Showing papers by "Florida Atlantic University published in 2002"
TL;DR: An empirical investigation of the relation of social-pragmatic and data-providing features of input to the productive vocabulary of sixty-three 2-year-old children revealed benefits of data provided in mother-child conversation, but no effects of social aspects of those conversations.
Abstract: The contributions of social processes and computational processes to early lexical development were evaluated. A re-analysis and review of previous research cast doubt on the sufficiency of social approaches to word learning. An empirical investigation of the relation of social-pragmatic and data-providing features of input to the productive vocabulary of sixty-three 2-year-old children revealed benefits of data provided in mother-child conversation, but no effects of social aspects of those conversations. The findings further revealed that the properties of data that benefit lexical development in 2-year-olds are quantity, lexical richness, and syntactic complexity. The nature of the computational mechanisms implied by these findings is discussed. An integrated account of the roles of social and computational processes to lexical development is proposed.
664 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the relations of six different conceptualizations of the home literacy environment to oral language, phonological sensitivity, and early literacy development in a longitudinal sample of 115 preschoolers, and found that each of the conceptualizations was consistently related to the outcomes studied.
Abstract: The home literacy environment (HLE) is an important variable in the development of a number of developmental and educational outcomes; however, a number of questions concerning its conceptualization and relations to diverse outcomes are unanswered. This study examined the relations of six different conceptualizations of the HLE to oral language, phonological sensitivity, and early literacy development in a longitudinal sample of 115 preschoolers. Multiple regression and correlational analyses indicated that each of the HLE conceptualizations was consistently related to the outcomes studied. However, the magnitude of the relations varied considerably across outcomes and when other developmental predictors were taken into account. These results indicate that future examinations of the HLE and its role in the development of language and literacy skills need to take into account the manner in which the home environment is conceptualized.
El contexto de alfabetizacion del hogar (HLE) es una variable importante en el desarrollo de una cantidad de consecuencias evolutivas y educativas; sin embargo hay un gran numero de interrogantes sin respuesta referidos a su conceptualizacion y relaciones con los diversos efectos. Este estudio examino las relaciones de seis conceptualizaciones diferentes del HLE con el lenguaje oral, la sensibilidad fonologica y el desarrollo temprano de la lectoescritura en una muestra longitudinal de 115 ninos de Jardin. Los analisis de regresion multiple y correlacionales indicaron que cada una de las conceptualizaciones del HLE se relaciono consistentemente con los efectos estudiados. Sin embargo, la magnitud de las relaciones vario considerablemente segun los efectos, asi como tambien cuando se tuvieron en cuenta otros predictores evolutivos. Estos resultados indican que los estudios futuros sobre el HLE y su papel en el desarrollo de las habilidades de lenguaje y lectoescritura deben tomar en consideracion la forma en la que se conceptualiza el contexto del hogar.
Die hausliche Schreib- und Leseumgebung (HLE = Home Literacy Environment) ist ein wichtiger Faktor bei der Gestaltung einer Anzahl entwicklungsbedingter und erzieherischer Folgeergebnisse; dennoch bleiben viele Fragen in Bezug auf ihre Konzeptualisierung und Relationen zu verschiedenen Auswirkungen unbeantwortet. Diese Studie untersucht die Relationen von sechs verschiedenen Konzeptualisierungen der HLE zur gesprochenen Sprache, phonologischen Sensitivitat und fruher Schreib- und Leseentwicklungen in einem Langzeitbeispiel mit 115 Vorschulern. Mehrfachregression und Korrelationsanalysen zeigten, dass jede der HLE Konzeptualisierungen mit den untersuchten Ergebnissen ubereinstimmte. Jedoch variierte das Ausmas der Beziehungen betrachtlich quer durch die Ergebnisse und sobald andere Entwicklungseinflusse in Rechnung gezogen wurden. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, das zukunftige Untersuchungen der HLE und deren Rolle in der Entwicklung von Sprache und Schreib- bzw. Lesefertigkeiten die Umstande in Rechnung ziehen mussen, in der die hausliche Umgebung konzeptualisiert ist.
L'environnement ecrit familial (EEF) est une variable importante du developpement de nombreux aspects du developpement et del'education toutefois, nombre de questions concernant sa conceptualisation et ses relations avec differents aspects demeurent sans reponses. Cette etude a porte sur les relations de six conceptualisations differentes de l'EEF sur le langage oral, la sensibilite phonologique, et les premiers developpements de la litteratie a l'aide d'un echantillon de 115 enfantsd'âge prescolaire suivis longitudinalement. Des analyses de regression multiple et des correlations ont montre que chacune des conceptualisations de l'EEF est fortement liee aux aspects etudies. Cependant, l'ampleur de ces relations varie considerablement d'un aspect a l'autre et quand d'autres predicteurs du developpement sont pris en consideration. Ces resultats montrent que les etudes ulterieures de l'EEF et de son role sur le developpement des competences en matiere de langage et de litteratie devront prendre en consideration la facon dont on conceptualise l'environnement familial.
594 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show how middle managers in 47 countries report handling eight specific work events and test the ability of cultural value dimensions derived from the work of Hofstede, Trompenaars, and Schwartz to predict the specific sources of guidance on which managers rely.
Abstract: Data are presented showing how middle managers in 47 countries report handling eight specific work events. The data are used to test the ability of cultural value dimensions derived from the work of Hofstede, Trompenaars, and Schwartz to predict the specific sources of guidance on which managers rely. Focusing on sources of guidance is expected to provide a more precise basis than do generalized measures of values for understanding the behaviors that prevail within different cultures. Values are strongly predictive of reliance on those sources of guidance that are relevant to vertical relationships within organizations. However, values are less successful in predicting reliance on peers and on more tacit sources of guidance. Explaining national differences in these neglected aspects of organizational processes will require greater sensitivity to the culture-specific contexts within which they occur.
587 citations
TL;DR: This paper analyzes some deficiencies of the dominant pruning algorithm and proposes two better approximation algorithms: total dominant pruned and partial dominant prune, which utilize 2-hop neighborhood information more effectively to reduce redundant transmissions.
Abstract: Unlike in a wired network, a packet transmitted by a node in an ad hoc wireless network can reach all neighbors. Therefore, the total number of transmissions (forward nodes) is generally used as the cost criterion for broadcasting. The problem of finding the minimum number of forward nodes is NP-complete. Among various approximation approaches, dominant pruning (Lim and Kim 2001) utilizes 2-hop neighborhood information to reduce redundant transmissions. In this paper, we analyze some deficiencies of the dominant pruning algorithm and propose two better approximation algorithms: total dominant pruning and partial dominant pruning. Both algorithms utilize 2-hop neighborhood information more effectively to reduce redundant transmissions. Simulation results of applying these two algorithms show performance improvements compared with the original dominant pruning. In addition, two termination criteria are discussed and compared through simulation under both the static and dynamic environments.
352 citations
TL;DR: The model predicts the categorization of temporally changing event intervals into discrete metrical categories, as well as the perceptual salience of deviations from these categories, and suggests that perception of temporal regularity in complex musical sequences is based on temporal expectancies that adapt in response to temporally fluctuating input.
336 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual framework for understanding the moral and political possibilities of educational leadership is presented. But the framework is limited to the case of education, and it is not suitable for other domains.
Abstract: In this article Dewey's conceptions of theory and practice provide a conceptual framework for understanding the moral and political possibilities of educational leadership. Specifically, the differ...
314 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a large urban housing market is divided into sub-markets and the effects of alternative definitions of sub-market on the accuracy of predictions are explored, and the authors conclude that housing submarkets matter, and location plays the major role in explaining why they matter.
Abstract: We maintain that the appropriate definition of submarkets depends on the use to which they will be put. For mass appraisal purposes, submarkets should be defined so that the accuracy of hedonic predictions will be optimized. Thus we test whether out-of-sample hedonic value predictions can be improved when a large urban housing market is divided into submarkets and we explore the effects of alternative definitions of submarkets on the accuracy of predictions. We compare a set of submarkets based on small geographical areas defined by real estate appraisers with a set of statistically generated submarkets consisting of dwellings that are similar but not necessarily contiguous. The empirical analysis uses a transactions database from Auckland, New Zealand. Price predictions are found to be most accurate when based on the housing market segmentation used by appraisers. We conclude that housing submarkets matter, and location plays the major role in explaining why they matter.
308 citations
TL;DR: For example, this paper found that agreeableness and extraversion were associated with both peer acceptance and friendship in middle school children, and that this dimension was associated with motives to maintain positive interpersonal relations.
305 citations
TL;DR: There is growing evidence that MsrA plays an important role in protecting cells against oxidative damage, and this paper reviews the biochemical properties and biological role ofMsrA.
295 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that a smooth Lyapunov function exists for a family of time-varying discrete systems if these systems are robustly globally asymptotically stable.
290 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a framework for product development practices and discuss relations among these variables as well as important performance variables (product innovation, quality, premium pricing, and profitability).
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine a Canadian tax-driven vehicle known as the Labour Sponsored Venture Capital Corporation (LSVCC) and suggest that the LSVCCs can be expected to have higher agency costs and lower profitability than private venture capital funds.
Abstract: In this paper, we examine a Canadian tax-driven vehicle known as the Labour Sponsored Venture Capital Corporation (LSVCC). As a theoretical matter, we suggest that the LSVCCs can be expected to have higher agency costs and lower profitability than private venture capital funds. We present data that are consistent with this view. The central question that we analyze, however, is whether the tax advantages conferred on LSVCCs have resulted in LSVCCs crowding out, or displacing other types of venture capital funds. Empirical analysis of our data (which covers the 1977-2001 period) is highly consistent with crowding out. The data suggest that crowding out has been sufficiently energetic as to lead to a reduction in the aggregate pool of venture capital in Canada, frusterating one of the key governmental goals underlying the LSVCC programs; namely, the expansion of the aggregate pool of capital. In the course of our analysis, we confirm the importance of macroeconomic factors (the performance of the stock market, real interest rates, and changes in real gross domestic product) in affecting the supply of and demand for venture capital. We also generate evidence that is consistent with the proposition that entrepreneurs in the market for venture capital prefer to incorporate their business federally, rather than provincially.
TL;DR: In this paper, an age range of 5.4-5.5 Ma for the oldest North Pacific Cenozoic occurrence of the marine bivalve mollusk Astarte, which migrated from the Arctic Ocean into the North Pacific when Bering Strait first flooded.
TL;DR: Resistance trends correlated to the abundance and type of bacterial species present in the habitat, suggesting that intrinsic non-emergent mechanisms were responsible for the multiple drug resistance exhibited at low doses.
Abstract: Seven locations were screened for antibiotic-resistant bacteria using a modified agar dilution technique. Isolates resistant to high levels of antibiotics were screened for r plasmids. Low-level resistance (25 micro g x ml(-1)) was widespread for ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, vancomycin and streptomycin but not for kanamycin. Resistant populations dropped sharply at high antibiotic levels, suggesting that intrinsic non-emergent mechanisms were responsible for the multiple drug resistance exhibited at low doses. Dairy farm manure contained significantly (P < 0.01) more (%) resistant bacteria than the other sites. Bacteria isolated from a dairy water canal, a lake by a hospital and a residential garden (fertilized by farm manure) displayed resistance frequencies of 77, 75 and 70%, respectively. Incidence of tetracycline resistance was most prevalent at 47-89% of total bacteria. Out of 200 representative isolates analyzed, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus-like bacteria, Enterobacter and Burkholderia species constituted the dominant reservoirs of resistance at high drug levels (50-170 micro g x ml(-1)). Plasmids were detected in only 29% (58) of these bacteria with tetracycline resistance accounting for 65% of the plasmid pool. Overall, resistance trends correlated to the abundance and type of bacterial species present in the habitat. Environmental reservoirs of resistance include opportunistic pathogens and constitute some public health concern.
TL;DR: An efficient localized algorithm for determining a dominating and absorbant set of vertices (mobile hosts) is given and this set can be easily updated when the network topology changes dynamically, extending dominating-set-based routing to networks with unidirectional links.
Abstract: We extend dominating-set-based routing to networks with unidirectional links. Specifically, an efficient localized algorithm for determining a dominating and absorbant set of vertices (mobile hosts) is given and this set can be easily updated when the network topology changes dynamically. A host /spl nu/ is called a dominating neighbor (absorbant neighbor) of another host u if there is a directed edge from /spl nu/ to u (from u to /spl nu/). A subset of vertices is dominating and absorbant if every vertex not in the subset has one dominating neighbor and one absorbant neighbor in the subset. The derived dominating and absorbant set exhibits good locality properties; that is, the change of a node status (dominating/dominated) affects only the status of nodes in the neighborhood. The notion of dominating and absorbant set can also be applied iteratively on the dominating and absorbant set itself, forming a hierarchy of dominating and absorbant sets. The effectiveness of our approach is confirmed and the locality of node status update is verified through simulation.
TL;DR: The authors found that those who are richer in cultural capital are more likely to be involved in sports, while those richer in economic capital are less likely to participate in sports and that cultural capital has no bearing on sports involvement.
Abstract: Studies in the sociology of sport have found that the higher one's social class, the greater is one's overall involvement in sports, but the less likely is one's involvement in what have come to be called `prole' sports. Using data from the 1993 General Social Survey, this study tests two explanations for this paradox, one stressing class-based differences in cultural capital and the other emphasizing class-based differences in economic capital. Findings show that those who are richest in cultural capital and those richest in economic capital are most likely to be involved in sports generally, and that these tendencies are independent of one another. However, those richest in cultural capital are least likely to be involved in `prole' sports, and economic capital has no bearing on `prole' sports involvement. In all, cultural capital explains the paradox of social class and sports involvement better than economic capital does. Inferences are drawn for the role of sports involvement in the reproduction of s...
TL;DR: Overall, it appears that many proteases of distinct mechanisms possess triple-helical peptidase activity, and that convergent evolution led to a few proteases possessing collagenolytic activity.
Abstract: The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)/matrixin family has been implicated in both normal tissue remodeling and a variety of diseases associated with abnormal turnover of extracellular matrix components. The mechanism by which MMPs catabolize collagen (collagenolysis) is still largely unknown. Substrate flexibility, MMP active sites, and MMP exosites all contribute to collagen degradation. It has recently been demonstrated that the ability to cleave a triple helix (triple-helical peptidase activity) can be distinguished from the ability to cleave collagen (collagenolytic activity). This suggests that the ability to cleave a triple helix is not the limiting factor for collagenolytic activity-the ability to properly orient and potentially destabilize collagen is. For the MMP family, the catalytic domain can unwind and cleave a triple-helical structure, while the C-terminal hemopexin-like domain appears to be responsible for properly orienting collagen and destabilizing it to some degree. It is also possible that exosites within the catalytic and/or C-terminal hemopexin-like domain may exclude some MMPs from cleaving collagen. Overall, it appears that many proteases of distinct mechanisms possess triple-helical peptidase activity, and that convergent evolution led to a few proteases possessing collagenolytic activity. Proper orientation and distortion of the triple helix may be the key factor for collagenolysis.
TL;DR: Men and women have confronted different adaptive problems over evolutionary history associated with different forms of infidelity, and as discussed by the authors found that men are more likely to forgive a sexual infidelity than an emotional infidelity.
Abstract: Infidelities--sexual, emotional, or both--afflict many long-term romantic relationships. When a person discovers a partner's betrayal, a major decision faced is to forgive the partner and remain together or to terminate the relationship. Because men and women have confronted different adaptive problems over evolutionary history associated with different forms of infidelity, we hypothesised the existence of sex differences in which aspects of infidelity would affect the likelihood of forgiveness or breakup. We tested this hypothesis using forced-choice dilemmas in which participants (N = 256) indicated how difficult it would be to forgive the partner and how likely they would be to break up with the partner, depending on the nature of the infidelity. Results support the hypothesis that men, relative to women: (a) find it more difficult to forgive a sexual infidelity than an emotional infidelity; and (b) are more likely to terminate a current relationship following a partner's sexual infidelity than an emot...
TL;DR: ESI-MS and APCI-MS were found to be complementary techniques, which together contributed to a better understanding of the identities of the products formed by oxidation of triacylglycerols.
Abstract: Two mass spectrometers, in parallel, were employed simultaneously for analysis of triacylglycerols in canola oil, for analysis of triolein oxidation products, and for analysis of triacylglycerol positional isomers separated using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was interfaced via an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface to two reversed-phase liquid chromatographic columns in series. An ion trap mass spectrometer was coupled to the same two columns using an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface, with ammonium formate added as electrolyte. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) under these conditions produced abundant ammonium adduct ions from triacylglycerols, which were then fragmented to produce MS/MS spectra and then fragmented further to produce MS/MS/MS spectra. ESI-MS/MS of the ammoniated adduct ions gave product ion mass spectra which were similar to mass spectra obtained by APCI-MS. ESI-MS/MS produced diacylglycerol fragment ions, and additional fragmentation (MS/MS/MS) produced [RCO](+) (acylium) ions, [RCOO+58](+) ions, and other related ions which allowed assignment of individual acyl chain identities. APCI-MS of triacylglycerol oxidation products produced spectra like those reported previously using APCI-MS. APCI-MS/MS produced ions related to individual fatty acid chains. ESI-MS of triacylglycerol oxidation products produced abundant ammonium adduct ions, even for those molecules which previously produced little or no intact molecular ions under APCI-MS conditions. Fragmentation (MS/MS) of the [M+NH(4)](+) ions produced results similar to those obtained by APCI-MS. Further fragmentation (MS/MS/MS) of the diacylglycerol fragments of oxidation products provided information on the oxidized individual fatty acyl chains. ESI-MS and APCI-MS were found to be complementary techniques, which together contributed to a better understanding of the identities of the products formed by oxidation of triacylglycerols.
TL;DR: Differences in the prevalence of autonomic symptoms in PD and non-parkinsonian controls are apparent from this study.
TL;DR: This paper examined relationships among Baumrind's three parenting styles, parent involvement (both parenting variables as perceived by student), and mastery and performance goal orientations of high school students.
TL;DR: The overall fold of the MsrB domain revealed by the 1.85 Å crystal structure shows no resemblance to the previously determined MsrA structures, and the active sites show approximate mirror symmetry, having broad implications for modular catalysis, antibiotic drug design and continuing longevity studies in mammals.
Abstract: Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr) protect against oxidative damage that can contribute to cell death. The tandem Msr domains (MsrA and MsrB) of the pilB protein from Neisseria gonorrhoeae each reduce different epimeric forms of methionine sulfoxide. The overall fold of the MsrB domain revealed by the 1.85 A crystal structure shows no resemblance to the previously determined MsrA structures from other organisms. Despite the lack of homology, the active sites show approximate mirror symmetry. In each case, conserved amino acid motifs mediate the stereo-specific recognition and reduction of the substrate. Unlike the MsrA domain, the MsrB domain activates the cysteine or selenocysteine nucleophile through a unique Cys-Arg-Asp/Glu catalytic triad. The collapse of the reaction intermediate most likely results in the formation of a sulfenic or selenenic acid moiety. Regeneration of the active site occurs through a series of thiol-disulfide exchange steps involving another active site Cys residue and thioredoxin. These observations have broad implications for modular catalysis, antibiotic drug design and continuing longevity studies in mammals.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors further improved the performance of i>GFG algorithm by reducing its average hop count, by adding a sooner-back procedure for earlier escape from i>FACE mode.
Abstract: Several localized position based routing algorithms for wireless networks were described recently. In greedy routing algorithm (that has close performance to the shortest path algorithm, if successful), sender or node i>S currently holding the message i>m forwards i>m to one of its neighbors that is the closest to destination. The algorithm fails if i>S does not have any neighbor that is closer to destination than i>S. i>FACE algorithm guarantees the delivery of i>m if the network, modeled by unit graph, is connected. i>GFG algorithm combines greedy and i>FACE algorithms. Greedy algorithm is applied as long as possible, until delivery or a failure. In case of failure, the algorithm switches to i>FACE algorithm until a node closer to destination than last failure node is found, at which point greedy algorithm is applied again. Past traffic does not need to be memorized at nodes. In this paper we further improve the performance of i>GFG algorithm, by reducing its average hop count. First we improve the i>FACE algorithm by adding a sooner-back procedure for earlier escape from i>FACE mode. Then we perform a i>shortcut procedure at each forwarding node i>S. Node i>S uses the local information available to calculate as many hops as possible and forwards the packet to the last known hop directly instead of forwarding it to the next hop. The second improvement is based on the concept of dominating sets. Each node in the network is classified as internal or not, based on geographic position of its neighboring nodes. The network of internal nodes defines a connected dominating set, i.e., and each node must be either internal or directly connected to an internal node. In addition, internal nodes are connected. We apply several existing definitions of internal nodes, namely the concepts of intermediate, inter-gateway and gateway nodes. We propose to run i>GFG routing, enhanced by shortcut procedure, on the dominating set, except possibly the first and last hops. The performance of proposed algorithms is measured by comparing its average hop count with hop count of the basic i>GFG algorithm and the benchmark shortest path algorithm, and very significant improvements were obtained for low degree graphs. More precisely, we obtained localized routing algorithm that guarantees delivery and has very low excess in terms of hop count compared to the shortest path algorithm. The experimental data show that the length of additional path (in excess of shortest path length) can be reduced to about half of that of existing i>GFG algorithm.
TL;DR: A novel heuristic global optimization method, energy landscape paving (ELP), which combines core ideas from energy surface deformation and tabu search and gives faster convergence to the global minimum than previous approaches.
Abstract: We introduce a novel heuristic global optimization method, energy landscape paving (ELP), which combines core ideas from energy surface deformation and tabu search. In appropriate limits, ELP reduces to existing techniques. The approach is very general and flexible and is illustrated here on two protein folding problems. For these examples, the technique gives faster convergence to the global minimum than previous approaches.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined personality and cognitive assessments associated with impairments in self-regulation and found that Effortful Control is a common developmental substrate of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness.
TL;DR: This article found that participants donate more money to a charity when offered a product in exchange for their donation, even though the product itself held little appeal for them, consistent with the idea that the exchange provided psychological cover for their act of compassion.
07 Aug 2002
TL;DR: This paper study the interpretation of cost estimation models based on a backpropagation three layer perceptron network based on the COCOMO'81 dataset and proposes a method that maps this neural network to a fuzzy rule based system.
Abstract: Software development effort estimation with the aid of neural networks has generally been viewed with skepticism by a majority of the software cost estimation community. Although, neural networks have shown their strengths in solving complex problems, their shortcoming of being 'black boxes' models has prevented them from being accepted as a common practice for cost estimation. In this paper, we study the interpretation of cost estimation models based on a backpropagation three layer perceptron network. Our proposed idea comprises mainly of the use of a method that maps this neural network to a fuzzy rule based system. Consequently, if the obtained fuzzy rules are easily interpreted, the neural network will also be easy to interpret. Our case study is based on the COCOMO'81 dataset.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine Web users' beliefs, attitudes and behavior towards Web advertising, and test the belief model via structural equation modeling. But the results suggest the model is a robust Web advertising effectiveness measurement tool.
Abstract: To examine Web users' beliefs, attitudes and behaviour towards Web advertising, Pollay and Mittal's (1993) belief model is tested via structural equation modelling. The results suggest the model is a robust Web advertising effectiveness measurement tool. Underlying the study are the hypotheses that Web users' attitudes towards Web advertising are a function of several belief factors and influence users' behavioural intention. Results indicate the belief factors—product information, hedonic pleasure, and social role and image—related positively to subjects' attitudes towards Web advertising. Web users' beliefs about materialism, falsity/no sense and value corruption related negatively to their attitudes towards Web advertising. Web advertising attitudes impacted on reported behaviour towards Web advertising such that the more positive Web users' attitudes were towards Web advertising, the greater the likelihood that they would respond favourably to Web ads. In addition, the higher the respondents' income a...
TL;DR: This article found that large banks tend to employ standard criteria obtained from financial statements in the loan decision process, but that small banks (less than $1 billion in assets) deviate from these criteria by relying to a larger extent on the character of the borrower.
Abstract: The informational opacity of small businesses makes them an interesting area for the study of banks' lending practices and procedures. We use a survey of small businesses conducted by the Federal Reserve to analyze the micro-level differences between large banks and small banks in the loan approval process. We provide evidence that large banks ($1 billion or more in assets) tend to employ standard criteria obtained from financial statements in the loan decision process, but that small banks (less than $1 billion in assets) deviate from these criteria by relying to a larger extent on the character of the borrower. Some of the results are inconsistent, however. These "cookie-cutter" and "character" approaches are compatible with the incentives and environments facing large and small banks.
TL;DR: Investigating relations between the availability of aspects of working memory resources and both strategy selection and execution and disrupting central executive and phonological aspects of memory affected strategy execution, but only when min counting was used to solve the problems.
Abstract: A concurrent-task methodology was used to investigate relations between the availability of aspects of working memory resources and both strategy selection and execution while simple addition equations (e.g., 4 + 3 = 8) were being verified. Consistent with prior research in which production trials have been used, undergraduates selected a variety of procedures other than retrieval. Availability of working memory resources did not generally affect strategy selection. Disrupting central executive and phonological aspects of memory affected strategy execution, but only when min counting was used to solve the problems. These and other features of the results suggest that availability of working memory resources does not contribute to individual differences in strategy selection and time to execute retrieval processes.