Showing papers by "Florida State University published in 1969"

A token reinforcement program in a public school: a replication and systematic analysis.

Abstract: A base rate of disruptive behavior was obtained for seven children in a second-grade class of 21 children. Rules, Educational Structure, and Praising Appropriate Behavior while Ignoring Disruptive Behavior were introduced successively; none of these procedures consistently reduced disruptive behavior. However, a combination of Rules, Educational Structure, and Praise and Ignoring nearly eliminated disruptive behavior of one child. When the Token Reinforcement Program was introduced, the frequency of disruptive behavior declined in five of the six remaining children. Withdrawal of the Token Reinforcement Program increased disruptive behavior in these five children, and reinstatement of the Token Reinforcement Program reduced disruptive behavior in four of these five. Follow-up data indicated that the teacher was able to transfer control from the token and back-up reinforcers to the reinforcers existing within the educational setting, such as stars and occasional pieces of candy. Improvements in academic achievement during the year may have been related to the Token Program, and attendance records appeared to be enhanced during the Token phases. The Token Program was utilized only in the afternoon, and the data did not indicate any generalization of appropriate behavior from the afternoon to the morning.

Lipid Oxidation and Pigment Changes in Raw Beef

Abstract: SUMMARY– Two major sources of nonmicrobial deterioration in prepackaged raw meats are the development of off-odors and off-colors. The relationship of these changes to polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation in the meat was investigated. Lipid oxidation was measured by the thiobarbituric acid test; pigment changes, by reflectance spectrophotometry. Lipid oxidation was found to produce detectable off-odors in raw and subsequently cooked beef. Anaerobic packaging to prevent oxidation of myoglobin and in turn, lipids, appeared to be useful only if packaging (and oxygen removal) could be carried out rapidly and if meat contained sufficient enzyme activity to establish anaerobic conditions quickly and to completely reduce metmyoglobin. Propyl gallate and butylated hydroxyanisole, even under aerobic conditions, offered substantial protection to the fresh meat pigments and at the same time effectively inhibited lipid oxidation.

Sensitized photooxygenation reactions and the role of singlet oxygen.

Abstract: — In this paper we discuss various theoretical and experimental aspects of the role of singlet oxygen in sensitized photooxygenation reactions. New spectroscopic observations on the photosensitized production of singlet oxygen molecules are presented. The various factors which control the generation and reactions of singlet oxygen molecules are considered in detail. A relatively simple theoretical procedure is developed to predict the relative reactivities of 1σ, 1δ and 3σ oxygen toward various organic acceptors, and is used to discuss the chemical and photochemical properties of some of the oxygenation products. Finally, the properties of dioxetanes are examined in connection with the role which they may play in chemi- and bioluminescence. While we have said rather little about photodynamic reactions per se, the results presented in this paper strongly support the suggestion that many of the observed photodynamic effects could be due to reactions of singlet oxygen. Clearly a careful reexamination of various photodynamic effects at the molecular level to establish whether or not reactions of singlet oxygen are involved is now in order.

Mechanism of the Action of Taste-modifying Protein

Abstract: THE “taste-modifying protein” that has been isolated from miracle fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum)1 is a basic glycoprotein with a probable molecular weight of 44,000. Applied to the tongue it modifies taste so that sour substances taste sweet. Brouwer et al.2 have isolated a similar protein from miracle fruit. We describe here a psychological study of the protein designed to clarify its mechanism of action.

Non-Dipole Behaviour During an Upper Miocene Geomagnetic Polarity Transition in Oregon

Abstract: Summary The palaeomagnetism of a section of 71 successive lavas from southeastern Oregon is presented. A geomagnetic polarity change from reversed to normal polarity which took place during the extrusion of the section 15 million years ago has allowed a palaeomagnetic examination of the non-dipole field during a period of diminished dipole intensity. During the polarity transition, there existed an apparent easterlydrifting non-dipole component. Together with an independent determination of the palaeo-intensity on one lava (Coe 1967) and other recently presented data (Goldstein et al. 1968) an application of Irving & Ward's(1964) geomagnetic field model to the data suggests a maximum dipole intensity as low as two per cent of the present value for a period of not less than 100 years during the transition, outside of which the data are consistent with some present-day ratios of non-dipole to dipole field intensity. A very short period of diminished relative dipole intensity occurred during the final stages of the polarity change, when the virtual geomagnetic pole returned to very low latitudes, without any polarity change actually occurring. Because of a great similarity with an independently presented result, it is suggested that this ‘rebound effect’ may reflect a fundamental aspect of the mechanism of at least some polarity changes. Comparison with estimates of the duration of some more recent geomagnetic polarity transitions suggests that the section may have accumulated in less than 50000 years. The lavas of normal polarity, which comprise most of the section, do not show any preferred association with lower or higher oxidation states.

Queuing Behavior of Spiny Lobsters

Abstract: Autumnal mass migrations of spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus, involve diurnal movements of thousands of individuals in single-file queues. Initiation, posture, and alignment of a queue can be effected entirely by tactile cues received through antennular inner rami, pereiopods, and antennae. Since spiny lobsters queue when deprived of shelter, this behavior may serve a defensive function. Specimens captured while migrating maintain the queue indoors for up to several weeks, whereas at other times the queue lasts only a few hours. Hence, the migratory behavior probably depends in part upon environmentally induced neurohormonal changes.

Acceleration and inhibition of lipid oxidation by heme compounds.

Abstract: The acceleration and inhibition of unsaturated fatty acid oxidation by heme compounds was followed in model systems with an oxygen analyzer. The linoleate to heme molar ratios for maximum catalysis were 100 for hemin and catalase, 250 for metmyoglobin, 400 for cytochrome c and 500 for methemoglobin. With heme concentrations of 2 to 4 times the optimum catalytic amount, no oxidation occurred. Rapid heme destruction was observed with catalyzing ratios of lipid to heme, but with inhibitory ratios a stable red compound formed, believed to be a lipid hydroperoxide derivative of the heme. The ratios of lipid to metmyoglobin for maximum acceleration varied with the pH. Linolenate was much less sensitive to heme catalysis than linoleate. Colorless products of heme degradation had a marked antioxidant effect. A possible mechanism for the antioxidant effect of hemes is advanced, based on the formation of stable heme peroxide complexes or stable heme radicals, or both, during the early stages of oxidation. Prooxidant activity is believed to occur only when the peroxide to heme ratio is so high that the oxidation of the hemes goes beyond the initial stages.

Accumulation of (203) hg by the marine diatom chaetoceros costatum.

Abstract: Dividing and nondividing cell populations of Chaetoceros costatum Pavillard were placed in light; nondividing populations were also placed in the dark, and one population was killed by formalin. No difference in(203) Hg uptake was seen in nondividing cells in the light and dark, while cells accumulated about 2 times as much(203) Hg as living cells, presumably by surface adsorption. Dividing cells in light accumulated(203) Hg longer than did nondividing cells, indicating the possibility of some active uptake of Hg.

On the spin-up of an electrically conducting fluid. Part 1. The unsteady hydromagnetic Ekman-Hartmann boundary-layer problem

Abstract: The prototype spin-up problem between infinite flat plates treated by Greenspan & Howard (1963) is extended to include the presence of an imposed axial magnetic field. The fluid is homogeneous, viscous, and electrically conducting. The resulting boundary initial-value problem is solved to first order in Rossby number by Laplace transform techniques. In spite of the linearization the complete hydromagnetic interaction is preserved: currents affect the flow and the flow simultaneously distorts the field. In part 1, we analyze the impulsively started time dependent approach to a final steady Ekman–Hartmann boundary layer on a single insulating flat plate. The transient is found to consist of two diffusively growing boundary layers, inertial oscillations, and a weak Alfven wave front. In part 2, these one plate results are utilized in discussing spin-up between two infinite flat insulating plates. Two distinct and important hydromagnetic spin-up mechanisms are elucidated. In all cases, the spin-up time is found to be shorter than in the corresponding non-magnetic problem.

Light-Dependent Hydrogen Evolution by Scenedesmus* **

Abstract: The effect of glucose and the uncoupler Cl-CCP upon hydrogen production was studied in adapted cells of Scenedesmus obliquus D3. Cl-CCP at 10-5M concentration completely inhibited the evolution of H2 in the dark and increased the apparent rate of H2 evolution in the light. At 10-5M Cl-CCP, photosynthesis and photoreduction by anaerobically adapted algae were only temporarily inhibited; O2 evolution reappeared after approximately 1 hr of illumination if CO2 was present. Increasing the Cl-CCP concentration to 5 x 10-5M led to a maximum rate of photohydrogen production and fully inhibited H2 evolution, photoreduction and dark H2 evolution. H2 evolution was accompanied by a release of varying amounts of CO2 in the light, as well as in the dark. Dark CO2 production was stimulated by Cl-CCP. H2 evolution in the light was stimulated by adding glucose to autotrophically grown cells or by growing the cells heterotrophically with glucose; starvation had an opposite effect. Adapted cells released 14CO2 from the 3 and/or 4 position of specifically labeled glucose, indicating that degradation occurred via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. The amount of H2 released by autotrophically grown cells was the same either with continuous illumination or with short periods of light, followed by darkness. Scenedesmus mutant No. 11, which is unable to evolve O2 was not inhibited in its capacity to evolve H2 in the light. These data indicate that the evolution of H2 in the light by adapted Scenedesmus depends upon the degradation of organic material and does not require the production of free O2 by photosystem II.

Income Inequality and American State Politics

Abstract: The rapidly expanding research literature in comparative state politics typically measures its dependent and independent variables with references to means, averages, and per capitas for each state. (For example, environmental inputs may be expressed as per capita personal income, percent of population living in urban places, median school year completed by the population over 25, etc.; political characteristics may be expressed as average voter turnout levels, percent of the total vote cast for the winning party, etc.; policy outputs are often expressed as per capita expenditures for education, average monthly payments for old age assistance, per capita tax revenues, etc.) With measures such as these, the comparative state politics research has systematically explored many of the linkages between environmental inputs, political system characteristics, and public policy outcomes.Perhaps the most serious reservation regarding this research is its failure to examine distributive and redistributive aspects of state politics. Both dependent and independent variables are generally expressed as levels or amounts or averages for whole states; these can be neatly arranged for comparative analysis both longitudinally and cross-sectionally. But what about the distribution of wealth within a state? Or the distribution of public monies among high and low income groups, rural and urban populations, or other divisions within a state's population. The linkages between the distribution of resources within states, the distribution of influence within state political systems, and public policies reflecting distributional decisions, remain largely untested.

Conditioned suppression to odorous stimuli in pigeons1,2

Abstract: The conditioned suppression technique was employed to establish criterion discrimination of an amyl acetate concentration of 3% of vapor saturation, and to generate differential response rates in the presence of equal concentrations of amyl acetate and butyl acetate. The magnitude of suppression was also recorded as a function of amyl acetate concentration, with the concentrations presented in descending, ascending, and irregular series. The three stimulus presentation procedures generated approximately equivalent suppression versus concentration functions. Amyl acetate suppression thresholds were 0.16%, 0.50%, and 0.73% of vapor saturation for three subjects. Amyl acetate, butyl acetate, and butyric acid thresholds for two additional subjects were approximately 0.10% of vapor saturation. No suppression was recorded during control trials.

Microbial Degradation Of Normal Paraffin Hydrocarbons In Crude Oil

Abstract: Experiments designed to measure the oxidation and degradation of crude oils by naturally occurring marine microorganisms are presently being conducted. Fifty active oil degrading cultures have been isolated in enriched seawater containing crude oil. Oil degradation has been determined with gas chromatography, wet combustion, and by measurement of surface tension. Normal paraffin hydrocarbons through C-26 are degraded by two different groups of micro organisms-those growing in the oil phase only and those growing in the aqueous phase. Emulsification of the crude oil through production of surfactants was observed in many of the enriched cultures. Microbial degradation of 35 to 55 per cent of oxidizable crude oil occurred within 60 hours.

Multivariate paired comparisons: The extension of a univariate model and associated estimation and test procedures

Abstract: : The study is concerned with the development of an extension of the Bradley-Terry Model for paired comparisons to situations in which responses to paired comparisons are obtained on each of several characteristics. At the outset a probability model for multivariate paired comparisons is proposed that may be represented in several distinct ways. An iterative procedure for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters introduced into the model is given and its behavior examined in some detail. It is observed that the procedure generally performed well, the key to this conclusion being the relative stability of the initial estimates of the preference parameters.

Substrate activation with a xanthine oxidase reaction. An alternative to dismutation as an explanation in the chicken liver system.

Abstract: Handler and coworkers [1,2] have studied the non-linearity of xanthine oxidase reciprocal plots for the chicken liver and the Micrococcus lactilyticus systems. In the latter case it was suggested that the non-linearity was due to a dismutation reaction observed at high xanthine concentrations. The studies reported here were undertaken in an effort to demonstrate the presence of such a reaction in the chicken liver system. On the basis of ultraviolet spectra taken during the course of xanthine and hypoxanthine oxidations, it was found that xanthine accumulates in the reaction mixture with hypoxanthine as the substrate and that hypoxanthine does not accumulate in detectable quantities during xanthine oxidation. Conditions were used such that hypoxanthine should have been detectable as a transient if the dismutation reaction occurred. Hypoxanthine which has not been reported to undergo a dismutation reaction shows the same type of non-linearity in reciprocal plots as does xanthine. Relatively high rates of xanthine conversion to uric acid under anaerobic conditions (due to vigorous sweeping with nitrogen) were explained on the basis of residual oxygen. Similar results were obtained for hypoxanthine oxidation. On the basis of these results it seems highly unlikely that a dismutation reaction occurs in this system. Random and multi-site mechanisms can be used to explain the non-linearity.

Effects of larval and pupal environmental factors on biological status of adults at emergence in Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wied.)

Abstract: Adults of Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wied.) were reared from larvae under five environmental variables—quantity of food, density of larvae, salinity of medium, light regime and temperature—singly and in combination. On emergence these adults were analysed for morphological characteristics, dry body weights, energy reserves and autogeny.The minimal expression of adult characteristics and autogeny was effected by lack of food, crowding of larvae, and higher salinity, singly and in combination, at a constant temperature of 27°C. These three factors in turn showed a distinct relationship with delay in onset and prolongation of pupal ecdysis.The maximal expression of adult characteristics and autogeny was found when 75 to 100 larvae per pan were reared on 2 × - or 4 × -basic ration in 10 to 25 per cent, sea water at 27°C. under alternating 12-hr. light-dark cycles. Above the optimal quantity of food, i.e., 2 × -basic ration, there was almost no enhanced effect on the adult characteristics; in fact, with 4 × - and 8 × -basic ration the morphological characteristics were suppressed. Of the three light regimes, continuous light produced adults that were largest, heaviest, had the most energy reserves and the highest level of autogeny. Adults reared on 4 × -basic ration in ten per cent, sea water under alternating 12-hr. light-dark cycles and at temperatures from 24 to 34°C. showed that even though largest mosquitos were obtained at 24°C, the heaviest mosquitos with maximal lipid and glycogen contents and maximal expression of autogeny were found at 28 and 30°C. Temperature changes during the pupal stage did not affect the adult characteristics.Temperature and light regimes show distinct complex effects on adults at emergence, but the quantity of food, density of larvae and salinity of the rearing medium are more important.