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Showing papers by "Florida Atlantic University published in 1995"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Lyapunov sufficient condition for "input-to-state stability" (ISS) is also shown to be necessary and sufficient, which is an open question raised by several authors.

1,672 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, two recently developed empirical techniques, Multiple Group LISREL and Optimal Scaling, are used to diagnose cross-national measurement equivalence for ordinal-level items.
Abstract: Many researchers have pointed out that it is necessary to ensure measurement equivalence in cross-national comparative research. Three aspects of measurement equivalence, translation, metric, and calibration equivalence, are necessary to establish the cross-national reliability and validity of items used to measure theoretical constructs. This paper discusses these issues and proposes two recently developed empirical techniques, Multiple Group LISREL and Optimal Scaling, for use in diagnosing cross-national measurement equivalence. These techniques are illustrated by reanalysis of a pioneering U.S. and Japanese study. The two techniques yield convergent results, indicating measurement equivalence for some, but not all, ordinal-level items under consideration. The findings demonstrate that the proposed methods are useful diagnostic tools for exploring measurement equivalence. Several suggestions for reducing the likelihood of problems with measurement equivalence and a number of methods for dealing with items where lack of equivalence persists are also discussed.

837 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A substantial body of evidence is examined supporting the view that complex integrative functions are carried out by large-scale networks of cortical areas, and the functional topology of a large- scale cortical network is dynamically reorganized during visuomotor behavior.

543 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The bit error rate (BER) performance of an M-branch maximal-ratio combiner (MRC) for the detection of signals in a correlated Nakagami-fading channel is analyzed and outage probabilities are calculated for the digital radio communication systems via the correlated fading channel.
Abstract: The bit error rate (BER) performance of an M-branch maximal-ratio combiner (MRC) for the detection of signals in a correlated Nakagami-fading channel is analyzed. Coherent and incoherent detection of frequency shift-keying (FSK) and phase-shift keying (PSK) signals are considered. It is assumed that the fading parameters in each diversity branch are identical. The effect of correlation is studied by assuming two types of correlation among the quadrature components of the signals in each diversity branch. Outage probabilities are also calculated for the digital radio communication systems via the correlated fading channel. >

470 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors showed that social influence, measured by the frequency of memorable interactions, is heavily determined by distance, consistent with the expectation that social impact is proportional to the inverse square of the distance separating two persons.
Abstract: Studies of college students and citizens of south Florida, United States, students in Shanghai, China, and an international sample of social psychologists show that social influence, measured by the frequency of memorable interactions, is heavily determined by distance. In all three cases, although there was a great deal of interaction with distant persons, the relationship between distance and interaction frequency was well described by an inverse power function with a slope of approximately -1, consistent with the expectation that social impact is proportional to the inverse square of the distance separating two persons. This result confirms one principle from Latane's 1981 theory of social impact and helps explain the ability of opinion minorities to cluster and survive in the face of majority influence.

343 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a set-theoretical, convex description of uncertainty is discussed in detail, where uncertainty is described as a set of constraints unlike the classical probabilistic approach, and instead of conventional optimization studies, where the minimum possible responses are sought, here an uncertainty modeling is developed as an "anti-optimization" problem of finding the least favorable response under the constraints within the set theoretical description.

272 citations


Book
31 Oct 1995
TL;DR: This chapter discusses image and Video Indexing and Retrieval techniques for Multimedia Compression, and some of the techniques used in this chapter were developed in the second part of this book.
Abstract: Part I: Introduction to Multimedia. 1. Basic Concepts. 2. Multimedia Networking and Synchronization. 3. Overview of Multimedia Applications. References. Part II: Multimedia Compression Techniques and Standards. 4. Introduction to Multimedia Compression. 5. JPEG Algorithm for Full-Color Still Image Compression. 6. PX64 Compression Algorithm for Video Telecommunications. 7. MPEG Compression for Motion-Intensive Applications. 8. Other Multimedia Compression Techniques. 9. Imlementations of Compression Algorithms. 10. Applications of Compression Systems. References. Part III: Image and Video Indexing and Retrieval Techniques. 11. Content-Based Image Retrieval. 12. Content-Based Video Indexing and Retrieval. 13. Video Processing Using Compressed Data. 14. A Case Study in Video Parsing: Television News. References. Index.

224 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, L'A. s'efforce de montrer le caractere general de la disparition des paysans apres la Deuxieme Guerre mondiale.
Abstract: L'A. s'efforce de montrer le caractere general de la disparition des paysans apres la Deuxieme Guerre mondiale. Dans ce but il a etudie les transformations survenues dans les paysanneries du Tiers-Monde. Il s'est attache a considerer ce phenomene comme resultant d'un changement politico-economique survenu au niveau international. Il distingue deux phases qui marquent ce processus. La premiere concerne la periode 1945 a 1973 au cours de laquelle le declin de la population rurale a ete suivi d'une diminution relative de la paysannerie. La seconde qui va de 1973 a 1990 est caracterisee par une acceleration de la disparition de la paysannerie

191 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examined the limitations of sanctioning choices presented by both the individual treatment mission and what some have referred to as a "retributive justice" paradigm and considered the implications of an alternative model, Restorative justice, as a framework for a new approach to sanctioning consistent with a revitalized juvenile justice mandate.
Abstract: Although juvenile courts have always administered punishment to youthful offenders, parens patriae and the individual treatment mission have historically assigned an ambivalent role to sanctioning. In the absence of a coherent sanctioning framework, a punitive model has recently gained dominance over dispositional decision making in juvenile court. This article examines the limitations of sanctioning choices presented by both the individual treatment mission and what some have referred to as a “retributive justice” paradigm. We then consider the implications of an alternative model—restorative justice—as a framework for a new approach to sanctioning consistent with a revitalized juvenile justice mandate.

189 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The observed coordinative effects suggest the influence of neural phase relationships and emphasize that symmetry plays an important role in understanding coordination in systems in which control cannot be traced unequivocally to a single end-effector or a neurophysiological substrate.
Abstract: J. A. S. Kelso and J. J. Jeka (1992) demonstrated that symmetry is a useful conceptual tool to distinguish the coordination between components with similar versus different anatomical properties. The present experiments studied human arm-leg patterns to test whether their coordinative asymmetry was changed by manipulating the inertial properties of a single limb. The results showed that (a) consistent with model predictions, adding weight to the arm or the leg minimized or enhanced coordinative asymmetry, respectively and (b) the response to a perturbation slowed as movement frequency increased but in a fashion that reflected the underlying coordinative asymmetry. The observed coordinative effects suggest the influence of neural phase relationships and emphasize that symmetry plays an important role in understanding coordination in systems in which control cannot be traced unequivocally to a single end-effector or a neurophysiological substrate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A computed tomographic scanner using γ-rays has been implemented for the measurement of void fraction and its distribution in two-phase flow systems such as fluidized beds and bubble columns as discussed by the authors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The osteometric assessment of sexual dimorphism in recent mainland Chinese cemetery populations and the development of discriminant function standards to determine sex from the femur conclude that distal epiphyseal breadth is the most dimorphic part of the Chinese femur.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Four subjects performed rhythmic movements of the ankle and the wrist in time with an auditory metronome, in two modes of coordination, antiphase and in-phase, with results discussed with reference to the coordination dynamics (e.g., multistability, loss of stability) of multijoint movements.
Abstract: Four subjects performed rhythmic movements of the ankle and the wrist in time with an auditory metronome, in two modes of coordination, antiphase and in-phase. The forearm was placed in either a prone or a supine position. When movements were prepared in the antiphase mode, spontaneous transitions to the in-phase mode, or to phase wandering were observed as metronome frequency was increased. When prepared in the in-phase mode, transitions between in-phase modes or to phase wandering were occasionally observed. Predicted signature features of nonequilbrium phase transitions were noted, including loss of stability and critical fluctuations. The stability of the movement patterns was determined by spatial (dependent upon the direction of movement) rather than anatomical (dependent on the coupling of specific muscle groups) constraints. The position of the forearm had no consistent bearing upon the variability of the phase relations between the limbs, the frequency of phase transitions, or the time of onset of transitions. These results are discussed with reference to the coordination dynamics (e.g., multistability, loss of stability) of multijoint movements.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The purpose of this paper is to show that the probability distribution of T scales with T as P(T)\ensuremath{\sim}$ T as H=1/2 and the application of the result to the characterization of on-off intermittency, a recently proposed mechanism for bursting.
Abstract: Herein, the term fractional Brownian motion is used to refer to a class of random walks with long-range correlated steps where the mean square displacement of the walker at large time t is proportional to ${\mathit{t}}^{2\mathit{H}}$ with 0H1. For ordinary Brownian motion we obtain H=1/2. Let T denote the time at which the random walker starting at the origin first returns to the origin. The purpose of this paper is to show that the probability distribution of T scales with T as P(T)\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{T}}^{\mathit{H}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$. Theoretical arguments and numerical simulations are presented to support the result. Additional issues explored include modification to the power law distribution when the random walk is biased and the application of the result to the characterization of on-off intermittency, a recently proposed mechanism for bursting.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper sets out to review work done on both superimposition and plastic reconstruction, however, the authors believe that only the latter category can correctly be termed facial reconstruction.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The utility of neural networks in isolating high-risk modules where class determination is based on multiple quality metrics is demonstrated, and the absence of the data assumptions typical of statistical techniques is demonstrated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An investigation exploring how the first wave of commercial expert systems, built during the early and mid-1980s, fared over time, shows that most of these systems fell into disuse or were abandoned during a five-year period from 1987 to 1992, while about a third continued to thrive.
Abstract: Expert systems (ES) were among the earliest branches of artificial intelligence (AI) to be commercialized. But how successful have they actually been? Many well-publicized applications have proven to be pure hype, numerous AI vendors have failed or been completely reorganized, major companies have reduced or eliminated their commitment to expert systems, and even Wall Street has become disillusioned -- a predicted $4 billion market proving to be smaller by an order of magnitude. Yet, in spite of these setbacks, there are many companies who remain enthusiastic proponents of the technology, and continue to develop important ES applications.The paper describes an investigation exploring how the first wave of commercial expert systems, built during the early and mid-1980s, fared over time. An important subset of these systems, identified in a catalog of commercial applications compiled in 1987, was located through a telephone survey, and detailed information on each systems was gathered. The data collected show that most of these systems fell into disuse or were abandoned during a five-year period from 1987 to 1992, while about a third continued to thrive. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data further suggested that the short-lived nature of many systems was not attributable to failure to meet technical performance or economic objectives. Instead, managerial issues such as lack of system acceptance by users, inability to retain developers, problems in transitioning from development to maintenance, and shifts in organizational priorities, appeared to be the most significant factors resulting in long term systems disuse.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For example, the authors found that adults, 8-, and 6-year-olds viewed a video of two children arguing over a bicycle and were asked free-and cured-recall as well as positive-and negative-leading questions in multiple interviews.
Abstract: Adults, 8-, and 6-year-olds viewed a video of 2 children arguing over a bicycle and were asked free-and cured-recall as well as positive- and negative-leading questions in multiple interviews. Correct free recall varied with the type of the item. Age differences were found for correct free recall, but not for unbiased cued recall. Unbiased cues evoked more correct and incorrect responses from all subjects. Incorrect free recall was at near floor levels. Forgetting for all ages was comparable when based on levels of initial free recall but was greater for the children when based on what was remembered to unbiased cued-recall questions. Age differences were found for suggestibility, with the 6-year-olds being more suggestible to the negative-leading questions than participants in the other two age groups. Adults demonstrated a rejection bias. Adults compared to children correctly recalled more peripheral items. Changed answers were most common for 6-year olds. Results and implications are discussed in terms of experiences an eyewitness could expect when involved in the pretrial testimony-taking events in a characteristic misdemeanor matter.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article proposes potential solutions to modify existing systems to support these new functions of large, distributed multimedia systems, and discusses related matters.
Abstract: Computing, communication, and relevant standards are on the brink of enabling thousands of people to enjoy the services offered by large, distributed multimedia systems in their own homes. Collectively, these services will include TV (basic, subscription, and pay-per-view), service navigator, interactive entertainment, digital audio, video-on-demand, home shopping, financial transactions, interactive single- and multiuser games, digital multimedia libraries, and electronic versions of newspapers, magazines, TV program guides, and yellow pages. It is obvious that current TV systems and architectures must be redesigned to support such services. In this article, we propose potential solutions to modify existing systems to support these new functions, and we discuss related matters. >


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between organizational commitment and several personal, role, professional, job and organizational factors among juvenile detention workers, and found that commitment is significantly correlated to role ambiguity, supervisor trust, rile matment-oriented attitude toward the detainee, job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational trust.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship between organizational commitment and several personal, role, professional, job and organizational factors among juvenile detention workers. The study revealed that (1) commitment is significantly correlated to role ambiguity, supervisor trust, rile matment-oriented attitude toward the detainee, job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational trust, and (2) organizational trust, the treatment attitude. role ambiguity, and job involvement are major predictors of employee commitment to the detention center. Implications concerning the results of this study are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors identified rating leniency as one of the most troublesome rating errors, but little is known about the extent to which the error is a stable rater tendency, although Guilford hypothesiz...
Abstract: Research has identified rating leniency as one of the most troublesome of rating errors. Little is known about the extent to which the error is a stable rater tendency, although Guilford hypothesiz...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Basle Committee on Banking Supervision considered whether to incorporate interest rate risk in risk-based capital requirements for international banks and found that bank risk varies among countries.
Abstract: In 1993, the Basle Committee on Banking Supervision considered whether to incorporate interest rate risk in risk-based capital requirements for international banks. At issue was whether a bank's interest rate risk varies with the country of concern. While the effects of interest rate movements on U.S. banks are well documented, the effects on banks from other countries are not. We find that bank interest rate risk varies among countries, which supports the need to capture interest rate risk differentials in the risk-based capital requirements. We also find that non-U.S. bank values are sensitive not only to domestic interest rates, but to international interest rates as well.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel two-stage vehicle detection and recognition algorithm is detailed by combining an image processing region of interest (ROI) designator to cue a secondary recognition process implemented using principal component analysis (PCA) as input to a Multi-Layered Perceptron (MLP) classifier.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Writers showed consistent, distinctive patterns of transitional probabilities between writing subprocesses both within and across sessions, yielding quantitative representations of their writing styles.
Abstract: Experiment 1 assessed the time and effort allocated to writing subprocesses while generating written and verbal protocols over 10 weekly writing sessions Within a 40-min session, planning time consumed about 45% in the first 5 min, but stabilized at near 30% thereafter Generating text initially consumed 40% of the writers' time, peaked at 50% midway, and then declined to its original level The time spent revising and reviewing was negligible early in writing sessions, but increased substantially late in the sessions The highest and lowest quality documents could be differentiated on the basis of the amount of time the writers devoted to revising and to the magnitude of their RTs in a secondary interference task Writers showed consistent, distinctive patterns of transitional probabilities between writing subprocesses both within and across sessions, yielding quantitative representations of their writing styles In Experiment 2, writers overestimated the amount of time they devote to revising and overestimated the amount of effort they allocate to planning and text generation Their estimations did not improve after 10 weeks of composing A time-and-effort-based analysis of writing is proposed to account for these data

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present report describes the ascending projections of PH in the rat by using the anterograde anatomical tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris ‐leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) and the major ascending route for PH fibers is the medial forebrain bundle.
Abstract: With the exception of a report by R.B. Veazey, D.G. Amaral, and W.M. Cowan (1982, J. Comp. Neurol. 207:135-156) that examined the projections of the posterior hypothalamic area in the monkey by using the autoradiographic technique, the ascending projections of the posterior nucleus (PH) of the hypothalamus have not been systematically examined in any species. The present report describes the ascending projections of PH in the rat by using the anterograde anatomical tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). The major ascending route for PH fibers is the medial forebrain bundle. PH fibers project densely to several subcortical and cortical sites. The subcortical sites are the subthalamus/hypothalamus (zona incerta, the supramammillary nucleus, lateral, perifornical, dorsal, and anterior nuclei/areas), the thalamus (lateroposterior, laterodorsal, parafascicular, reuniens, paraventricular, central medial, paracentral, central lateral and intermediodorsal nuclei), the amygdala (central, lateral, and medial nuclei), the septal area (bed nucleus of stria terminalis, medial and lateral septum), and the basal forebrain (horizontal/vertical limbs of diagonal band nuclei and lateral preoptic area). The cortical sites are the perirhinal, insular, frontal (lateral agranular), prelimbic, and infralimbic cortices. The diversity of PH projections to subcortical and cortical "limbic-related" sites and to several structures with direct input to the hippocampus (supramammillary nucleus, reuniens, paraventricular and laterodorsal nuclei of the thalamus, medial and lateral septum, and perirhinal cortex) suggest that the PH may serve a critical role in various components of emotional behavior, including mnemonic processes associated with significant emotional events.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the results of a cross-sectional data collection in four Russian cities to ascertain whether, during the evolution of marketing in a transitio... and the objective of the research is to ascertain how marketing evolves over time.
Abstract: This article reports the results of a cross-sectional data collection in four Russian cities. The objective of the research is to ascertain whether, during the evolution of marketing in a transitio...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that dyslexic readers have no deficit in their ability to detect stimulus transients, a finding which appears to be inconsistent with a transient system deficit.
Abstract: Contrast sensitivity was determined for dyslexic and normal readers. When testing with temporally ramped (i.e. stimuli with gradual temporal onsets and offsets) gratings of 0.6, 4.0, and 12.0 cycles/deg, we found no difference in contrast sensitivity between dyslexic readers and controls. Using 12.0 cycles/deg gratings with transient (i.e. abrupt) onsets and offsets, we found that dyslexic individuals had, compared to controls, markedly inferior contrast sensitivity at the shortest stimulus durations (i.e. 17, 34, and 102 ms). This deficit may reflect more sluggish temporal summation. There was no difference in sensitivity to 0.6 cycles/deg gratings with transient onsets and offsets. Under these conditions, the two groups showed a consistent and equal increase in sensitivity relative to the ramped baseline condition at 0.6 cycles/deg at the longer stimulus durations. This demonstrates that dyslexic readers have no deficit in their ability to detect stimulus transients, a finding which appears to be inconsistent with a transient system deficit. That detection of the low-frequency stimuli was mediated by the transient system is further indicated by the fact that these stimuli were more susceptible to forward masking than were the high-frequency stimuli. The effects of masking of both high and low spatial-frequency stimuli were about equal for dyslexic readers and controls. This is not in agreement with the transient system deficit theory, according to which one would expect there to be less masking of high spatial-frequency stimuli in the case of dyslexic readers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a characterisation of ISS-stability is shown to generalize without change to the case of stability with respect to sets, and some results on ISS stability are mentioned as well.