surgery. Together, these accounted for 98% of the variance in postoperative psychopathology. These data suggest that factors which make it difficult for postoperative transsexuals to “pass” or which continue to remind them of their gender-reassigned status are associated with adjustment difficulties. Surgical results may be a major determinant of postoperative psychopathology.
TL;DR: The findings and the diversity of results from other studies emphasize the need for standardized methods of assessment of suicidal ideation and the GHQ could be usefully employed for this purpose, particularly as it is widely used and further analysis of existing data could provide valuable comparisons.
Abstract: Depending on the manner in which the data were interpreted, as many as 17.5% of women and 20.2% of men, or as few as 3.0% of women and 3.3% of men in a young Australian adult population reported some degree of suicidal ideation in the few weeks prior to testing. Using a suicidal ideation score derived from the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), 11.7% of men and 9.7% women could be considered to have suicidal ideation. These findings and the diversity of results from other studies emphasize the need for standardized methods of assessment of suicidal ideation. The GHQ could be usefully employed for this purpose, particularly as it is widely used and further analysis of existing data could provide valuable comparisons. Language: en
TL;DR: In this article, the flux-gradient relationship for momentum and heat has been investigated over extensive flat bushland (h = 2.3 m, zo = 0.4 m) with observations being made at several levels extending up to 10 times the canopy height.
Abstract: The flux-gradient relationships for momentum and heat have been investigated over extensive flat bushland (h = 2.3 m, zo = 0.4 m) with observations being made at several levels extending up to 10 times the canopy height. It has been found that: (1) Eddy diffusivities for momentum and heat, KH and KM, are enhanced by factors of 1.65 and 2.5 respectively under near-neutral conditions and within the layer close to the canopy. (2) These enhancements distinctly depend on instability, and their variations with height are not simply monotonic, as expected in earlier investigations. (3) Even a counter-gradient flux of heat could occur under some circumstances. (4) The level of enhancement remains substantially unchanged over different surfaces for heat transfer but decreases as the canopy density increases in the case of momentum transfer. Possible mechanisms are discussed. (5) The length scale of atmospheric turbulence should be taken into account in studies of turbulent transfer over very rough surfaces, where the large-scale eddies may have a key role.
TL;DR: The treatment of 56 patients with PTSD is described, highlighting issues which influence the choice of approach and focus of therapy and leading to a series of recommendations for future studies of the treatment of PTSD.
Abstract: This report reviews treatment studies of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Much of the literature is descriptive and concentrates on particular treatment modalities without attempting to integrate these different approaches into the wider body of knowledge about PTSD. No study has randomly assigned patients to experimental and control groups. The treatment of 56 patients with PTSD is described, highlighting issues which influence the choice of approach and focus of therapy. These issues are seldom mentioned in the PTSD literature and include the unusual difficulties involved in developing a therapeutic alliance, the role of non-specific elements and the treatment of coexistent psychiatric disorders which are frequently present. The need to consider separately the degree of disturbed attention and arousal, the nature of the traumatic preoccupation and the patient's social and occupational functioning are stressed. The lack of knowledge about the natural history of PTSD and the different effectiveness of treatments in the acute and chronic stages are other uncertainties about the treatment of PTSD. Consideration of these points has led to a series of recommendations for future studies of the treatment of PTSD.
TL;DR: It is suggested that interruption of the myenteric plexus alone does not completely block phase III migration and recovery of phase III Migration past a reanastomosis is associated with a restoration of both nervous and mechanical connections.
TL;DR: In this article, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of a feedback which assigns the maximum possible number of finite poles with regularity and maximum robustness in a closed-loop semistate system.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the mass balance of water, salt, C, N, and P in Spencer Gulf, a large inverse estuary in South Australia, and concluded that supply of PO 4 3- largely controls characteristics of C and N fluxes.
Abstract: Inverse estuaries tend to have long water residence time and little hydrographic input of materials. Yet such systems can support apparently normal marine communities. Slow net fluxes over long timespans substantially alter water composition, so such systems provide an opportunity to study system-scale characteristics of net material fluxes. We have examined the mass balance of water, salt, C, N, and P in Spencer Gulf, a large inverse estuary in South Australia. Dissolved inorganic C is taken up in Spencer Gulf by biogenic CaCO 3 precipitation and organic production. Input of C includes both hydrographic processes and gas flux across the air-sea interface. Most of the C uptake is exported as particulate organic matter; some is exported as dissolved organic matter; relatively little organic C is buried in the sediments. Virtually all dissolved inorganic P delivered to the gulf is taken up and apparently largely exported as particulate material. The major source of N appears to be the atmosphere, and dissolved organic N export exceeds dissolved inorganic N import. The fluxes of C, N, and P are biologically mediated, and we look for a plausible interaction among these fluxes. The CO 2 system appears remarkably ‘balanced’ by its fluxes—to relatively constant pH, P CO 2 , and calcite saturation state. We conclude that supply of PO 4 3- largely controls characteristics of C and N flux. The controls postulated for P include CaCO 3 precipitation, CO 2 gas flux, organic C production, and N fixation.