Showing papers by "Florida State University published in 1972"

Broadband Complex Refractive Indices of Ice and Water

Abstract: A critical survey of the literature is presented. An empirical model of the complex refractive indices for ice and liquid water is constructed from this review. The model is applicable from -20 degrees C to 0 degrees C for ice and from -20 degrees C to 50 degrees C for water. The spectral interval for which the model applies extends from 2 micro, to several thousand kilometers in wavelength for ice and from 2 micro to several hundred meters in wavelength for water.

Malapportionment, Gerrymandering, and Party Fortunes in Congressional Elections

Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between the partisan division of the northern vote in U.S. House elections and the partisan division of northern House seats. From at least 1952 through 1964, there was a noticeable pro-Republican bias to northern districting, in the sense that the Republicans consistently won about ten per cent more of the seats than the Democrats could obtain from the same percentage of the vote. Following the 1964 election, this partisan inequity has disappeared, but the evidence suggests that this change is only temporary. The normal pattern of a Republican advantage in northern House elections is produced by a Republican gerrymander of accidental origins: the tendency of Democratic voters to cluster in heavily Democratic areas where their votes for Congress go “wasted.” Neither malapportionment nor deliberate partisan gerrymandering appears to have played a major role in distorting the outcomes of House elections.

Why don't bystanders help? Because of ambiguity?

Abstract: Two experiments investigated the effects of ambiguity of an emergency situation on helping behavior. In Experiment I, 70 male undergraduates waiting either alone, with a stranger, or with a friend heard a maintenance man fall and cry out in agony. Half of the two-person groups were naive; the other half included a confederate who was instructed to react as passively as possible. In contrast to the finding of Latane and Rodin's "lady in distress" study, all subjects intervened. In Experiment II, subjects either alone, with one other, or with four others were exposed to either a nonambiguous or an ambiguous emergency situation. At least one subject in all of the nonambiguous conditions responded to the needs of the victim, whereas approximately 30% of the subjects in the ambiguous condition included a helper. Subjects in the latter twoand five-person groups were less likely to help and intervened slower than was expected on the basis of the alone subjects' performances. These results were attributed to the degree of ambiguity and seriousness of consequences employed in the emergency situation,

Perceived Penal Sanction and Self-Reported Criminality: A Neglected Approach to Deterrence Research.

Abstract: With few exceptions, empirical tests of deterrence theory have limited themselves to a consideration of crimes that are mala in se , such as homicide or the seven “Crime Index” offenses; and they have been based upon analyses of aggregate data that are available from official sources, such as Uniform Crime Reports and National Prisoner Statistics. Inconsistency of findings, limitations of available data, and questions necessarily left unanswered by these approaches to deterrence research provide a rationale for alternative approaches that are based upon unofficial data collected at the individual level, and involving crimes that are mala prohibita , as well as mala in se . Interviews with 321 university students were used to determine relationships between admitted marijuana use ( mala prohibita ) and theft ( mala in se ) and perceptions of the severity and certainty of punishment. The data suggest that: (1) perceptions of severe punishment are largely unrelated to admitted theft or marijuana use, (2) “general” deterrence appears not to be working for either offense—that is, punishment of “other” when perceived by “ego” appears unrelated to “ego's” admitted criminality, (3) the expectation that arrest or maximum penalties upon conviction would be likely (certain) for oneself appears somewhat related to lower levels of marijuana use and larceny. However, these latter relationships are stronger for marijuana use—which is mala prohibita —than they are for theft—which is mala in se . Such a discrepancy offers support for theoretical positions taken by Morris (1951), Andenaes (1966), and Zimring (1971).

Domains of learning

Abstract: Categories of learning process are proposed and described, as follows: motor skills, verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, attitudes. Research evidence on school learning suggests that generalizations about critical learning conditions and outcomes can be validly made within these categories, but not across them. Implications of this proposition are examined for several instances of school learning, and more extensively for an example of age differences in learning.

Standard-Basis Operator Method in the Green's-Function Technique of Many-Body Systems with an Application to Ferromagnetism

Abstract: A new formalism, using standard-basis matrix operators, is presented for the study of the collective excitations and the thermodynamic properties of an ensemble of identical interacting quantum-mechanical systems subsequently called "ions," each ion having discrete energy levels. A model Hamiltonian is formulated in terms of these operators. The Hamiltonian contains terms which express the interaction of the ion with the crystal field and the external fields as well as terms which arise from the mutual interaction of ions. Using the doubletime temperature-dependent Green's-function technique, the equations of motion of the Green's functions of standard-basis operators are developed in the random-phase decoupling approximation. It is demonstrated that the temperature-dependent correlation functions of standard-basis operators, which are obtained from associated spectral Green's functions, lead to a set of equations that can be solved for the occupation probabilities of the single-ion energy levels. Hence, one can calculate the thermal-average expectation value of any quantum-mechanical operator representing a microscopic observable of a single ion, or a pair of ions (correlations). An important feature of the standard-basis matrix-operator formalism is that the single-ion terms, such as crystal field, molecular field, or external fields, are always treated exactly in any Green's-function decoupling scheme. In contrast, Green's-function methods which use angular momentum operators often necessarily treat single-ion terms in a decoupling approximation. As an example, the general standard-basis operator theory is applied to the Heisenberg ferromagnet in the presence of uniaxial single-ion crystal-field anisotropy, which has received extensive theoretical attention previously, with widely varying results.

Response patterns of single neurons in the tortoise olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb.

Abstract: The responses to odor stimulation of 40 single units in the olfactory mucosa and of 18 units in the olfactory bulb of the tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) were recorded with indium-filled, Pt-black-tipped microelectrodes. The test battery consisted of 27 odorants which were proved effective by recording from small bundles of olfactory nerve. Two concentrations of each odorant were employed. These values were adjusted for response magnitudes equal to those for amyl acetate at –2.5 and –3.5 log concentration in olfactory twig recording. Varying concentrations were generated by an injection-type olfactometer. The mucosal responses were exclusively facilitory with a peak frequency of 16 impulses/sec. 19 mucosal units responded to at least one odorant and each unit was sensitive to a limited number of odorants (1–15). The sensitivity pattern of each unit was highly individual, with no clear-cut types, either chemical or qualitative, emerging. Of the 18 olfactory bulb units sampled, all responded to at least one odorant. The maximum frequency observed during a response was 39 impulses/sec. The bulbar neurons can be classified into two types. There are neurons that respond exclusively with facilitation and others that respond with facilitation to some odorants and with inhibition to others. Qualitatively or chemically similar odorants did not generate similar patterns across bulbar units.

Influence of Continental Positions on Early Tertiary Climates

Abstract: CONTINENTS can be positioned in their earlier places on the Cainozoic globe by means of their rock magnetism; continents for which such data are lacking can be placed in their relative positions by removing the subsequently generated seafloor. On such a reconstructed globe for a particular time in the Cainozoic the distribution of palaeoclimates, as deduced from significant rock-types and fossil plants and animals, can be plotted in their true geographical relationships. Locations of the continents and subcontinents with respect to the rotational coordinate system, as well as to each other, will largely determine the prevailing climatic trends by affecting the circulation patterns in oceans and atmosphere. Here we attempt to model, in a semi-quantitative way, the climates of the Earth in the later half of the Eocene (40–48 m.y. ago) and in the early half of the Oligocene (30–37 m.y. ago), an interval of marked climatic change.

Variables in interracial aggression: anonymity, expected retaliation, and a riot

Abstract: Two experiments employing white subjects examined the effects of anonymity, expected retaliation, race of target, and a campus racial disturbance on delivered and anticipated aggression (electric shock). Prior to statistical treatment, the data were subjected to principal components analyses, with three aggression components being identified: general direct aggression, extremes in direct aggression, and indirect aggression. In Experiment I, it was found that less direct and more indirect forms of aggression were delivered to black than to white targets when there was opportunity for the target to retaliate. When retaliation was unlikely, the subjects delivered more direct forms of aggression to black than to white targets. Following a campus racial disturbance, there were increases in direct forms of aggression toward black targets, with such aggression now being less dependent on the opportunity for retaliation (Experiment II). In both experiments more direct aggression was anticipated from black than from white targets. The results support the conclusion that white persons have learned to fear black retaliation, but that this fear acts only to inhibit direct forms of aggression in certain denned situations.

Electrophysiological Studies on the Heart of the Bivalve Mollusc, Modiolus Demissus : II. Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Abstract: 1. Electrical activity from the heart of Modiolus demissus was recorded simultaneously by sucrose-gap and microelectrode techniques, confirming the validity of the extracellular method of assessing the shape of the action potential. 2. Hearts beat in Na-free SW (Tris) but with loss of the plateau and a reduced rise time. Mechanical contractions did not persist, however, for more than 2 h in the absence of sodium, and the viability of the preparation declined rapidly after 3 h. 3. Lithium substitution (for sodium) also failed to support the plateau and tetrodotoxin had little effect on the spike. 4. Hearts also beat in Ca-free SW. Here, the spike component and contractile activity were lost at nearly the same time although slowly rising plateau-like potentials persisted for over 6 h. 5. EGTA potentiated the effects of Ca-free SW, and manganese had calcium-antagonizing effects producing longer plateaus. 6. Spikes and plateau phases could be selectively initiated from hearts made quiescent in Na-free and Ca-free SW by readmitting either ion individually. 7. In Na-free SW spike amplitude and rate of rise were increased by raising calcium concentration. This effect was self-limiting at high levels of calcium, however, and the spike was reduced. 8. In divalent-free solutions (Ca- and Mg-free SW) the membrane was depolarized to near zero potential. In this situation the membrane permeability to sodium exceeded that to potassium, and the membrane behaved as a sodium electrode. 9. It is concluded that the action potential in Modiolus heart is dependent primarily on calcium for the spike component and on sodium for the amplitude of the plateau. 10. Calcium is also important in the control of plateau duration and membrane permeability by reason of its stabilizing properties. 11. A possible correlation exists between the occurrence of the plateau, calcium sensitivity and habitat of three bivalve species. The hearts of Modiolus and of the oyster have plateaus and will beat in Ca-free SW, and these bivalves live in estuarine habitats, whereas Mytilus lives in a subtidal environment and its heart is sensitive to low calcium and has no plateau component.

Orientation in Shore-Living Arthropods, Especially the Sand Fiddler Crab

Abstract: The motile macrofauna of coastal and estuarine sand beaches is represented nearly exclusively by arthropods, particularly semiterrestiral marine crustaceans. The permanent residents include amphipods (Talitridae; Hurley, 1968), isopods (Tylidae; Edney, 1968), and decapod crustaceans (Ocypodidae, Grapsiade, Mictyridae, Coenobitidae; Bliss, 1968). More occasional residents are wolf spiders (Lycosidae; Papi and Tongiorgi, 1963), beetles (Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Tenebrionidae; Papi, 1955a; Pardi, 1956), and mole crickets (Gryllotalpidae; Pardi, 1956). The groups successfully populating this environment do so in spite of the deleterious effects of variable and extreme physical conditions (Pearse et al., 1928; Moore et al., 1968). These include physical stresses posed by abrasion and removal of habitable substrate, or deposition of sediment, during storms. Physiological stresses, including insolation, osmotic imbalance, drying, anoxia, drowning, and poisoning by high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, occur more regularly as a result of heavy rain, periodic tidal inundation, and aerial exposure. Biological pressure is also considerable, since the beach inhabitants are subject to predation from the land by mammals (rodents and raccoons) and toads (Bufo), from the air by shorebirds, and from the water by fishes (sciaenids) and portunid crabs, especially Callinectes spp. (Herrnkind, 1968a,b, and unpublished observations). The environmental conditions are such that Pearse et al. (1928) commented, “A marine sandy beach seems like an inhospitable place for ... animals to become established.”

Inequality in the Imposition of a Criminal Label

Abstract: Florida law allows a judge the option of withholding adjudication of guilt from defendants who are being placed on probation. For persons accused of a felony, this step affords an opportunity to avoid the stigma associated with the status of “convicted felon.” Social and legal characteristics of 2,419 consecutive felony probation cases are examined to determine what kinds of persons are more likely to receive the privileged disposition of “adjudication withheld.” Inconsistencies in the imposition of the “convict” label were found, suggesting that defendants who are older, black, poorly educated, have a prior record, and are defended by a court-appointed attorney, are among the most likely to be so labelled. Lemert has argued that inconsistent application of penalties or stigma increases the likelihood of commitment to a deviant identity or career on the part of the accused. While these data cannot confirm Lemert's hypothesis, they do suggest that criminal labels are dispensed in such a manner that persons who are expected to be the most criminal (i.e., poorly educated, indigents, blacks) are given the greatest opportunity to develop a criminal identity or career.

The mechanism of hydrogen photoproduction by several algae : II. The contribution of photosystem II.

Abstract: The contribution of PS II to H2 photoproduction by several unicellular green algae was measured both when O2 evolution and photophosphorylation were unimpaired and also when these processes had been eliminated by Cl-CCP As judged by the effects of DCMU, a PS II contribution was found under both sets of experimental conditions for several strains of Chlorella, Ankistrodesmus and Scenedesmus However, H2 photoproduction by Chlamydomonas moewusii was insensitive to DCMU and thus was entirely due to PS I With cells treated with Cl-CCP, the relative amount of PS II contribution varied from zero in autotrophically grown Chlamydomonas reinhardii, to ≈ 20% in photoheterotrophically grown and ≈ 50% in autotrophically grown cells of Ankistrodesmus braunii, Chlorella fusca, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus The dehydrogenation of reduced H-donors by PS II of Scenedesmus treated with Cl-CCP showed the same biphasic kinetics previously described for H2 photoproduction by PS I of this alga

Positive chemical ionization mass spectra of polycyclic chlorinated pesticides

Abstract: Methane chemical ionization (CI) mass spectra for a series of ten polycyclic chlorinated insecticides and metabolites have been examined. In all cases except heptachlor epoxide the base peak corresponded to elimination of Cl, or OH from the molecule ion. In the spectrum of heptachlor epoxide the [M + H]+ and [M − Cl]+ clusters were of approximately equal intensity. The CI spectra were remarkably simple, invariably less complex than the corresponding electron-impact (EI) mass spectra and the intensity of the ions with high information content, e.g. [M − CI]+ was uniformly high. All of these features are important to the analytical potential of these studies. Retro Diels-Alder (RDA) fragments were observed for the chlordanes, aldrin, isodrin, nonachlor and heptachlor epoxide. The reported preliminary data suggest that the relative intensity of RDA ions in CI mass spectra may be useful in establishing molecular configurations.

Unified Treatment of van der Waals Forces between Two Molecules of Arbitrary Sizes and Electron Delocalizations

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter presents a unified treatment for the interaction between two non-overlapping molecular systems of arbitrary sizes and electron delocalizations. The theory is formulated on the basis of a generalization of the reaction-field technique developed earlier and results are expressed in terms of spatially dependent susceptibilities. The present approach is an infinite-order perturbative method which, in the absence of resonance interaction, yields an expression for the interaction (free) energy in terms of the properties of the noninteracting system. A rigorous expression is derived for the second-order free energy at finite temperatures and an approximate closed-form expression is obtained for the perturbation series by invoking the decorrelation approximation which neglects correlations between virtual excitations within each molecule. Special forms are derived for the dipolar approximation and the results are found to agree with previously derived results obtained by other methods. The connection between the reaction-field approach and those formulations based on collective behavior is discussed.

The sugars of some florida nectars

Abstract: A B S T R A C T The quantitative composition of major sugars in the nectars of 35 plant species was compared with that of 12 fruit juices. The use of specific quantitative assays for glucose, fructose, and sucrose made it possible to analyze large samples without quantitative chromatographic separations. Sucrose ranged from 0-99%. In most nectars, glucose and fructose were present in approximately equal amounts. No evidence was found for the presence of maltose, raffinose, and other oligosaccharides. LITTLE INFORMATION is available on the sugar composition of nectars. This may be due to the small size of the samples usually available and the lack of specific microanalytical techniques. Wykes (1952) used paper chromatography to separate the main sugars from nectars. Fructose and glucose were eluted from the paper and quantitated by reduction of copper. Maltose was claimed to be present in a few samples. The nonreducing sucrose was not determined. Furgala, Gochnauer, and Holdaway (1958) used a similar method to separate the sugars of some northern clover nectars but assayed the eluates with a phenol sulfuric acid reagent, which reacts also with sucrose. Their results suggest that maltose comprises 3-10 % of the total sugars present. Percival (1961) separated a large number of nectars by paper chromatography and estimated the preponderance of glucose, fructose, and sucrose after spraying with anisidine. Small amounts of material with RF values corresponding with maltose, melibiose, or raffinose were found in several species, but these oligosaccharides were not further

Late Paleozoic Glaciation: Part V, Karroo Basin, South Africa

Abstract: The Dwyka Tillite of Carboniferous-Permian age lies at the base of the Gondwana sequence within the Karroo basin of South Africa. The formation consists of up to 1,000 m of massive diamictite and locally contains laminated interbeds (some with isolated stones interpreted as dropstones), irregularly bedded diamictites, and, at places, deformed sandstone bodies. Much of the Dwyka is interpreted as true tillite formed by wasting in place of debris-laden ice; other facies include subaqueous-mudflow deposits composed of mobilized till and subaqueous and outwash material. Glacially striated basement floors abound; these, with rarer boulder pavements, clast studies, and the trends of glacial valleys, indicate that a continental ice sheet lay north of the Karroo basin, centered in Rhodesia and Zambia. The sheet extended southward to near the south coast of Africa, and in the east merged with another that lay over Swaziland, Mozambique, and then-attached Antarctica. Lobes from the latter reached into Natal and as far as the easternmost Cape Province from regions that now are occupied in part by the Indian Ocean. Another ice lobe apparently entered the Karroo basin on the northwest and extended southward from South-West Africa and on southeastward. Facies distributions suggest that an unfrozen arm of the sea reached as far as the coast of South-West Africa from near the Falkland Islands. Published paleomagnetic data indicate that the Gondwana continents, grouped around southern Africa, moved across the South Pole during the late Paleozoic. Glaciation apparently ensued when broad continental areas reached near-polar positions and expanses of open water were sufficiently near at hand to provide evaporative moisture.

Light and dark adaptation.

Abstract: The high-frequency cutoff of the semicircular canals is unknown but probably also lies above 5 Hz. The high-frequency cutoff of the extraocular muscles is 1 Hz. so that central mechanisms (that introduce phase lead) must compensate from 1 to 5 Hz. The pursuit system begins to cut off between 0.5 to 1 Hz. so that it can compensate for slow head movements while the vestibular system compensates for rapid head movements. RATLIFF: In some cases your integrator seemed to be ideal and in other cases leaky. ROBINSON: The integrator is not likely to be ideal. Its time constant (of the leak) need only be larger than a typical slow phase duration of nystagmus, say 2 to 5 sec. Its time constant may be revealed by the fact that, on eccentric fixation in the dark, the eyes tend to drift back toward the primary position at a velocity which suggests a leak time constant of 10 sec. RODIECK: Isn't it curious that in an animal with a fovea one finds less directional selectivity in colliculus and lower visual centers than one finds in afoveate animals? ROBINSON: Yes. In lower animals it may be that directionally selective units form a special subset of ganglion cells that are used to stabilize the eye with respect to the visual world but do not participate in form discrimination. Lack of such cells in foveate animals would suggest that this system has been abandoned in favor of an equivalent system which utilizes the more complex processing of the visual cortex. This observation is a serious problem in trying to draw an analogy between Collewijn's model for the rabbit's ocular stabilizing system and the smooth pursuit system of man. LEVICK: The output of these directional selective units is a signal which corresponds to the velocity of the retinal image. So that if you really want the system to stay put you can't use these units because they don't go down to dc. Couldn't you consider the concentric units which do give you absolute position? ROBINSON: The directionally selective on-units in the rabbit detect velocities of 0.01 degrees per second and stabilize the eye drift to comparable values. If the drift disturbance were unidirectional (it usually isn't) the eye would travel six minutes of arc in ten seconds or about 0.5 degree in a minute. Since the drift disturbance is not unidirectional, the long-term drift of mean eye position is so slow that it would be difficult to distinguish it from a true dc mechanism. All one can say from Collewijn's experiments is that the directionally selective units appear to be capable of explaining the observed behavior. This, of course, does not exclude the possibility of an absolute position system based on concentric units.

The Assessment of State and Trait Anxiety with the Rorschach Test

Abstract: Summary The literature on the assessment of anxiety with the Rorschach Test was reviewed in terms of Spielberger's conception of anxiety as a relatively stable personality disposition (A-Trait), and as a transitory emotional state (A-State). On the basis of the research evidence, it was concluded that: (1) Shading variables are the best Rorschach measures of A-State; (2) Movement appears to be the most promising Rorschach variable for measuring A-Trait; (3) Longer reaction times and a reduction in the total number of responses seem to reflect defensive reactions of caution and guardedness that accompany high levels of A-State; (4) Elizur's RCT anxiety scale appears to be more closely related to A-Trait than A-State, but may be a confounded measure of both.