Showing papers by "Florida Atlantic University published in 1988"
TL;DR: The central mathematical concepts of self-organization in nonequilibrium systems are used to show how a large number of empirically observed features of temporal patterns can be mapped onto simple low-dimensional dynamical laws that are derivable from lower levels of description.
Abstract: In the search for principles of pattern generation in complex biological systems, an operational approach is presented that embraces both theory and experiment. The central mathematical concepts of self-organization in nonequilibrium systems (including order parameter dynamics, stability, fluctuations, and time scales) are used to show how a large number of empirically observed features of temporal patterns can be mapped onto simple low-dimensional (stochastic, nonlinear) dynamical laws that are derivable from lower levels of description. The theoretical framework provides a language and a strategy, accompanied by new observables, that may afford an understanding of dynamic patterns at several scales of analysis (including behavioral patterns, neural networks, and individual neurons) and the linkage among them.
1,042 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined concreteness effects in lexical decision using a sentence context-lexical decision and found that the benefits of context were larger for abstract words than for concrete words when the abstract words were rated low in context availability.
382 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a strictly operational approach is presented to the problem of understanding the coordination of movement patterns in open systems, guided by synergetics, a theory of spontaneous pattern formation.
314 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a synergetic strategy is applied to the coordination of human rhythmical movement to include the influence of specific environmental information and of memory on the dynamics of the collective variables (order parameters) that characterize the coordination patterns.
Abstract: This paper outlines and applies a synergetic strategy to the coordination of human rhythmical movement. It extends earlier empirical and theoretical work to include the influence of specific environmental information and of memory on the dynamics of the collective variables (order parameters) that characterize the coordination patterns. Key ideas concern cooperative and competitive influences on the collective dynamics. Recent experiments on environmentally specific and learned rhythmic movement patterns are modeled explicitly on the level of the collective variable, relative phase. New predictions are presented and research directions proposed that follow directly from the present theoretical approach.
277 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate that the process of intentionally switching from one pattern of coordination to another is governed by the dynamics of the patterns themselves, and that the stability of these patterns, as established in earlier experiments on instabilities of these coordination patterns, determines the nature of the transient switching process.
156 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of the development of forensic anthropology and its role in both the anthropological community and the criminal justice system, concluding that the future of forensic anthropology depends on the commitment of practitioners and investigators to the research and development of forensically applicable techniques.
Abstract: Physical anthropologists have long been called upon to apply their knowledge of human skeletal biology to practical problems of concern to the medicolegal system. The discipline of forensic anthropology arose out of this need to determine and assess the characteristics of an individual. The present paper traces the development of forensic anthropology and analyzes its brief historical roots, methodological advances, and the role it now plays in both the anthropological community and the criminal justice system. Since its formal establishment as a section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences in 1972, the discipline has made great strides, especially in the determination of demographic characteristics such as age, sex, and race. There is, however, a dearth of research on the factors of individualization accompanied by a proliferation of improperly designed studies. Unfortunately, further progress is limited by the absence of a precisely documented, modern skeletal collection. This paper also addresses the issue of identification and the problems associated with current approaches and the interpretation of results. This critical review of the field leads to the conclusion that the future of forensic anthropology depends on the commitment of its practitioners and investigators to the research and development of forensically applicable techniques.
149 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that an identical strategy may be applied to the same problem at the level of the component oscillators and behavioral patterns are shown to arise in a purely self-organized fashion.
Abstract: Rhythmic movement patterns have served as a model case for developing a synergetic theory of biological coordination In part I of this work we extended the approach to environmentally-specified and learned movement patterns on the level of the collective variable relative phase Here we show that an identical strategy may be applied to the same problem at the level of the component oscillators Coordinative patterns and their dynamics are derived from the coupled component dynamics and their interaction with the environment Thus, behavioral patterns are shown to arise in a purely self-organized fashion New directions for further research (eg dynamics of action-perception systems) follow from the oscillator theory Finally the relationship between our approach and other kinds of analyses of temporal order (eg phase resetting) is addressed
144 citations
TL;DR: The understanding of intentional change of behavioral pattern in this theoretical language is shown and the general formulation provides predictions on the relation between the dynamics of behavioral patterns and the nature of the process of behavioral change.
122 citations
TL;DR: Combined studies indicate that GABA immunoreactive neurons in the gustatory NST do not project axons to the PBNc, to the caudal NST, or to regions adjacent to the rostral or caudAL NST.
109 citations
94 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the role of the learning disabled student in the college and the learning disabilities of the student's education and its impact on the students' academic performance.
Abstract: (1988). College and the Learning Disabled Student. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 361-363.
TL;DR: In this paper, a general procedure is developed to obtain the exact solutions for Fokker-Planck equations in the state of statistical stationarity, which is based on the idea of splitting each drift coefficient and each diffusion coefficient in a FOKker-planck equation into two parts, associated with the circulatory and potential probability flows, respectively.
Abstract: The response of a dynamical system to Gaussian white-noise excitations may be represented by a Markov vector whose probability density is governed by the well-known Fokker-Planck equation. In this paper a general procedure is developed to obtain the exact solutions for Fokker-Planck equations in the state of statistical stationarity. The dynamical systems considered are generally oscillatory and non-linear, and the random excitations may be additive, or multiplicative, or both. The procedure is based on the idea of splitting each drift coefficient and each diffusion coefficient in a Fokker-Planck equation into two parts, associated with the circulatory and potential probability flows, respectively. In so doing two sets of equations are derived for the probability potential which is the essential ingredient required to construct the probability density of the response. The procedure also provides a natural means to identify equivalent stochastic systems which share the same probability distribution.
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: The treatment is extended to an important case, namely forms of temporal organization in which the intrinsic frequencies in the system are not the same, and the results serve to unify a number of physical, biological and psychological phenomena.
Abstract: Our interest is in identifying the laws or principles that govern how the nervous system produces coordinated activity. To find these laws, we do not think it so useful to treat the brain as a general purpose machine, capable of producing arbitrary outputs to arbitrary inputs. Rather, our strategy is to place the organism in particular contexts, viewing the brain more as a special purpose device, that is temporarily self-organized for specific behavioral functions. Just as the boundary conditions must be carefully chosen for studies of other physical systems (‘the system must be prepared’) so too it is important to select a class of tasks that affords insights into the relationship between brain and behavior. When this is done we believe it is possible to see how surface simplicity-in the form of laws-may arise from deep complexity. Along with new data presented here, the evidence draws us to the following inescapable conclusion: In tasks-that involve ordering in time, the highdimensional nervous system (approximately 50 neurotransmitters, 103 cell types, 1014 neurons and neuronal connections) restricts its effective degrees of freedom to the phase- and frequency-locking phenomena of coupled nonlinear oscillators. It lives, in other words, on a low dimensional manifold and is governed by low-dimensional, dynamical laws. This design may be seen at multiple levels of description [1,2] and appear in a variety of functional behavioral patterns including coordination, learning, memory, perception-action patterns and even intentional behavior (see e.g., [3,4]). In the next section we briefly summarize previous and recent results on temporal patterns and our theoretical understanding of them. Then we extend the treatment to an important case, namely forms of temporal organization in which the intrinsic frequencies in the system are not the same. Overall, our results-in addition to supporting the main hypothesis mentioned above-serve to unify a number of physical, biological and psychological phenomena. By definition, the laws of temporal order are abstract,though realizable (and hence measurable), on many different scales of observation.
TL;DR: Many studies have assumed that the public's apparent concern about environmental quality is rooted in one or more abstract ideologies or philosophies as discussed by the authors, but the literature on mass belief systems is limited.
Abstract: Many studies have assumed that the public's apparent concern about environmental quality is rooted in one or more abstract ideologies or philosophies. In contrast, the literature on mass belief sys...
TL;DR: For example, the authors found that recall and clustering increased with age, were greater for typical than atypical items, with list effects (self- vs adult generated) being limited to atypically items, and the percentage of subjects classified as strategic was greater for the older children and typical items.
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TL;DR: The prevailing view of how learning and memory mechanisms might develop was based on the idea that altricial neonates are simply incompletely formed adults as mentioned in this paper, and performance differences between infants and adults were considered proof of the immature learning and performance capacities of infants.
Abstract: Several decades ago, the prevailing view of how learning and memory mechanisms might develop was based on the idea that altricial neonates are simply incompletely formed adults. Infant learning tasks were designed with the adult in mind, and performance differences between infants and adults were considered proof of the immature learning and performance capacities of infants. These immature capacities were attributed, in turn, to an immature nervous system (e.g., Cornwell and Fuller, 1961; Fuller, Easler, and Banks, 1950).
TL;DR: In this paper, an end notched flexure (ENF) specimen is employed in an investigation of the inter laminar fracture of unidirectional graphite/epoxy, graphite polyimide, and graphite composite composites subjected to Mode II fatigue loading.
Abstract: The end notched flexure (ENF) specimen is employed in an investigation of the inter laminar fracture of unidirectional graphite/epoxy, graphite/polyimide, and graphite/PEEK composites subjected to Mode II fatigue loading. Fatigue crack growth rates are deter mined for the stable delamination growth observed under fully reversed cyclic loading. Within the crack driving force range studied, cyclic crack growth data obeyed a power law dependency on the cyclic strain energy release rate. The response of the various material systems is compared to crack growth under static loading. The importance of the data re duction scheme for the crack growth resistance is discussed. Friction is examined as a potential energy absorbing mechanism in the test by finite element analysis. Suggestions for appropriate experimental geometries minimizing frictional effects are presented. Finally, fatigue fracture surfaces are analyzed with scanning electron microscopy to identify crack growth mechanisms.
TL;DR: In this article, four experimental parameters were selected and investigated over a range that reflects typical seawater conditions: cathodic potential, flow velocity (actually, rotation speed of electrode), pH, and temperature.
Abstract: Formation of calcareous deposits has the beneficial effect of reducing the current requirement of cathodic protection. This study was focused upon the current-reducing capability of the deposits and its relationship with influential parameters of cathodic protection. Four experimental parameters were selected and investigated over a range that reflects typical seawater conditions. The parameters were applied cathodic potential, flow velocity (actually, rotation speed of electrode), pH, and temperature. Deposits were formed in artificial seawater. Influence of each of the four parameters on cathodic current was obtained by using the factorial design technique. Within the range studied, it was found that pH has the largest influence and temperature the least. This was explained based upon the influence of the parameters on deposit formation and electrochemical reactions.
TL;DR: The present experiments provide the first demonstration of postnatal morphological and metabolic developmental in a central gustatory relay and show that two somatic morphologies can be statistically characterized in PBNc gustatory zones: Multipolar and fusiform somatic types.
TL;DR: In this article, a new measure of the worldwide variation in human welfare as defined by life-sustenance, esteem, and freedom was constructed, which is based on concepts of human welfare and produces a robust, versatile measure that provides multidimensional insights about world variations.
Abstract: We construct a new measure of the worldwide variation in human welfare as defined by life-sustenance, esteem, and freedom. A nation's physical, economic, social, and political systems should provide resources, institutions, and cultural environments that foster human welfare. The new Index of Development Status is an improvement on previous indices because it is built on concepts of human welfare and produces a robust, versatile measure that provides multidimensional insights about world variations. In constructing the new Index, we selected the following variables of systems outputs: physical—total value of primary industry output per capita, persons per square kilometer of arable land; economic—GNP/capita, and manufacturing value-added per capita; social—infant deaths per 1000 live births, percentage of age group in higher education, and percentage of rural population; political—government expenditures per capita, political rights index, and number of radios per 1000 population. Factor analysis...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the stability of long-span bridges by taking into account imperfect spanwise correlation in the turbulent wind flow and showed that in the ideal case of a perfectly correlated turbulence field, this transfer of energy can only occur between modes of different types (from a torsion mode to a bending mode or itvice versa), but not between mode of the same type, and yet at the same time it reduces the generalized parametric random forces in the lower order modes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the asymptotic behavior of coupled nonlinear dynamical systems in the presence of noise is studied using the method of stochastic averaging, which yields a set of equations of considerably smaller dimension, and the resulting equations are simpler.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that nearly all research situations calling for the study of contrasts can be handled with a single contrast test statistic, that often attributed to R. A. Fisher.
Abstract: The thesis of this article is that the multitude of procedures for testing hypotheses about mean contrasts often presented in statistical methods textbooks is seemingly unwarranted. Nearly all research situations calling for the study of contrasts can be handled with a single contrast test statistic, that often attributed to R. A. Fisher. By jointly considering a probability value and an eta-squared value and by keeping in mind the total number of contrasts studied, one finds that a single contrast test procedure evolves.
TL;DR: In this paper, a finite element stress analysis is presented for isotropic and orthotropic plates with circular notches and the influence of finite width on notched strength predictions is discussed.
TL;DR: The Brauer-Long group of Z/2 dimodule algebras over a connected commutative ring R in which 2 is invertible is computed in terms of the cohomology of R as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: Results demonstrate that anorexigenic drugs affect appetitive behavior more than consummatory behavior and implications for understanding the mechanism of behavioral tolerance are discussed.
Abstract: In order to assess the effects of anorexigenic agents on appetitive and consummatory behavior, rats were given sweetened milk either in a bottle or by infusion through an intraoral cannula. In the first experiment, amphetamine (AMP; 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg) had no effect on the intake of cannula-fed rats but suppressed the intake of bottle-fed rats at the highest two doses. Although increased activity was observed at the highest dose, bottle-fed rats drank less than cannula-fed rats at each dose of the drug. Fenfluramine (FEN; 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent decrease in intake with both methods of feeding, but the effect was greater in bottle-fed rats. Although FEN had marked sedative effects at the highest two doses, bottle-fed rats drank less than cannula-fed rats at each dose of the drug. In a second experiment, cannula- and bottle-fed rats were given milk adulterated with various concentrations of quinine hydrochloride (QHCl; 0, 0.0025, 0.005, 0.01, and 0.02%). QHCl had no effect on the intake of cannula-fed rats but decreased the intake of bottle-fed rats at the highest two concentrations. In a final experiment, the effect of AMP (1 mg/kg) was assessed in a conditioned aversion paradigm. Rats were given four conditioning trials in which access to a 0.1% sodium saccharin solution was followed by an injection of AMP. Again, bottle-fed rats showed greater suppression of intake than cannula-fed rats. Taken together, these results demonstrate that anorexigenic drugs affect appetitive behavior more than consummatory behavior. The implications of these findings for understanding the mechanism of behavioral tolerance are discussed.
TL;DR: For example, the authors found that females rated equitable distributions of inferior workers as more fair than males did, while males did not support the exploitation-accommodation hypothesis, which states that the sexes vary their norm endorsement according to self-favoring (males) or other-favorable (females) distribution outcomes.
Abstract: This study was designed as a test of two competing explanations of gender differences in distributive justice: (a) the equity-equality hypothesis, which states that males endorse equitable distributions more than females and females endorse equal distributions more than males; and (b) the exploitation-accommodation hypothesis, which states that the sexes vary their norm endorsement according to self-favoring (males) or other-favoring (females) distribution outcomes. Preadolescent and college-aged subjects rated the fairness of reward distributions of vignette characters who had contributed either more or less than a co-worker in a task, and had subsequently divided the rewards either equitably or equally. The data provided no support for the equity-equality hypothesis, but did support the exploitation-accommodation hypothesis. Specifically, females rated equitable distributions of inferior workers as more fair than males did. Thus, the popular conclusion that males have a stronger commitment to equity than females must be rejected.
TL;DR: Evidence that the representational structure of categories comprising dot patterns is based on pattern parts and pattern configuration rather than on pattern elements is provided and long-term retention appears to require both within-category similarity and dissimilarity, but at different levels of perceptual structure.
Abstract: A series of experiments provided evidence that the representational structure of categories comprising dot patterns is based on pattern parts and pattern configuration rather than on pattern elements. We found that similarity judgments and postacquisition classification data could not be explained in terms of element-level perceptual units, even for categories of dot patterns with seven of their eight dots in the exact same relative location. The importance of higher order perceptual units was indicated by evidence that the long-term retention of information specific to previously learned category exemplars, which is typical of natural objects, can also be obtained for artificial dot patterns, providing their structure reflects the perceptual characteristics identified in Tversky and Hemenway's (1984) study of natural objects: Members of the same category had to be perceptually distinctive at the level of pattern configuration and perceptually similar at the level of pattern parts. The level of within-category similarity for a set of categories (relative to between-categories similarity) did not predict whether item-specific information would be retained; long-term retention appears to require both within-category similarity and dissimilarity, but at different levels of perceptual structure. Language: en
TL;DR: In this article, a review of historical, sociological, psychological, and attitudinal factors that account for negative responses associated with menopause is presented. And recommendations for counselor interventions are proposed.
Abstract: Counselors are in ideal positions to help change attitudes toward viewing menopause as a time of positive change, rather than a time of psychological distress. Following definitions and a review of historical, sociological, psychological, and attitudinal factors that account for negative responses associated with menopause, recommendations for counselor interventions are proposed.