Showing papers by "Florida State University published in 1978"

On the tones and pressure oscillations induced by flow over rectangular cavities

Abstract: Experimental measurements of the frequencies of discrete tones induced by flow over rectangular cavities were carried out over a range of low subsonic Mach numbers to provide a reliable data base for (aircraft wheel well) cavity noise consideration. A mathematical model of the cavity tones and pressure oscillation phenomenon based on the coupling between shear layer instabilities and acoustic feedback is developed to help in understanding the tone generation mechanism. Good agreement is found between discrete tone frequencies predicted by the model and experimental measurements over a wide range of Mach numbers. Evidence of tones generated by the cavity normal mode resonance mechanism at very low subsonic Mach numbers is also presented.

Use of Rarefaction and Related Methods in Ecology

Abstract: Rarefaction is a statistical technique useful in both pollution and evolutionary ecology. It can be used to infer whether samples are drawn from the same community and also to estimate minimum feasible sample size. In this setting it essentially tells the investigator what would have been found had sample size been smaller, but some surprising uses arise if questions are phrased properly. Rarefaction is most powerful in pollution ecology when entire curves, and not just single values, are calculated. In evolutionary ecology, species/genus and related ratios have been examined as an indicator of both competition and adaptive radiation, but rarefaction demonstrates that the former, at least, is rarely evidenced by such ratios. The ratios are largely determined by the number of species, and claimed relationships between the ratios and area are primarily artifacts of the high correlation between the ratios and species number. The analytic expressions for expectation and variance in rarefied samples and a FORTRAN IV program for their calculation are given.

On the Structure and Dynamics of the Oceanic Bottom Boundary Layer

Abstract: The Mellor and Yamada (1974) Level II turbulence closure scheme is used to study the oceanic bottom boundary layer (BBL). The model is tested against observations of the BBL obtained on the western Florida Shelf reported in Weatherly and Van Leer (1977) and in turn conclusions about the BBL made in that paper are tested against the model. The agreement between the model and the observations is good. The predicted and observed BBL thickness is ∼10 m which is appreciably less than 0.4 u*/f ≈ 30 m, where u* is the friction velocity and f the Coriolis parameter. The reason for the discrepancy is attributed to the BBL being formed in water which initially was stably stratified and characterized by a Brunt Vasaila frequency N0. It is suggested that the oceanic BBL thickness should be identified with the height at which the turbulence generated in the BBL goes to zero and on dimensional grounds it is proposed that this thickness is A u*/f(1 + N02/f2)½, where A is a constant. The Level II model indicates...

Fuzzy sets, fuzzy algebra, and fuzzy statistics

Abstract: The extension of algebraic and analytical concepts to the theory of fuzzy sets appears to play a central role in the investigation of nondeterministic techniques. Since an exact description of any real physical situation is virtually impossbile, it is necessary to develop schemes which deal analytically with decision processes in an imprecise environment. In this paper we are concerned with formulating such a framework and with introducing a bibliography of 570 items, all classified with fuzzy set theory and its applications, which will help the readers to come to grips with the literature explosion on the subjects of fuzzy sets, fuzzy algebra, fuzzy statistics, and closely related applications.

Chapter 27. Transcription of RNA in Isolated Nuclei

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes a system that fulfills many of the requirements for the study of gene control in vitro. The system makes possible the study of the primary transcription event separate from later maturation and transport events in RNA synthesis. While the results in the chapter are described for myeloma cells, lines derived from the MPC-11 tumor, the preliminary results with chick embryos, and those of others with HeLa cells and other myeloma cells suggest that these methods may be generally applicable. There are many examples of systems of isolated nuclei where the RNA product is small. Moreover, the isolated nuclei synthesize a very small product, but the nuclear subfraction they isolate (nucleoli) synthesizes very large RNA. This chapter illustrates that crude homogenates and crude nuclei have minimal RNA synthetic activity but activity becomes evident on further purification. Thus, in each system careful evaluation of conditions for optimal activity is required and they may well vary extensively.

Olfaction and taste in the channel catfish: An electrophysiological study of the responses to amino acids and derivatives

Abstract: 1. Peripheral olfactory and gustatory responses of the channel catfishIctalurus punctatus to amino acids and derivatives have been studied using extracellular electrophysiological recording techniques. 2. Amino acids are highly effective stimuli for both chemosensory systems with taste more sensitive than smell. Threshold for L-alanine, the most effective gustatory stimulus tested, averaged 10−11.5±1.7 M, the lowest electrophysiological threshold reported for taste in any vertebrate. Threshold for L-cysteine, the most effective olfactory stimulus tested, averaged 10−8.8±0.8 M. In both systems the L-isomer of anα-amino acid was always more stimulatory than its enantiomer. 3. Averaged olfactory and gustatory neural activity or underwater electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings increased exponentially with logarithmic increase of stimulus concentration from threshold to 10−2M (Figs. 1, 2, 5). 4. The olfactory receptors were highly responsive to amino acids containing 5 to 6 carbon atoms having unbranched (Table 2) and uncharged (Table 3) side chains; a major exception was the large response to the 3 carbon amino acid L-cysteine. 5. The gustatory receptors were highly responsive to amino acids containing 3 to 4 carbon atoms having unbranched and uncharged side chains; a major exception was the large response to L-arginine, a 6-carbon positively charged amino acid (Table 5). 6. Esterification of the primary carboxyl group of particular amino acids resulted without loss of stimulatory activity indicating for these cases an ionically charged carboxyl group is unnecessary for receptor response (Tables 4, 5). 7. The molecular requirements of the amino acid receptor sites for olfaction and taste in the channel catfish appear to be similar in part to those described for other amino acid chemoreceptive system, in bacteria fish and animal.

The gravitationally powered dynamo

Abstract: Summary. The energetics of the gravitationally powered dynamo have been studied with the aid of a compressible-earth model which allows for the growth of the solid inner core. The basic premise of this study is that as the Earth gradually cooled over geological time the solid inner core continually accreted dense material which crystallized from an outer core composed of a molten binary alloy. This process requires a continual rearrangement of matter which generates the fluid motions needed to sustain the dynamo. These motions maintain the outer core in a well-mixed state, in apparent contradiction to Higgins & Kennedy’s hypothesis that the outer core is stably stratified. The vigour of these motions is dependent primarily upon the composition of the solid inner core, but is surprisingly independent of the density of the light constituent in the core. If the solid core is composed entirely of heavy metal, then as much as 3.7 x 1OI2 W may be transferred from the core to the mantle as a result of cooling and gravitational settling. This is roughly equal to estimates of the amount of heat conducted down the adiabat in the core, but it is argued that there is no direct relation between the amount of heat conducted down the adiabat and the amount transferred to the mantle if the convection is driven non-thermally. The gravitational energy released per unit mass of the solid inner core is remarkably constant and may be as much as 2 x 106J/kg, roughly five times the value of the latent heat of iron. These values are reduced if the solid inner core contains some light constituents. It was found that the efficiency of the gravitationally powered dynamo may exceed 50 per cent, a much higher figure than is possible for either the thermally or precessionally driven dynamo. Also, the amount of gravitational energy available to drive the dynamo in the future is many times that expended so far. The size of the magnetic field sustained by gravitational settling was related to the density jump at the inner-outer core boundary and the field strength was estimated to lie between 390 and 685 G, strongly suggesting that the dynamo is of the nearly-axisymmetric type developed by Braginsky.

Memory Structures and Learning Outcomes

Abstract: Two general categories of learning outcomes-retention and transfer of learning-continue to command the attention of investigators of human learning, as well as of practitioners of instructional design and delivery. Relations between instructional variables and these learning outcomes have been studied over many years. Although some forms of learning theory support the formulation of hypotheses in terms of a two-element paradigm such as Instruction -> Learning Outcome, cognitive theorists have tended to consider such a construction unacceptably simple. Modern learning theories of the "information-processing" variety have given new emphasis and meaning to the latter view (Estes, 1975). These theories support the basic notion that the effects of instruction may best be understood by exploring the three-term relation Instruction -* Memory Structure -* Learning Outcome. In other words, the suggestion is made that the effects of instruction may be explained by taking into account the processing of various forms of instruction by the learner, the first results of which are the acquisition of particular kinds of new memory structures. The latter structures, in turn, are the antecedents that enable the human learner to display retention and transfer in terms of new performances.

Do “They all look alike?” The Effect of Race, Sex, Experience, and Attitudes on the Ability to Recognize Faces1

Abstract: Legal scholars and social scientists have long assumed that there is a racial bias in facial recognition and eyewitness identifications, with persons being much more accurate in identifying persons of their own race, but corroborative research evidence is scanty. In the present study, black and white college students attempted to identify which of a series of facial photos they had seen earlier. As predicted, a strong race of subject by race of picture interaction was found; both black and white subjects were significantly more accurate in identifying pictures of their own race than pictures of the other race. However, contrary to assumptions made by many legal and criminal justice personnel, neither racial attitude nor reported amount of quality of interracial experience were related to ability to recognize pictures. Implications for eyewitness identifications of these and related findings are discussed.

Gluon contribution to hadronic J ψ production

Abstract: Using the recent CERN and Fermilab measurements for J/ψ production by π±, K±, p and p beams we show, within the framework of QCD, that only a combined version of light quark qq→cc fusion and gluon gg→cc fusion mechanisms can account for the various total cross section beam ratios as well as for the observed xF‐distributions.

Children absorb tris-BP flame retardant from sleepwear: urine contains the mutagenic metabolite, 2,3-dibromopropanol

Abstract: The flame retardant, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (tris-BP), which is a mutagen and causes cancer and sterility in animals is absorbed from fabric by people. 2,3-Dibromopropanol, a metboloite of tris-BP and a mutagen itself, has been found in the urine samples of ten children who were wearing or who had worn tris-BP-treated sleepwear. Eight of these children were wearing well-washed sleepwear and the possibility of absorption of tris-BP from well-washed sleepwear discussed. 2,3-Dibromopropanol was not found in the urines of one child and one adult who had never worn tris-BP-treated garments.

Effect of Music and Rhythm on Physical Performance.

Abstract: The effect of synchronized and asynchronized movement to music on the ability to endure a physical task was examined. The relative work loads for 32 male and female subjects (ranging in age from 19 to 22 years) on the PWC170 test (physical work capacity, 170 bpm) were calculated and used as the criterion for exercise intensity. Subjects were then assigned in counterbalanced order to each of three conditions: synchronous movement to music, asynchronous movement to music, and a control condition. A Sex by Conditions repeated-measures ANOVA indicated that music, particularly if synchronized to physical movement, had a positive effect on the ability to endure the task and that male subjects endured longer than female subjects.

Northern Summer Tropical Circulations During Drought and Normal Rainfall Months

Abstract: We contrast the 200 mb flow regimes during a drought year (1972) with those during a normal rainfall year (1967) over the global tropics for the northern summer months. It is shown that the deficient rainfall over central India and western Africa during 1972 may be related to the following: 1) warm sea surface temperatures over the equatorial Pacific; 2) excessive number of typhoon days over the western Pacific; 3) strong east-northeasterlies over the equatorial eastern Indian ocean (related to upper level outflows from typhoons); 4) weaker tropical easterly jet; 5) weaker meridional pressure gradient over India; 6) weaker Tibetan high; 7) a southeastward shift of the major circulation patterns as well as of several dynamical parameters; 8) weaker vertical wind shear and a weaker measure of the combined barotropic-baroclinic instability over West Africa; and 9) weaker westward steering for rain-producing disturbances over India and a consequent stronger influence of the mountains. A sequential in...

Projections to the inferior olive of the cat. II. Comparisons of input from the gracile, cuneate and the spinal trigeminal nuclei.

Abstract: The present experiments compared the projections to the inferior olive of the cat from the gracile, cuneate and spinal trigeminal nuclei. A differential labeling strategy was used for these comparisons. It was found that all three somatic sensory nuclei project to portions of all three major divisions of the contralateral inferior olive. The spinal trigeminal n. may also project less densely to the ipsilateral medial accessory olive. Projections to the dorsal accessory nucleus (DAO) and the medially-adjacent ventral lamella of the principal nucleus are roughly somatotopically organized. Although there is considerable overlap between the projection zones, the gracile n. projects predominantly to lateral DAO, the cuneate n. projects predominantly to medial DAO, and the spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis projects predominantly to the most medial portions of DAO and the ventral lamella of principal olive. Projections to the medial accessory olive, on the other hand, are not as highly organized. Instead, they overlap extensively within a small egg-shaped area in the middle of the caudal half of the nucleus. Whereas all portions of the gracile and cuneate nuclei project to the inferior olive, only the pars caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus appears to do so. These results were compared with the three available olivocerebellar maps as well as with the available behavioral and electrophysiological evidence on cerebellar somatotopic organization. This comparison indicated that the inputs to the cerebellum from the three second-order somatosensory nuclei via the inferior olive appear to be generally consistent with cerebellar somatotopic organization. This consistency is apparent not only with respect to the longitudinally-organized, vermal and paravermal differences in the anterior lobe, but also with respect to the transversely-organized specific somatotopy of the intermediate zone of the anterior lobe and the paramedian lobule.

Organizational communication: 1978

Abstract: With roots in social psychology, human relations, and organizational theory and behavior, the discipline of organizational communication has emerged in the last 25 years with its own content, methodology, and applications. Although one of the first major literature reviews of this field was produced about 15 years after much of the early foundation research had been completed (Guetzkow, 1965), the next major reviews were published in half the time (Porter & Roberts, 1972; Redding, 1972). As further evidence of the sheer quantity of research being completed in this new discipline, four additional reviews and syntheses were published during the next four years (Pietri et al., 1974; Goldhaber, 1975; Bernstein, 1976; Richetto, 1977). In fact, as Richetto closed his 1976 overview of the field, he predicted that there would “likely be continued attempts at integrating and synthesizing findings” (p. 336). Little did he realize that within two years, three additional reviews would appear (Dennis, Goldhaber, Yates, 1978; Farace, Taylor, Stewart, 1978; Monge, Edwards, Kirste, 1978). The present synthesis and review, with its emphasis on findings and implications, combines the results of recent North American and European research with those of the first 16 studies completed by the International Communication Association (1CA) Communication Audit. We have divided the review into three major sections: a historical overview of the major findings from both North America and Europe; major findings from the ICA Communication Audit; and implications of all major findings for future research.

Ovarian Steroid Modulation of Prolactin Surges in Cervically Stimulated Ovariectomized Rats

Abstract: PRL secretion induced by cervical stimulation (CS) in the intact rat is characterized by a daily diurnal surge (1900 h) which recurs for 10 days and a daily nocturnal surge (0500 h) which lasts for 11 days. In ovariectomized (OV) rats, CS induces attenuated PRL surges which last for only 6 days. This study describes the effect of SC Silastic implants of estradiol (E2) or progesterone (P) on the magnitude and persistence of PRL surges in OV-CS rats. Placement of P at 1500 h and CS at 1900 h day 0 (D-0) resulted in nocturnal surges of PRL on D-2 which were significantly greater than those of blank-implanted rats. Diurnal surges of PRL on D-2 were equivalent in P and blank-implanted rats. Placement of E2 at 0800 h on the day before CS at 1900 h on D-0 resulted in an enhanced diurnal surge and extinction of the nocturnal surge of PRL on D-2 compared to blank-implanted rats. In the absence of CS, OV rats presented diurnal but no nocturnal surges of PRL in response to E2. When steroid implantation was delayed u...

Teaching pedestrian safety skills to young children: an analysis and one-year followup.

Abstract: Twenty-four elementary school children in grades K-3 participated in a study to teach six street-crossing skills: (1) wait at curb, (2) look all ways, (3) watch vehicle distance, (4) walk, (5) continue to look, and (6) use crosswalk. The effects of an instructional package implemented on the street corner were evaluated using a multiple-baseline design across two groups of six children at each of two schools. Rapid acquisition of pedestrian skills was evident at both schools. Average skill levels improved from 44% during baseline to 97% after training at School A and from 21% to 86% at School B. Data taken at a second street at each school were used to assess setting generality of safety behaviors. A one-year followup of 14 children indicated that pedestrian safety skills either maintained at high levels or could be quickly recovered from intermediate levels after remedial training. This research represents a first step in the solution of just one of the many community problems involving safety-deficient settings.

[Projections to the inferior olive of the cat. I. Comparisons of input from the dorsal column nuclei, the lateral cervical nucleus, the spino-olivary pathways, the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum].

Abstract: The present experiments compare the projections from the dorsal column nuclei (DCN), the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN), the spino-olivary pathways (SO), the motor cortex (Ms1) and the cerebellum (CB) to the inferior olive of the cat. A differential labeling strategy was used for these comparisons. It was found that projections from the contralateral DCN and LCN and the ipsilateral SO overlap extensively with each other in the dorsal accessory division of the inferior olive and the caudal half of the medial accessory olive. Projections from the contralateral motor cortex partially overlap these somato-sen-sory projections but they also extend into the principal division and into the rostral half of the medial accessory olive where other authors have found input from other “motor” sources such as the red n., the globus pallidus and the caudate n. The contralateral cerebellum projects heavily to most of the inferior olive except for a few regions in the caudal portions of the two accessory nuclei. These results show that there is a partial segregation between somatosensory and motor inputs within the inferior olive and that the cerebellar feedback fibers appear to avoid at least parts of those regions where the somatosensory input is heavy. Some of this segregation, particularly within the medial accessory olive and the principal n., correlates with differences in both the olivo-cerebellar connectivity and the cytoarchitecture of these regions. Although the somatosensory and motor inputs are partially segregated, there are also several regions where these inputs overlap. These regions are: (1) an area in the medial half of the rostral portions of the dorsal accessory olive, and (2) a small oval zone in the middle of the caudal half of the medial accessory olive. This overlap provides an anatomical basis for electrophysiological evidence which demonstrates the existence of cells in some of these regions that respond to activation of both the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord (e.g., Crill and Kennedy, 1967).

Measuring client gains from staff-implemented programs.

Abstract: Confidence in the adequacy with which staff implement training programs requires an analysis of the impact on the client. In two experiments, measures, were devised to reflect this impact. In the first, a measure of the consistency with which clients participated in a toilet-training program revealed their participation to be erratic. Consistent participation occurred after a public display of the consistency of participation was introduced. In Experiment II, detailed measures were devised to reflect the client's performance during the implementation of two physical-therapy programs: range-of-motion and ambulation. Additionally, standardized measures of the benefits that accrued from their participation in these programs were devised. Improvements in both measures were slight and unstable during a condition of immediate feedback (supervisor praise) to staff but substantial improvements were obtained with the addition of a public display of the client's performance.

Isopod and insect root borers may benefit Florida mangroves.

Abstract: Far from threatening the persistence and geographic extent of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) in Florida, wood-boring marine isopods may aid the plant to survive wave action by initiating branching of aerial prop roots. Evidence for a recent, sudden increase in density or range of one such isopod, Sphaeroma terebrans, is anecdotal and weak. Insect damage to mangrove aerial roots even before they descend to the water is at least as great as that wrought by isopods and also causes root branching. Aerial and submarine damage combine to stimulate root initiation so that, for every root produced aerially by the tree, at least 1.4 roots reach the substrate. Similar responses to herbivory, which have been reported for other plants, suggest that herbivores may both benefit and harm plants, and that their impact may be more difficult to assess in specific instances than has been realized.

The Seasonal Upwelling in the Gulf of Guinea Due to Remote Forcing

Abstract: A linear model on an equatorial β plane is integrated over a 120-day period in a basin that approximates the tropical Atlantic Ocean. An increase in the westward wind stress of 0.025 N m−2 in the western Atlantic excites an equatorially trapped Kelvin wave that propagates eastward along the equator, moves poleward at the eastern boundary, and produces upwelling throughout the Gulf of Guinea. Cases that study the effects of nonlinearities and the inclusion of a northward wind stress are included. Nonlinearities are shown to have the effect of amplifying the effects of the Kelvin wave and prolonging the upwelling event. The inclusion of a southerly wind stress in the eastern basin provides a secondary mechanism for upwelling south of the equator along the eastern basin. Local winds. cannot account for the seasonal upwelling in the Gulf of Guinea. The simple baroclinic ocean model is integrated from rest. The effects of mean currents and bottom topography are not considered in detail.