Showing papers by "Florida Atlantic University published in 2000"
TL;DR: The notion of iISS generalizes the concept of finite gain when using an integral norm on inputs but supremum norms of states, in that sense generalizing the linear "H/sup 2/" theory.
Abstract: The notion of input-to-state stability (ISS) is now recognized as a central concept in nonlinear systems analysis. It provides a nonlinear generalization of finite gains with respect to supremum norms and also of finite L/sup 2/ gains. It plays a central role in recursive design, coprime factorizations, controllers for nonminimum phase systems, and many other areas. In this paper, a newer notion, that of integral input-to-state stability (iISS), is studied. The notion of iISS generalizes the concept of finite gain when using an integral norm on inputs but supremum norms of states, in that sense generalizing the linear "H/sup 2/" theory. It allows one to quantify sensitivity even in the presence of certain forms of nonlinear resonance. We obtain several necessary and sufficient characterizations of the iISS property, expressed in terms of dissipation inequalities and other alternative and nontrivial characterizations.
639 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an integrative model of retail environment, self-congruity, and retail patronage is described, and the model develops theoretical propositions for future research to further develop the research in the area of self-image congruence in retailing.
507 citations
TL;DR: It is considered that, through this recent work, it is becoming evident how normoxic-maintenance ATP turnover rates can be down-regulated by an order of magnitude or more - to a new hypometabolic steady state, which is prerequisite for surviving prolonged hypoxia or anoxia.
Abstract: Organisms vary widely in their tolerance to conditions of limiting oxygen supply to their cells and tissues. A unifying framework of hypoxia tolerance is now available that is based on information from cell-level models from highly anoxia-tolerant species, such as the aquatic turtle, and from other more hypoxia-sensitive systems. The response of hypoxia-tolerant systems to oxygen lack occurs in two (defense and rescue) phases. The first lines of defense against hypoxia include a drastic, if balanced, suppression of ATP demand and supply pathways; this regulation allows ATP levels to remain constant, even while ATP turnover rates greatly decline. The ATP requirements of ion pumping are down-regulated by generalized 'channel' arrest in hepatocytes and by the arrest of specific ion channels in neurons. In hepatocytes, the ATP demands of protein synthesis are down-regulated on exposure to hypoxia by an immediate global blockade of the process (probably through translational arrest caused by complexing between polysomes and elongation factors). In hypoxia-sensitive cells, this translational arrest seems irreversible, but hypoxia-tolerant systems activate 'rescue' mechanisms if the period of oxygen lack is extended by preferentially regulating the expression of several proteins. In these cells, a cascade of processes underpinning hypoxia rescue and defense begins with an oxygen sensor (a heme protein) and a signal transduction pathway that leads to the specific activation of some genes (increased expression of several proteins) and to specific down-regulation of other genes (decreased expression of several other proteins). The functional roles of the oxygen-sensing and signal-transduction system include significant gene-based metabolic reprogramming - the rescue process - with maintained down-regulation of energy demand and supply pathways in metabolism throughout the hypoxic period. We consider that, through this recent work, it is becoming evident how normoxic-maintenance ATP turnover rates can be down-regulated by an order of magnitude or more - to a new hypometabolic steady state, which is prerequisite for surviving prolonged hypoxia or anoxia. Because the phylogenies of the turtles and of fishes are well known, we are now in an excellent position to assess conservative vs. adaptable features in the evolution of the above hypoxia-response physiology in these two specific animal lineages.
480 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that the course of life-span changes in cognition are affected by education, and among individuals with a low level of education, best neuropsychological test performance is observed at an older age than among higher-educated subjects.
412 citations
TL;DR: The assumption that traditional intelligence tests are not appropriately evaluating executive functions is supported by the results of this study.
377 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the feasibility of a trust-based organizational paradigm as a new model for public sector management is explored and a conceptual model is developed from a literature review of more than 100 papers.
Abstract: This article explores the feasibility of a trust-based organizational paradigm as a new model for public sector management. A conceptual model is developed from a literature review of more than 100...
360 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that an evolutionary perspective can be valuable for developing a better understanding of human ontogeny in contemporary society and that a developmental perspective is important for a betterUnderstanding of evolutionary psychology.
Abstract: Evolutionary developmental psychology involves the expression of evolved, epigenetic programs, as described by the developmental systems approach, over the course of ontogeny. There have been different selection pressures on organisms at different times in ontogeny, and some characteristics of infants and children were selected in evolution to serve an adaptive function at that time in their life history rather than to prepare individuals for later adulthood. Examples of such adaptive functions of immaturity are provided from infancy, play, and cognitive development. Most evolved psychological mechanisms are proposed to be domain specific in nature and have been identified for various aspects of children’s cognitive and social development, most notably for the acquisition of language and for theory of mind. Differences in the quality and quantity of parental investment affect children’s development and influence their subsequent reproductive and childcare strategies. Some sex differences observed in childhood, particularly as expressed during play, are seen as antecedents and preparations for adult sex differences. Because evolved mechanisms were adaptive to ancestral environments, they are not always adaptive for contemporary people, and this mismatch of evolved mechanisms with modern environments is seen in children’s maladjustment to some aspects of formal schooling. We argue that an evolutionary perspective can be valuable for developing a better understanding of human ontogeny in contemporary society and that a developmental perspective is important for a better understanding of evolutionary psychology.
269 citations
TL;DR: The field of evolutionary developmental psychology can potentially broaden the horizons of mainstream evolutionary psychology by combining the principles of Darwinian evolution by natural selection with the study of human development, focusing on the epigenetic effects that occur between humans and their environment in a way that attempts to explain how evolved psychological mechanisms become expressed in the phenotypes of adults as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The field of evolutionary developmental psychology can potentially broaden the horizons of mainstream evolutionary psychology by combining the principles of Darwinian evolution by natural selection with the study of human development, focusing on the epigenetic effects that occur between humans and their environment in a way that attempts to explain how evolved psychological mechanisms become expressed in the phenotypes of adults. An evolutionary developmental perspective includes an appreciation of comparative research and we, among others, argue that contrasting the cognition of humans with that of nonhuman primates can provide a framework with which to understand how human cognitive abilities and intelligence evolved. Furthermore, we argue that several «immature» aspects of childhood (e.g., play and immature cognition) serve both as deferred adaptations as well as imparting immediate benefits. Intense selection pressure was surely exerted on childhood over human evolutionary history and, as a result, neglecting to consider the early developmental period of children when studying their later adulthood produces an incomplete picture of the evolved adaptations expressed through human behavior and cognition.
241 citations
TL;DR: Bilinguals who learned English before age 12 performed significantly better on the English repetition test and produced a higher number of words in the description of a picture than the bilinguals who learning English after age 12.
Abstract: The influence of bilingualism on cognitive test performance in older adults has received limited attention in the neuropsychology literature The aim of this study was to examine the impact of bilingualism on verbal fluency and repetition tests in older Hispanic bilinguals Eighty-two right-handed participants (28 men and 54 women) with a mean age of 6176 years (SD = 930; range = 50-84) and a mean educational level of 148 years (SD = 36; range 2-23) were selected Forty-five of the participants were English monolinguals, 18 were Spanish monolinguals, and 19 were Spanish-English bilinguals Verbal fluency was tested by electing a verbal description of a picture and by asking participants to generate words within phonemic and semantic categories Repetition was tested using a sentence-repetition test The bilinguals' test scores were compared to English monolinguals' and Spanish monolinguals' test scores Results demonstrated equal performance of bilingual and monolingual participants in all tests except that of semantic verbal fluency Bilinguals who learned English before age 12 performed significantly better on the English repetition test and produced a higher number of words in the description of a picture than the bilinguals who learned English after age 12 Variables such as task demands, language interference, linguistic mode, and level of bilingualism are addressed in the Discussion section
238 citations
TL;DR: Application of this sense-making model of knowledge management for new business environments will facilitate business model innovation necessary for sustainable competitive advantage in the new business environment characterized by dynamic, discontinuous and radical pace of change.
Abstract: The concept of knowledge management is not new in information systems practice and research. However, radical changes in the business environment have suggested limitations of the traditional information-processing view of knowledge management. Specifically, it is being realized that the programmed nature of heuristics underlying such systems may be inadequate for coping with the demands imposed by the new business environments. New business environments are characterized not only by rapid pace of change but also discontinuous nature of such change. The new business environment, characterized by dynamically discontinuous change, requires a re-conceptualization of knowledge management as it has been understood in information systems practice and research. One such conceptualization is proposed in the form of a sense-making model of knowledge management for new business environments. Application of this framework will facilitate business model innovation necessary for sustainable competitive advantage in the new business environment characterized by dynamic, discontinuous and radical pace of change.
226 citations
TL;DR: It is believed that the cumulative evidence indicates that REM sleep serves no role in the processing or consolidation of memory, and is proposed that the primary function of REM sleep is to provide periodic endogenous stimulation to the brain which serves to maintain requisite levels of central nervous system activity throughout sleep.
Abstract: We present evidence disputing the hypothesis that memories are processed or consolidated in REM sleep. A review of REM deprivation (REMD) studies in animals shows these reports to be about equally divided in showing that REMD does, or does not, disrupt learning/memory. The studies supporting a relationship between REM sleep and memory have been strongly criticized for the confounding effects of very stressful REM deprivation techniques. The three major classes of antidepressant drugs, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), profoundly suppress REM sleep. The MAOIs virtually abolish REM sleep, and the TCAs and SSRIs have been shown to produce immediate (40-85%) and sustained (30-50%) reductions in REM sleep. Despite marked suppression of REM sleep, these classes of antidepressants on the whole do not disrupt learning/memory. There have been a few reports of patients who have survived bilateral lesions of the pons with few lingering complications. Although these lesions essentially abolished REM sleep, the patients reportedly led normal lives. Recent functional imaging studies in humans have revealed patterns of brain activity in REM sleep that are consistent with dream processes but not with memory consolidation. We propose that the primary function of REM sleep is to provide periodic endogenous stimulation to the brain which serves to maintain requisite levels of central nervous system (CNS) activity throughout sleep. REM is the mechanism used by the brain to promote recovery from sleep. We believe that the cumulative evidence indicates that REM sleep serves no role in the processing or consolidation of memory.
TL;DR: In this paper, necessary and sufficient characterizations of several notions of input to output stability were presented, and the results given here extend their validity to the case when the output, but not necessarily the entire internal state, is being regulated.
Abstract: This paper presents necessary and sufficient characterizations of several notions of input to output stability. Similar Lyapunov characterizations have been found to play a key role in the analysis of the input to state stability property, and the results given here extend their validity to the case when the output, but not necessarily the entire internal state, is being regulated.
TL;DR: Results demonstrate a potentially important technique to modify seed germination characteristics in agricultural plant species by coating the surface of the seeds with macromolecules from a cold plasma process using a rotating plasma reactor.
Abstract: This study was conducted to determine if an alternate seed treatment approach based on plasma chemistry would offer a more viable alternative over traditional seed coating technologies. Seed germination characteristics were modified in five agricultural species by coating the surface of the seeds with macromolecules from a cold plasma process using a rotating plasma reactor. The source gas entering the plasma chamber during the reaction process determined the type of coating, and coatings were typically much less than 5.0 micrometer in thickness. To delay germination we utilized two different hydrophobic source gases, carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) or octadecafluorodecalin (ODFD). Seeds of radish (Raphanus sativus) and two pea cultivars (Pisum sativum cv. Little Marvel, P. sativum cv. Alaska) treated with CF4, resulted in a significant delay in germination compared with untreated controls. Similarly, plasma treatment with ODFD significantly delayed germination in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], corn (Zea mays L.), and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds. The degree of delay was dependent on the amount of coating applied, with an increased thickness of coating resulting in a greater delay in germination. To enhance germination we treated seeds with cyclohexane, or with a gas such as aniline or hydrazine. Seeds treated with cyclohexane resulted in a significant acceleration in germination percentage for soybean but not corn seeds, while hydrazine-treated corn seed showed a small acceleration over control seed. However, both aniline-treated soybean and corn seed had a significant acceleration in germination percentage. Tests of water uptake determined that the major mode of action of the plasma coatings was largely on the rate of imbibition. These results demonstrate a potentially important technique to modify seed germination characteristics in agricultural plant species.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identified emotional reactions to a partner's sexual infidelity and emotional infidelity, including Hostile/Vengeful, Depressed, and Sexually aroused.
Abstract: We sought to identify emotional reactions to a partner's sexual infidelity and emotional infidelity. In a preliminary study, 53 participants nominated emotional reactions to a partner's sexual and emotional infidelity. In a second study, 655 participants rated each emotion for how likely it was to occur following sexual and emotional infidelity. Principal components analysis revealed 15 emotion components, including Hostile/Vengeful, Depressed, and Sexually aroused. We conducted repeated measures analyses of variance on the 15 components, with participant sex as the between-subjects factor and infidelity type as the within-subjects factor. A main effect for sex obtained for 9 components. For example, men scored higher on Homicidal/Suicidal, whereas women scored higher on Undesirable/Insecure. A main effect for infidelity type obtained for 12 components. For example, participants endorsed Nauseated/Repulsed as more likely to follow sexual infidelity and Undesirable/Insecure as more likely to follow emotion...
TL;DR: Using the strong hypothesis test, the authors found that ratings by low C and high A individuals were more elevated than all other groups of students combined.
Abstract: The authors studied the relationship between the Big Five personality factors and rating elevation among 111 students making peer evaluations. It was hypothesized that Conscientiousness (C) scores would be negatively correlated with rating level and that Agreeableness (A) scores would be positively correlated with rating level. We further predicted that individuals who were low on C and high on A would produce the most elevated ratings. As predicted, A scores were positively related to rating level (.33, p < .01) and C scores were negatively correlated with rating level (-.37, p < .01). Using the strong hypothesis test (P. Bobko, 1986), the authors found that ratings by low C and high A individuals were more elevated than all other groups of students combined (p < .01).
TL;DR: The literature on international operations management (IOM) from 28 leading operations management, international business, and management journals over the years 1986-1997 has been surveyed in this article, showing that much of the work in IOM seems motivated by a desire to provide firms with an economic benefit.
TL;DR: Residue-to-binary conversion based on the New CRT's presented here will have a significant impact on many algorithms which currently use the CRT, particularly in computer arithmetic such as residue number systems.
Abstract: The speed of arithmetic operations depends on the size of the numbers involved. Smaller numbers have faster operations. That is exactly the reason why residue number systems are attractive in computer arithmetic. However, the conversion from residue to binary numbers involves a large number module operations. Several residue-to-binary converters are proposed in this paper. The converters are based on the New Chinese Remainder Theorems (CRT's) I and II which represent our work. The New CRT's improve the celebrated CRT. The new algorithms do not use any large size module adders. The numbers involved are much smaller compared to the numbers in the CRT and its alternative, the Mixed Radix Conversion method. Given a moduli set as (P/sub 1/, P/sub 2/,, P/sub n/), to convert a residue number (x/sub 1/,x/sub 2/,...,x/sub n/) to its decimal correspondence, a matrix of numbers bounded by P/sub i/ is needed for the New CRT I compared to the large numbers M/P/sub i/ for the CRT, where M=P/sub 1/P/sub 2/...P/sub n/. The New CRT II uses module multipliers of size less than /spl radic/M. If the condition P/sub i+1/>P/sub 1/+P/sub 2/+...+P/sub i/ is satisfied, only one module operation of size P/sub n/ is needed for the conversion. Residue-to-binary conversion based on the New CRT's presented here will have a significant impact on many algorithms which currently use the CRT, particularly in computer arithmetic such as residue number systems.
TL;DR: This article examined the differences among Latino families who are in the low, bicultural, and high acculturation stages on measures of family cohesion, adaptability, and environment and found significant differences among the groups on family cohesion and adaptability.
Abstract: The present study examines the differences among Latino families who are in the low, bicultural, and high acculturation stages on measures of family cohesion, adaptability, and environment. Preliminary results revealed a significant difference in age of migration among the low acculturation and the bicultural and high acculturation groups. Therefore, a multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) to control for age of migration was conducted. The results revealed significant differences among the groups on family cohesion, adaptability, and some indices of family environment. The implications for family counselors follow the recommendations for further research about acculturation’s influence on the Latino family.
TL;DR: In this article, the sensitivity of REIT returns to stock market and interest-rate changes is examined. But, the authors do not consider whether REITs are systematically exposed to general stock-market risk and interest rate risk.
Abstract: Previous research on the returns to real estate investment trusts (REITs) has considered whether REITs are systematically exposed to general stock-market risk and interest-rate risk. This study examines how the sensitivity of REIT returns to these factors may be influenced by various REIT characteristics. Using a sample of publicly traded REITs, we estimate the sensitivity of REIT returns to stock market and interest-rate changes. We then propose and implement a model for testing whether differences in asset structure, financial leverage, management strategy, and degree of specialization in the REIT portfolios are related to their sensitivity to interest rate and market risk. Our results permit us to offer some inferences about how REITs can alter their risk exposure by managing these characteristics.
TL;DR: The evolutionary psychological hypothesis that men and women would be most distressed about threats from rivals who surpassed them on sex-linked components of mate value was tested in this paper, and six predictions were supported in all three cultures.
Abstract: research tested the evolutionary psychological hypothesis that men and women would be most distressed about threats from rivals who surpass them on sex-linked components of mate value. Six predictions were tested in samples from three cultures, the United States (N = 208), the Netherlands (N = 349), and Korea (N = 174). Five predictions were supported in all three cultures. Korean, Dutch, and American men, more than corresponding women, report greater distress when a rival surpasses them on financial prospects, job prospects, and physical strength. Korean, Dutch, and American women, in contrast, report greater distress when a rival surpasses them on facial and bodily attractiveness. The cultures differed on some variables. Korean women and men, for example, differed from Americans and Dutch in reporting more distress over rivals who had better financial prospects, better job prospects, and higher status and prestige. Americans exceeded Koreans in reporting distress when rivals had more attractive faces and bodies, whereas the Dutch exceeded the other cultures in reporting more distress when rivals had a better sense of humor. Discussion focuses on possible proximate psychological mechanisms underlying distress over rivals and the theoretical importance of intrasexual competition.
TL;DR: Results indicate that assisted walking with conversation can contribute to maintenance of functional mobility in institutionalized populations with Alzheimer disease and staff assigned to this task should be prepared to use effective communication strategies to gain acceptance of the intervention.
Abstract: Assisted walking and walking combined with conversation were compared to a conversation-only intervention in nursing home residents with Alzheimer disease. Sixty-five subjects randomly assigned to treatment group were tested at baseline and end of treatment. Subjects' mean Mini-Mental State Examination score was 10.83; mean age was 87. Treatment was given for 30 minutes three times a week for 16 weeks. Subjects in the assisted walking group declined 20.9% in functional mobility; the conversation group declined 18.8%. The combined walking and conversation treatment group declined only 2.5%. These differences in outcome were significant and appear to have been affected by differences in treatment fidelity. Subjects in the conversation treatment group completed 90% of intended treatment compared with 75% in the combined group and only 57% in the assisted walking group. Failure to treat was due to subject refusal and physical illness. The conversation component of the combined walking and conversation treatment intervention appears to have improved compliance with the intervention, thereby improving treatment outcome. Results indicate that assisted walking with conversation can contribute to maintenance of functional mobility in institutionalized populations with Alzheimer disease. Staff assigned to this task should be prepared to use effective communication strategies to gain acceptance of the intervention.
TL;DR: In this article, a case study of how intellectual capital assessment was done in case of one nation state was presented, and the implications of use of such assessment methods and needed areas of advancement were discussed.
Abstract: This article has the following objectives: developing the need for assessing knowledge capital at the national economic level; review of a national case study of how intellectual capital assessment was done in case of one nation state; suggesting implications of use of such assessment methods and needed areas of advancement; and highlighting caveats in existing assessment methods that underscore the directions for future research. With increasing emphasis on aligning national information resource planning, design and implementation with growth and performance needs of businesses or nations, better understanding of new valuation and assessment techniques are necessary for information resource management policymakers, practitioners and researchers.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Genes known to be up-regulated in prostate, breast, and pancreatic carcinomas were discovered by DDD, demonstrating the utility of this technique and facilitating target identification for cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
Abstract: The Cancer Gene Anatomy Project database of the National Cancer
Institute has thousands of expressed sequences, both known and novel,
in the form of expressed sequence tags (ESTs). These ESTs, derived from
diverse normal and tumor cDNA libraries, offer an attractive starting
point for cancer gene discovery. Using a data-mining tool called
Digital Differential Display (DDD) from the Cancer Gene Anatomy Project
database, ESTs from six different solid tumor types (breast, colon,
lung, ovary, pancreas, and prostate) were analyzed for differential
expression. An electronic expression profile and chromosomal map
position of these hits were generated from the Unigene database. The
hits were categorized into major classes of genes including ribosomal
proteins, enzymes, cell surface molecules, secretory proteins, adhesion
molecules, and immunoglobulins and were found to be differentially
expressed in these tumor-derived libraries. Genes known to be
up-regulated in prostate, breast, and pancreatic carcinomas were
discovered by DDD, demonstrating the utility of this technique. Two
hundred known genes and 500 novel sequences were discovered to be
differentially expressed in these select tumor-derived libraries. Test
genes were validated for expression specificity by reverse
transcription-PCR, providing a proof of concept for gene discovery by
DDD. A comprehensive database of hits can be accessed at
http://www.fau.edu/cmbb/publications/cancergenes.htm. This solid tumor
DDD database should facilitate target identification for cancer
diagnostics and therapeutics.
TL;DR: A framework for the consideration of internal markets as an alternative to information systems (IS) outsourcing is developed based on an assessment of the pros and cons of both outsourcing and of insourcing based on the internal markets approach.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of electron doping on the magnetic saturation moment was studied and a phenomenological model was proposed to find local ferromagnetic regions within the antiferromagnetic host for $0.03lxl0.08.$
Abstract: Specimens of the form ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{La}}_{x}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ $(0l~xl~0.2)$ are utilized to study the effect of electron doping on the magnetic saturation moment ${M}_{\mathrm{sat}}(5\mathrm{K}).$ The systematic behavior of ${M}_{\mathrm{sat}}(5\mathrm{K})$ vs x is understood through a phenomenological model which suggests the existence of local ferromagnetic regions within the antiferromagnetic host for $0.03lxl0.08.$
TL;DR: It is concluded that RWTNNFREY, together with the C-terminal hemopexin domain, is essential for collagenolytic activity but that additional structural elements in the catalytic domain are also required.
TL;DR: It is proposed that the COOH-terminal domain of MMPs is necessary for orienting whole, native collagen molecules but may not be necessary for binding to and cleaving a THP, and supports previous suggestions that the features of the catalytic domain contribute significantly toward enzyme specificity.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that memory complaints represent the earliest symptom of familial Alzheimer's disease was supported and minor cognitive impairments were found, particularly, mild anomia, concentration difficulties and defects in the understanding of complex verbal material.
24 Mar 2000
TL;DR: A case study of a large legacy telecommunication system found that using fuzzy subtractive clustering and module-order modeling, one can classify modules which will likely have faults discovered by customers with useful accuracy prior to release.
Abstract: The ever increasing demand for high software reliability requires more robust modeling techniques for software quality prediction. The paper presents a modeling technique that integrates fuzzy subtractive clustering with module-order modeling for software quality prediction. First fuzzy subtractive clustering is used to predict the number of faults, then module-order modeling is used to predict whether modules are fault-prone or not. Note that multiple linear regression is a special case of fuzzy subtractive clustering. We conducted a case study of a large legacy telecommunication system to predict whether each module will be considered fault-prone. The case study found that using fuzzy subtractive clustering and module-order modeling, one can classify modules which will likely have faults discovered by customers with useful accuracy prior to release.
TL;DR: The ability to develop the Ca(2+) signal potentiation is regulated by the developmental stage of nerve tissue, decreasing markedly in adult rat cortical neurons and differentiated PC12 cells.
Abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) are important participants in signal transduction that could provide the cellular basis for activity-dependent regulation of neuronal excitability. In young rat cortical brain slices and undifferentiated PC12 cells, paired application of depolarization/agonist stimulation and oxidation induces long-lasting potentiation of subsequent Ca2+ signaling that is reversed by hypoxia. This potentiation critically depends on NO production and involves cellular ROS utilization. The ability to develop the Ca2+ signal potentiation is regulated by the developmental stage of nerve tissue, decreasing markedly in adult rat cortical neurons and differentiated PC12 cells.