Showing papers by "Florida State University published in 1975"
TL;DR: In this article, an extension of the dichotomous probit model for ordinal dependent variables is presented. But the model assumes that the ordinal nature of the observed dependent variable is due to methodological limitations in collecting the data, which force the researcher to lump together and identify various portions of an interval level variable.
Abstract: This paper develops a model, with assumptions similar to those of the linear model, for use when the observed dependent variable is ordinal. This model is an extension of the dichotomous probit model, and assumes that the ordinal nature of the observed dependent variable is due to methodological limitations in collecting the data, which force the researcher to lump together and identify various portions of an (otherwise) interval level variable. The model assumes a linear eflect of each independent variable as well as a series of break points between categories for the dependent variable. Maximum likelihood estimators are found for these parameters, along with their asymptotic sampling distributions, and an analogue of R 2 (the coefficient of determination in regression analysis) is defined to measure goodness of fit. The use of the model is illustrated with an analysis of Congressional voting on the 1965 Medicare Bill.
2,520 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an explicit means of calculating the expected number of species and the variance of (sn) in a random sample of n individuals from a collection containing N individuals and S species is presented.
Abstract: An explicit means of calculating the expected number of species [E(Sn)] and the variance of (Sn) in a random sample of n individuals from a collection containing N individuals and S species is presented. An example illustrates a new use of E(Sn): determination of the sample size required for any desired degree of accuracy in collecting species known to occur in a particular area.
890 citations
TL;DR: Various forms of polynomial time reducibility are compared.
428 citations
TL;DR: Salamander tissue is higher in protein content than that of birds and mammals and represents a source of high-quality energy for potential predators, and is efficient at converting ingested energy into new tissue and produce more new tissue annually than do bird populations.
Abstract: Energy flow through salamander populations in the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem is about 11,000 kcal/ha yr (=46,000 kJ/ha yr). This is approx. = 0.02% of the net primary productivity, and is approx. = 20% of the energy flow through bird and mammal populations. Salamanders are efficient (60%) at converting ingested energy into new tissue and produce more new tissue annually than do bird populations. Salamanders are insignificant agents as sinks for nutrients or as agents for nutrient cycling in the ecosystem. Sodium is the possible exception, as an amount equivalent to >8% of the Na in annual litter fall passes through salamander populations; all other nutrients (Ca, Mg, K, P, N, S, and Zn) are that of most of their invertebrate prey. There is some evidence that invertebrates rich in Ca content, such as snails and mites, are necessary components of the diet of salamanders. Salamander tissue is higher in protein content than that of birds and mammals and represents a source of high-quality energy for potential predators. Salamanders have restricted home ranges and are not significant agents in the movement of nutrients into or out of the system.
331 citations
322 citations
TL;DR: It has often been claimed that the by now familiar possible-two rids analysis of propositional attitudes like knowledge and belief is unrealistic, but this commitment apparently commits us to the assumption of logical omniscience, which seems to constitute a grave objection to the whole possible-worlds treatment of propositionally attitudes.
Abstract: It has often been claimed that the by now familiar possible-two rids analysis of propositional attitudes like knowledge and belief which I have advocated since 1962 is unrealistic,1 if not downright mistaken, because it apparently commits us to the assumption of logical omniscience, that is, to the assumption that everyone knows all the logical consequences of what he knows, and analogously for all the other propositional attitudes. Since the assumption of such logical omniscience is obviously mistaken, this commitment seems to constitute a grave objection to the whole possible-worlds treatment of propositional attitudes.
295 citations
TL;DR: The importance measure is a useful guide during the system development phase as to which components should receive more urgent attention in achieving system reliability growth.
281 citations
TL;DR: The experimental requirements for pulse FT NMR measurements of spin-lattice relaxation times (T 1's) are quite demanding as discussed by the authors, and variables such as sample geometry and state, transmitter rf pulse power, computer and data processing characteristics, and instrumental gain stability and magnetic field homogeneity must all be optimized or closely controlled in order to obtain accurate data.
212 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the size of the area over the fluorescence rise curve of chloroplasts is a measure of the total number of quanta utilized in photosystem II during fluorescence induction.
Abstract: Abstract— The size of the area over the fluorescence rise curve of chloroplasts is a measure of the total number of quanta utilized in photosystem II during the fluorescence induction, while the growth of the area reflects the progress of photochemical events. In the presence of 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea (DCMU), the growth kinetics of the area are affected by the reoxidation of the primary acceptor Q‐ with stored oxidizing charges on the donor side of system II.
210 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed tests for alternatives representing decreasing mean residual life and the property "new better than used in expectation" and obtained consistent and asymptotic relative efficiency results for the tests based on V* and K*.
Abstract: SUMMARY In this paper we develop tests for alternatives representing decreasing mean residual life and the property 'new better than used in expectation'. The decreasing mean residual life test statistic, V*, is new, and critical constants and a large-sample approximation are obtained to make the test readily applicable. The new better than used in expectation statistic, K*, is shown to be equivalent to the total time on test statistic; the latter is ordinarily viewed as a test statistic for alternatives of increasing failure rate. Consistency and asymptotic relative efficiency results are obtained for the tests based on V* and K*. These results lead to a reinterpretation of the total time on test statistic as a test statistic for classes of alternatives larger than the increasing failure rate class and including the 'new better than used in expectation' class.
188 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between a defendant's SES and the sentence received by a prisoner and found that there is no support for the conflict proposition, and this conclusion was further strengthened when controls were introduced for "prior record" and demographic characteristics of the defendant.
Abstract: The "conflict perspective" has generated considerable critical interest in the mechanisms of criminal sanctioning. Among the hypotheses generated by conflict criminology is the proposition that "when sanctions are imposed, the most severe sanctions will be imposed on, persons in the lowest social class" (Chambliss and Seidman, 1971:475). This paper affords an empirical test of that.proposition, which has been widely accepted as true despite the absence of substantial supporting evidence. Prison sentences received by 10,488 inmates for a total of seventeen specific offenses, within three southeastern states are examined. Product-moment correlations between a defendant's SES and the sentence received provide no support for the conflict proposition, and this conclusion is further strengthened when controls are introduced for "prior record" and demographic characteristics of the defendant. Multiple correlation and beta coefficients are also examined with similar conclusions. Implications for the explanation of criminal sanctioning institutions by conflict mechanisms are suggested.
TL;DR: Acuity was measured with high contrast gratings in three orientations at several retinal eccentricities to support the view that the magnitude of the orientation preference (oblique effect) is inversely related to the size of receptive fields participating in detection of the grating.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that predation is a strong selective force influencing social behavior patterns of the guppy in its natural environment is tested and it will be demonstrated that guppies exhibit patterns of social behavior particular to different predation regimes and ultimately a scheme accounting for the evolution of these patterns will be developed.
Abstract: The initial task facing an ethologist is to catalog and to describe the repertoire of behaviors exhibited by a particular organism or group of organisms. As this is not usually done in situ, questions often arise as to the relevance of the particular sets of conditions treated in the laboratory. Often an animal behaves differently in the laboratory than in the field, either omitting some aspects of its behavior entirely or modifying others qualitatively or quantitatively; hence, the functional significance of the behavior cannot be completely ascertained. The ethologist must investigate how the behavior studied under controlled laboratory conditions relates to the biotic and abiotic factors comprising the natural environment of the organism. In doing so, one can gain insight into why particular behavior patterns have evolved and how they are modified by different environmental parameters. Predation has been claimed to be one environmental parameter which is a major influence on the biology of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Haskins et al. (1961) reported that certain large predators reduce guppy sex ratio by selectively choosing the brightly colored males over the duller females. Also, the mode of inheritance of male secondary sexual coloration (i.e., Xlinked, Y-linked, or autosomal) varies among populations as a response to predation. Seghers (1973) found that sex ratio was reduced not by the large predators as reported by Haskins et al. (1961), but by a small cyprinodontid fish, Rivulus hartii. His evidence indicated that Rivulus selects males because they are less adept behaviorally than females at avoiding predation. In conjunction with this, he found that males coexisting with Rivulus tend to be larger than in the absence of Rivulus. Guppies sympatric with large predators tend to live in cohesive aggregates, while this was not so for those sympatric with Rivulus. Neither of the above studies investigated the effects of predation on social behavior of the guppy. Farr and Herrnkind (1974) in a study of sexual and agonistic behavior of laboratory populations of guppies found that while males display to females at an extremely high rate (seven times per five minutes on the average), the females rarely respond to these displays. No female responses or copulations were observed during that study. One might expect this high rate of sexual display to be disadvantageous under conditions of heavy predation simply because males would be more vulnerable and possibly more visible to a predator when displaying. One would predict, then, that under natural conditions where predation is known to affect other aspects of their biology, display rate would be lower than in populations where predation by larger fish is minimal or nonexistent. This study is a test of the hypothesis that predation is a strong selective force influencing social behavior patterns of the guppy in its natural environment. It will be demonstrated that guppies exhibit patterns of social behavior particular to different predation regimes and ultimately a scheme accounting for the evolution of these patterns will be developed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the representation of bivariate distributions in terms of their bivariate uniform trsnslates and demonstrate the invariance under translation of some well-known measures of dependence.
Abstract: This paper explores the representation of bivariate distributions in terms of their bivariate uniform trsnslates It is shown that this natural rapresentation in terms of bivariate distributions whose marginals are uniform allows us to study easily cartain properties of bivariate distributions We demonstrate the invariance under translation of some well-known measures of dependence Finally it is shown how this approach allows us to find new bivarariate distributions and simpler derizations of known bivariate distributions
TL;DR: G Gustatory receptors on the maxillary barbel of the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus are extremely sensitive to the α-amino acids, and taste would appear to be an important distance sense having behavioral implications.
TL;DR: The chemical compositions of the defensive secretions of 147 species of tenebrionid beetles from 55 genera and 16 tribes were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography on three different stationary phases and many groups not distinguished by unique compounds still show characteristic combinations and ratios of compounds.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the extent to which military coups in one country influence in some fashion the occurrence of coups occurring in other countries by using three stochastic models (the Poisson, the contagious Poisson and the Gaussian [Markovian] model).
Abstract: This paper attempts to examine the extent to which military coups in one country influence in some fashion the occurrence of coups in other countries. The examination is conducted primarily via the application of three stochastic models (the Poisson, the "contagious Poisson," and the Gaussian [Markovian]) to 1946-1970 data on successful and unsuccessful military coups, aggregated at the world and selected regional levels. Since the statistical evidence indicates that the occurrence of earlier coups does affect the subsequent probability of coups elsewhere, the paper concludes with a speculative interpretation of the "coup contagion" phenomenon which emphasizes the possibility of behavioral reinforcement processes operating within global and regional communication networks.
TL;DR: Four varieties of mammals whose medial superior olives range from large to none at all were tested for their ability to localize single, brief tone pips at various frequencies, and anatomical-behavioral correspondence supports the idea that MSO is the chief binaural time-analyzing center for sound localization.
Abstract: Four varieties of mammals whose medial superior olives range from large to none at all were tested for their ability to localize single, brief tone pips at various frequencies. Although each animal could localize high-frequency tone pips, their ability to localize middle- and low-frequency tone pips corresponded to the size of their medial superior olive (MSO). Since this latter range of frequencies is the one in which binaural phase-difference cues predominate, this anatomical-behavioral correspondence supports the idea that MSO is the chief binaural time-analyzing center for sound localization.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the relationship between crime and land-use patterns by looking at one crime, residential burglary, in one American city, Tallahassee, Florida.
Abstract: Urban planning has a strong spatial element : it is concerned with ordering and influencing the distribution of human activity. Planners often manipulate land-use controls to effect specific social and economic goals. One prominent social goal, crime reduction, has rarely been considered by planners . This neglect is probably rooted in a general lack of knowledge of the relationship between land-use patterns and crime. If certain crimes could be shown to be related to specific land-use patterns, planners might be able to consider crime reduction along with other goals during the urban planning process . This paper will begin to explore the relationship between crime and land-use patterns by looking at one crime, residential burglary, in one American city, Tallahassee, Florida .' It will be shown that in Tallahassee there is a strong relationship between the patterns of residential development and the patterns of residential burglary . Set theory and point-set topology will be the principal tools used to examine the land use and crime patterns . The common ground on which urban planning and criminology meet is found in the work of the urban ecologists of the Chicago School of Sociology . Park and Burgess (1925) and their colleagues introduced [Received August 19741
TL;DR: Findings indicate that, although decay by electron capture in the cell nucleus (125I) is highly destructive, the same type of decay occurring in the cytoplasm (67Ga) is ineffective in kill.
Abstract: SummaryL1210 leukaemia cells were labelled with various doses of 67Ga-citrate, 3H-thymidine, or 125I-iododeoxyuridine to evaluate the cytocidal effects of the intracellular decay of the three radionuclides. Based on radioisotope incorporation data, cellular dimensions, and intracellular radioisotope distributions (3H and 125I intranuclear, 67Ga cytoplasmic) the rates of deposition of cellular, nuclear, and cytoplasmic energy were calculated.In terms of energy absorption/cell, 67Ga (LD50: 2250 keV/hr; 69 rad/hr) was much less toxic than either 3H (LD50: 325 keV/hr; 10 rad/hr) or 125I (LD50: 50 keV/hr; 1·5 rad/hr). In terms of energy absorption/nucleus, 67Ga and 3H produced almost identical effects (LD50: 230 versus 255 keV/hr; 22·2 versus 24·6 rad/hr), but 125I remained much more toxic (LD50: 40 keV/hr; 3·9 rad/hr).These findings indicate that, although decay by electron capture in the cell nucleus (125I) is highly destructive, the same type of decay occurring in the cytoplasm (67Ga) is ineffective in kill...
TL;DR: Efferent projections of neurons in the cat nucleus gracilis to the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus and the dorsal accessory portion of the inferior olive were studied using tracing techniques that exploit neuronal orthograde and retrograde intra‐axonal transport processes.
Abstract: Efferent projections of neurons in the cat nucleus gracilis to the ventrobasal complex (VB) of the thalamus and the dorsal accessory portion of the inferior olive (IOd) were studied using tracing techniques that exploit neuronal orthograde and retrograde intra-axonal transport processes. These projections were studied in order to determine if the heterogeneity of the morphology, physiology and afferent input of the nucleus gracilis is paralleled by a similar heterogeneity in its efferent projections. In an orthograde study, 3H-leucine and/or 3H-proline were injected into the nucleus gracilis of different subjects in an attempt to label different proportions of large (GREATER THAN 18 MU) AND SMALL CELLS. This procedure permitted study of the efferent targets of the two cell types. The amount of labeling in VB was a constant ratio of the number of large cells in the nucleus gracilis that had incorporated the isotope. This relationship was not observed for the small cells. The amount of labeling in IOd was dependent neither on the number of large nor the number of small cells that had incorporated the isotope. In a retrograde study following extensive injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the thalamus, only large cells (greater than 18 mu) in the dorsal column nuclei were filled with HRP reaction product. These cells were located predominantly in clusters in the middle zone of the nucleus gracilis as well as rostrally. After injections including (but not confined to) the inferior olive, small cells located in the rostral and middle zones were filled with reaction procduct. A few large cells located ventrally in the middle zone of the nucleus gracilis and rostrally were also filled. Some of these ventrally located large cells may project in a collateral fashion both to the thalamus and to the inferior alive. The results of both the orthograde and retrograde studies are consistent with other evidence on the heterogeneity of the nucleus gracilis. These data strongly support the conclusion that the population of cells in the nucleus gracilis that projects to the thalamus overlaps with but is not identical to the population of cells that projects to the inferior olive.
TL;DR: The structure of the gastric mill was found to be influenced by both diet and phylogeny, but the effect of diet appears to be more important.
TL;DR: It is concluded that a blood meal provides sufficient reserves to enable the species investigated to survive long enough to produce a batch of eggs.
Abstract: Unfed 2- to 5-day-old females of different species of Florida mosquitoes were fed ad lib. a meal of chicken blood to repletion and analyzed for weights and calorie intake, survival, and accumulation and depletion of energy reserves. Females ingested blood meals with wet weights of 2.5 to 4 times greater than their own wet weights and dry weights of 1.2 to 1.7 times greater than their own dry weights. Efficiency of blood ingested for survival was highest in Aedes aegypti (84.5 hr/cal.) followed by Aedes taeniorhynchus (68.5 hr/cal.) and A. sollicitans, Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Psorophora confinnis (44.0 to 48.4 hr/cal.). Glycogen and triglycerides accumulated after blood ingestion, reaching maximum values within 24 to 72 hr before decreasing to stable values in the next 24 to 96 hr. Part of the energy reserves synthesized from blood prolonged survival of unfed females from 3 days in An. quadrimaculatus to 8 days in A. taeniorhynchus more than the starved females, and the remainder of the reserves was stored in yolk of matured oocytes. It is concluded that a blood meal provides sufficient reserves to enable the species investigated to survive long enough to produce a batch of eggs.
TL;DR: Numbers of adults breeding probably reflect food supplies and recruitment from more successful colonies to the south, but improving fledging rates reflect better egg survival and improving eggshell condition, with declining DDE contamination in anchovies, their major food source.
Abstract: Although still about 30 percent too lowfor population stability, productivity of California brown pelicans at their two northern colonies has improved significantly since 1971. Numbers of adults breeding probably reflect food supplies and recruitment from more successful colonies to the south, but improvingfledging rates (up to 0.9 young per nest in 1974) reflect better egg survival and improving eggshell condition, with declining DDE contamination in anchovies, their majorfood source.
TL;DR: In this article, the usefulness of labeling theory as an explanatory model for theories of criminal law-violating behavior is discussed, in terms of nine "assumptions" as developed by Schrag, and each assumption is related to current empirical research.
Abstract: This analysis considers the usefulness of labelling theory as an explanatory model for theories of criminal law-violating behavior. Labelling theory is summarized in terms of nine “assumptions” as developed by Schrag, and each assumption is related to current empirical research. The analysis concludes that for those violations of the criminal law that have traditionally concerned society and criminologists, the labelling perspective as currently utilized is not a useful model to pursue. The suggested modification of the model and the more careful analysis of situational elements may eventually lead criminologists to discount the labelling approach as it is currently conceptualized.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of the severity of the emergency and the physical attractiveness of the solicitor (victim) on helping behavior were investigated in a field experiment and corresponding interpersonal simulation, and the results were discussed in terms of the Piliavins' two-stage model of the helping process.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found that dissolved mercury in estuarine waters from the Mississippi Delta and Florida Everglades is associated with dissolved organic matter which has the properties of fulvic matter found in soils.