Showing papers by "Florida State University published in 1980"

The Two Faces of Issue Voting

Abstract: Both implicit democratic norms and the reconstructions provided by theorists of rational choice suggest that issue voters are more sophisticated–educated, informed, and active in politics–than other voters. But some issues are clearly more difficult than others, and the voters who respond to “hard” and “easy” issues, respectively, are assumed to differ in kind. We propose the hypothesis that “easy-issue” voters are no more sophisticated than non-issue voters, and this is found to be the case. The findings suggest a reevaluation of the import of rising and falling levels of issue voting and suggest a prominent role for “easy” issues in electoral realignments.

A strategy for the measurement of homophobia.

Abstract: This paper attempts to refine and state more clearly an operational definition of homophobia. Homophobia is seen as but one dimension among many that collectively refer to the much larger domain of homonegativeism. The paper then presents a new measure of homophobia, called the IHP, and reports the finding of a study designed to validate the new scale. The IHP was found to have a reliability of .90 and good content and factorial validity.

Randomization Analysis of Experimental Data: The Fisher Randomization Test

Abstract: R.A. Fisher's classic text on the design of experiments is the principal source of inspiration for a mode of data interpretation that is usually characterized as randomization analysis. In Chapter III of this text, Fisher briefly commented on how to make a randomization test on some data generated by a Darwin experiment. Two variants of this randomization test are discussed in this article. The variant that is discussed in Section 4 may be regarded as the forerunner of all nonparametric tests. The original variant of the test is discussed in Section 6. The author concludes that the Fisher randomization test is not logically viable.

Thin-skinned tectonics in the crystalline southern Appalachians; COCORP seismic-reflection profiling of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont

Abstract: COCORP seismic-reflection profiling in Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee and related geological data indicate that the crystalline Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks of the Blue Ridge, Inner Piedmont, Charlotte belt, and Carolina slate belt constitute an allochthonous sheet, generally 6 to 15 km thick, which overlies relatively flat-lying autochthonous lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, 1 to 5 km thick, of the proto-Atlantic continental margin. Thus, the crystalline rocks of the southern Appalachians appear to have been thrust at least 260 km to the west, and they overlie sedimentary rocks that cover an extensive area of the central and southern Appalachians. The hydrocarbon potential of these sedimentary rocks is unknown and untested. The data show that the Brevard fault is the surface expression of an eastward-dipping splay off the main sole thrust, and they show, or imply, that other major faults of this region have similar origins. The data support the view that large-scale, thin crystalline thrust sheets may be significant features of orogenic zones.

Multiparameter Hypothesis Testing and Acceptance Sampling

Abstract: The quality of a product might be determined by several parameters, each of which must meet certain standards before the product is acceptable. In this article, a method of determining whether all the parameters meet their respective standards is proposed. The method consists of testing each parameter individually and deciding that the product is acceptable only if each parameter passes its test. This simple method has some optimal properties including attaining exactly a prespecified consumer's risk and uniformly minimizing the producer's risk. These results are obtained from more general hypothesis-testing results concerning null hypotheses consisting of the unions of sets.

Neurogenesis and neuron regeneration in the olfactory system of mammals. III. Deafferentation and reinnervation of the olfactory bulb following section of the fila olfactoria in rat.

Abstract: Axotomy at the level of the lamina cribrosa in rat induces rapid degeneration of the olfactory sensory axons in the bulb. The phenomenon, which is limited to the layer of olfactory fibres and to the glomeruli of the bulb, can be observed as early as 15-24 h after surgery, and peaks at 3-4 days. The glomeruli located in the rostro-ventral portion of the bulb are affected first, and the process extends to the dorso-caudal portion with a delay of 12-24 h. Reactive hypertrophy of the glia coincides with removal of the degenerating terminals, and is maximal 48 h after axotomy. Axotomy does not preclude reinnervation of the bulb by axons originating from new, reconstituted neurons in the olfactory neuroepithelium. These new axons begin to reach the periphery of the bulk approximately at the 20th day post-operative and then reinnervate the glomeruli. The rostro-ventral portion of the bulb is the first to be reinvaded by the new axons. The glomeruli reacquire a morphological pattern similar to controls between 20 to 30 days.

The radiation of sound by the instability waves of a compressible plane turbulent shear layer

Abstract: The problem of acoustic radiation generated by instability waves of a compressible plane turbulent shear layer is solved. The solution provided is valid up to the acoustic far-field region. It represents a significant improvement over the solution obtained by classical hydrodynamic-stability theory which is essentially a local solution with the acoustic radiation suppressed. The basic instability-wave solution which is valid in the shear layer and the near-field region is constructed in terms of an asymptotic expansion using the method of multiple scales. This solution accounts for the effects of the slightly divergent mean flow. It is shown that the multiple-scales asymptotic expansion is not uniformly valid far from the shear layer. Continuation of this solution into the entire upper half-plane is described. The extended solution enables the near- and far-field pressure fluctuations associated with the instability wave to be determined. Numerical results show that the directivity pattern of acoustic radiation into the stationary medium peaks at 20 degrees to the axis of the shear layer in the downstream direction for supersonic flows. This agrees qualitatively with the observed noise-directivity patterns of supersonic jets.

Spatial relationships between the terminations of somatic sensory and motor pathways in the rostral brainstem of cats and monkeys. I. Ascending somatic sensory inputs to lateral diencephalon.

Abstract: Projections to the lateral diencephalon from the dorsal column nuclei (DCN), lateral cervical n. (LCN), and spinal cord (ST) in cats and monkeys, and from the spinal portion of the trigeminal n. (sTN) in the cat were compared using a double-orthograde labeling strategy. This strategy combines autoradiographic and degeneration tracing methods in the same animal and permits direct comparisons of the terminal labeling patterns of two different pathways in each experiment. The results suggest that the major part of the lateral diencephalon which receives input from the somatic sensory pathways in both the cat and the monkey is arranged in a core-shell fashion. The core consists of the group of nuclei which together constitute the ventrobasal complex (VB). The shell consists of a group of nuclei which together tend to surround VB nearly completely. This group includes the posterior group (PO), the ventral posteroinferior n. (VPI), and the border region between VB and the ventrolateral n. (VB-VL). In addition to the core and shell regions, two other regions in the lateral diencephalon receive input from the somatic sensory pathways. These regions are the ventromedial part of the magnocellular portion of the medial geniculate n. (MGNm) and caudomedial portion of the zona incerta (ZI). The cytoarchitectural and hodological patterns of the core region differ from those of the shell region. In both the monkey and the cat, the core region (VB) has a relatively homogeneous cytoarchitectural appearance and is filled by dense inputs from DCN, LCN, and sTN in the cat and from DCN, LCN, and ST (and probably from sTN) in the monkey. Direct comparisons of the terminals of fibers from different pathways demonstrate that although there is some convergence on the same neurons within VB, the major tendency is for each of the inputs to form its densest terminations on different neurons. This partial segregation manifests itself in two ways. First, each pathway has its own preferred territory within VB where its terminations are the densest. Second, the terminal fields of the inputs usually have a clustered appearance which is characterized by dense patches of terminals separated by regions in which the terminations appear quite sparse. The dense patches from different pathways do not occur in relation to the same groups of neurons. In contrast, most portions of the shell region have a lower cell density than that of the core and a heterogeneous cytoarchitectonic appearance which can often be described as transitional in character between its neighboring areas. In both species, different parts of the shell region receive sparse and scattered input from those pathways which project densely and precisely to areas immediately adjacent to that part of the shell. Very few of the terminals of these different inputs appear to converge on the same groups of neurons. The two otehr recipient targets of somatic senory input (i.e., MGNm, ZI) each has its own characteristic connective pattern that differs from taht of either the core or the shell region. The connective patterns in the cat and monkey are quite similar. The mian differences are in the projections of parts of the ST ans LCN pathways. The nature of these differences suggest taht it might be useful from a functional perspective to consider the LCN and ST pathways together as part of the same spinal system, rather than as separate functional entities. The LCN pathyway could then be viewed as having perhaps been dervied from different parts of a single population of diencephalic-projecting neurons in the spinal cord of the two species. When these anatomical results are considered together with the available electrophysiological evidence, it appears that the response properties and functions of some portions of the somatic senory regions within the diencephalon can be generally predicted from knowledge of the particular pathways whose axons terminate within these regions. Such predictions can be made, however, only when the input pathways have markedly different functions (e.g., vestibular, auditory, cutaneous). At present, more precise kinds of predicitions are precluded by the similarity that exists between the functional properties of many of the units in teh DCN, sTN, LCN, and ST pathways, and the luck of knowledge of the sorting processes which occur as fibers in each of these pathways diverge to terminate in different parts of the brain.

Family Power: The Assessment of a Decade of Theory and Research, 1970-1979.

Abstract: "family power" was initially sparked, in large part, by Blood and Wolfe's Husbands and Wives (1960) and their elaboration of a "resource theory of family power." Subsequent efforts by family scholars, and other social scientists, have involved testing and retesting this resource theory model, and derivative models, as well as elaborating the theoretical and methodological issues in family power research.

Cumulus Parameterization and Rainfall Rates I

Abstract: Modeling of convective rainfall rates is a central problem in tropical meteorology. Toward numerical weather prediction efforts the semi-prognostic approach (i.e., a one time-step prediction of rainfall rates) provides a relevant test of cumulus parameterization methods. In this paper we compare five currently available cumulus parameterization schemes using the semi-prognostic approach. The calculated rainfall rates are compared with observed estimates provided in the recent publication of Hudlow and Patterson (1979). Among these the scheme proposed by Kuo (1974) provides the least root-mean-square error between the calculated and the observed estimates, slightly better than that of Arakawa and Schubert (1974), which was used by Lord (1978a). The simplicity of the approach holds promise for numerical weather prediction. Unlike some of the other schemes this method is not sensitive to and does not require computation of internal parameters such as profiles of cloud mass flux updrafts and downdraf...

Gamow-Teller Matrix Elements from 0°( p , n ) Cross Sections

Abstract: After simple corrections for distortion effects, 120-MeV, 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} ($p, n$) cross sections are found to be proportional to the squares of the corresponding Fermi and Gamow-Teller matrix elements extracted from $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay measurements. It is suggested that this proportionality can be used to extract Gamow-Teller matrix elements for transitions inaccessible to $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay.

Characterization of Benthic Microbial Community Structure by High-Resolution Gas Chromatography of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

Abstract: Fatty acids are a widely studied group of lipids of sufficient taxonomic diversity to be useful in defining microbial community structure The extraordinary resolution of glass capillary gas-liquid chromatography can be utilized to separate and tentatively identify large numbers of fatty acid methyl esters derived from the lipids of estuarine detritus and marine benthic microbiota without the bias of selective methods requiring culture or recovery of the microbes The gas-liquid chromatographic analyses are both reproducible and highly sensitive, and the recovery of fatty acids is quantitative The analyses can be automated, and the diagnostic technique of mass spectral fragmentation analysis can be readily applied Splitless injection on glass capillary gas chromatographic columns detected by mass spectral selective ion monitoring provides an ultrasensitive and definitive monitoring system Reciprocal mixtures of bacteria and fungi, when extracted and analyzed, showed progressive changes of distinctive fatty acid methyl esters derived from the lipids By manipulating the environment of an estuarine detrital microbial community with antibiotics and culture conditions, it was possible to produce a community greatly enriched in eucaryotic fungi, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopic morphology The fatty acid methyl esters from the lipids in the fungus-enriched detritus showed enrichment of the C18 dienoic and the C18 and C20 polyenoic esters Manipulation of the detrital microbiota that increased the procaryotic population resulted in an absence of large structures typical of fungal mycelia or diatoms, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy, and a significantly larger proportion of anteiso- and isobranched C15 fatty acid esters, C17 cyclopropane fatty acid esters, and the cis-vaccenic isomer of the C18 monoenoic fatty acid esters As determined by these techniques, a marine settling community showed greater differences in bacterial as contrasted to microeucaryotic populations when compared with the microbial communities of benthic cores

The 10 to 20-day westward propagating mode and “Breaks in the Monsoons”

Abstract: This study utilizes daily surface pressure data records for a 40-year period (1933 to 1972). The dominant transient modes of the wave number frequency spectra of surface pressure along the latitudes of the monsoon trough (i.e., 20° to 30° N) are determined from a longitude-time composite of roughly 3 months of surface pressure data for ten separate episodes of Breaks in the monsoons. This data base is composited relative to a reference (0, 0) which denotes the day of commencement of the Break in rainfall over central India and the longitude of central India (i.e., 75° E). These dominant modes, as determined from this composited data, exhibit interesting westward as well as eastward propagating modes. Furthermore, some of the salient modes exhibit steady variations of phase from one day to the next. The period of Breaks in the monsoon rainfall is shown to coincide with a pressure rise associated with the arrival of a ridge of the dominant modes over the reference origin (0, 0). The remaining 30 years of data are next subjected to a test of a hypothesis that the steady propagation of phase of a dominant westward propagating mode can be used to extrapolate, and thus to predict, the arrival of this ridge. The tests show that a 10-day linear extrapolation of the phase to Day 0 exhibits considerable skill in locating the ridge of the “Monsoon Breaks” over central India. In over 70% of the cases examined we note that the arrival of the ridge coincides with a period of the observed Breaks in the monsoon. Suggestions for casting this problem in a truly predictive frame are made, the results of which will be reported in a separate study. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980.tb01717.x

A succession of paradigms in ecology: Essentialism to materialism and probabilism

Abstract: Lewontin (1974a), in his provocative essay ‘Darwin and Mendel — The Materialist Revolution,’ suggests that by the time On the Origin of Species was published in 1859, the notion of evolving species was already firmly established in both lay and academic circles. Embedding the evolutionary species concept in a matrix of new evolutionary thought in many areas of the arts, natural sciences, and social sciences during the late eighteenth and first half of the nineteenth centuries, he points to a different significance of the Darwinian revolution. The emerging evolutionary worldview was incompatible with the philosophical tradition, stretching back to the Greeks, which, although patently metaphysical, still dominated nineteenth century thought: viz. Platonic idealism and Aristotelian essentialism (Popper 1961, 1963). Idealism views the material objects of the world as imperfect embodiments of fundamental, unchanging essences or ideal formal structures. Plato drew the analogy of shadows cast on a cave wall for the imperfect reflections which constitute the objects we can perceive with our senses, although Aristotle sought his version of essential forms within particulate matter, and not in some spectral transcendental realm. Lovejoy (1936), Wiener (1949), Peckham (1959), and Ghiselin (1969) suggest that the nascent evolutionary worldview engendered a reaction to metaphysical essentialism, especially in politics and economics, which eventually paved the way for the Darwinian revolution.

Endolithic microbial life in hot and cold deserts

Abstract: Endolithic microorganisms (those living inside rocks) occur in hot and cold deserts and exist under extreme environmental conditions. These conditions are discussed on a comparative basis. Quantitative estimates of biomass are comparable in hot and cold deserts. Despite the obvious differences between the hot and cold desert environment, survival strategies show some common features. These endolithic organisms are able to ‘switch’ rapidly their metabolic activities on and off in response to changes in the environment. Conditions in hot deserts impose a more severe environmental stress on the organisms than in the cold Antarctic desert. This is reflected in the composition of the microbial flora which in hot desert rocks consist entirely of prokaryotic microorganisms, while under cold desert conditions eukaryotes predominate.

Small Groups: A General System Model

Abstract: Small groups constitute a large portion of the immediate context of professional social work activities. Social workers spend much of their time in therapy or counseling groups, meetings with families, work and staff groups, committees, neighborhood groups, professional associations, civic and service groups, and task forces. These small groups are the basic building blocks of the larger social structures, organizations, and communities that make up the environment and are the targets of social intervention. It is essential that social workers have a clear conceptualization of the structure of these elemental social units and an understanding of their dynamics and operations. Throughout this century professionals in the medical, human and social services, education, and management and organizational disciplines have recognized the significance of small groups and what potential use they have for their practice. Spurred on by the Western Electric Studies, psychologists and social scientists have intensified their investigations of these units. Since the 1930s a vast literature has emerged about group dynamics. A number of basic texts familiar to most social science undergraduates summarize many of these findings. The list of periodicals reporting on small group research continues to grow.

Productivity and efficiency in human service organizations as related to structure, size, and age.

Abstract: A study of the relationship of productivity and efficiency to the organization's structure, size, and age (or “time”) indicated that a highly centralized authority structure is the most powerful di...

Taxonomic isolation and the accumulation of herbivorous insects: a comparison of introduced and native trees

Abstract: Evidence from leaf-mining insects on Fagaceous hosts suggests that range expansions of insects onto introduced trees often involve species that feed on native hosts closely related to the introduced host. 2. An examination of the herbivorous entomofauna of British trees illustrates that the size of the entomofauna is partially determined by the taxonomic isolation of the host tree.

A Parametric Study of Retinal Light Damage in Albino and Pigmented Rats

Abstract: Although light serves as the adequate stimulus for vision, it can, under certain conditions, have a deleterious effect on the retina. Using rats as experimental animals, Noell et al. (1) were the first to demonstrate that morphological and functional damage to the retina can result from constant light exposures of only a few hours. The manifestations of damage to the retina included the deterioration and death of the photoreceptors with concurrent losses in the amplitude of the electroretinogram (ERG). Moderate light intensity (1,200 to 2,500 lux), several log-units lower than the levels found necessary to produce threshold retinal burns, was used to produce damage. The action spectrum of the damage corresponded to the absorption spectrum of rhodopsin, the rat’s visual pigment, indicating that damage is initiated by the same primary photochemical event as is vision.

Conceptual and Educational Implications of the Use of Efficient Task Strategies by Learning Disabled Children

Abstract: This paper presents evidence that learning disabled children, like other groups that show performance deficiencies, do not spontaneously employ appropriate task strategies in a variety of situations. Thus their low performance on many tasks is attributable to failure to engage in certain kinds of goal-directed activities rather than to structural or capacity limitations. This concept of performance problems in learning disabled children has important potential implications for educational practice. The last section of this paper is devoted to a consideration of the additional kinds of information needed to fully assess the applicability of the basic research to classroom procedures.

Latitudinal gradients in the species diversity of north american mammals.

Abstract: Latitudinal gradients in species-diversity (=numbers of species) are well known. They usually consist of a fairly regular increase in the numbers of species of some higher taxon from the poles to the equator (equatorially-centered gradients, Stehli, 1968). However, latitudinal gradients are known in which maximum diversity does not occur at, or near, the equator (nonequatorially-centered gradients, Stehli, 1968). Various explanations for such gradients have been proposed (see Fischer, 1960; Pianka, 1966; Sanders, 1968, 1969), but none is very satisfactory. A few taxa, such as the fauna of sand beach (Dexter, 1972) and soft-bottom marine (Rosenburg, 1974) habitats, display no latitudinal gradient in species-diversity. Some instances can be attributed to the lack of an accompanying gradient in habitat diversity (Abele, 1974; Dexter, 1972), but others cannot. The analysis of the distribution of North American mammals by Wilson (1974) provides a recent example of the inadequacy of this explanation. Wilson divided the North American continent into 445 quadrats (Fig. 1; as did Simpson, 1964), tabulated the numbers of species of mammals within each quadrat, and plotted these numbers against latitude. Latitudinal trends were determined by fitting a regression line to the resulting cloud of points. Wilson's analysis showed an irregular increase in the numbers of species of quadrupedal mammals (excludes bats) per quadrat from the Arctic region to Panama. The numbers of species per quadrat in the tropics are nearly the same as in the temperate region. He dem-

The breeding behavior and patterns of movement of horseshoe crabs,Limulus polyphemus, in the vicinity of breeding beaches in Apalachee Bay, Florida

Abstract: Breeding activity of the horseshoe crab,Limulus polyphemus, was quantitatively monitored in Apalachee Bay, Florida, throughout one breeding season. Breeding peaked at times of full and new moon at the hour of high tide. Breeding activity was heavier on night tides than on corresponding day tides of the same date. Males routinely outnumbered females and indications of sperm competition were present. Many horseshoe crabs buried in the intertidal zone throughout the subsequent low tide and returned to the beach to breed again on the following high tide. A tagging study of the horseshoe crab indicated that male animals return to breeding beaches more frequently than females. Most animals tagged at breeding beaches did not move away from the tagging site during a breeding season and were recovered at the point of release. No long-range movements were noted. The sex ratio of animals tagged near breeding beaches was predominately male while it was predominately female for animals collected and tagged 3–6 miles offshore. A nine percent recovery rate was achieved. Existing localized populations are potentially subject to depletion due to heavy collecting pressure on breeding beaches.

Global measurements of aerosols in remote continental and marine regions: Concentrations, size distributions, and optical properties

Abstract: The phase I Gametag (Global Atmospheric Measurements Experiment of Tropospheric Aerosols and Gases) aerosol measurements were designed to provide an initial assessment of the levels, types, and optical effects of tropospheric aerosols in remote marine and continental regions and to examine the possible causal relationships between the observed distributions and the dominant factors controlling aerosol population: chemical and physical transformations, source and sink strengths, and transport. We used size-number data to determine mass concentrations and to estimate extinction, using nominal optical properties. Filter and impactor data have been used to determine aerosol composition, and correlative aircraft measurements have been used to aid in our data interpretation. Our data have been used to generate latitudinal profiles along our Pacific flight tracks. Our continental measurements, in general, show bimodal aerosol size distributions that reflect different source for each mode. The aerosol population consists primarily of crustal aerosols with r ≥ 0.5 μm and sulfate and combustion aerosols with r < 0.5 μm, with only a minor sea salt component. Owing to vertical mixing, there are no qualitative differences between the boundary layer and the free troposphere. Our data indicate that crustal aerosols represent a significant component of a background tropospheric aerosol in western North America and suggest that the possible contribution of the crustal aerosol to extinction should not be ignored. Pacific marine measurements show a qualitative difference between the boundary layer and the free troposphere. The boundary-layer aerosol population is dominated by a bimodal sea spray aerosol; optical effects and mass concentration are dominated by a mode with a volume mean radius of ∼1 μm. Our measurements show only a small crustal component of the marine boundary-layer aerosol. Our data indicate a loss of Cl from the sea spray aerosol, with the greatest loss in the small particles. We have inferred a background concentration of 0.2 ppbm for our measured particles that does not appear to be directly related to the sea spray aerosol. We have identified some of these particles as locally produced secondary aerosols; simultaneous measurements of gaseous species support this interpretation. Our Pacific free tropospheric aerosol measurements show a highly variable aerosol component, with local variations in concentration by 1 order of magnitude within a few kilometers. Our measured total aerosol and crustal component concentrations show a general decrease from north to south. Our lowest mean mid tropospheric concentration was seen south of 20°S; we have identified this mean concentration of 0.08 ppbm as a midtropospheric background aerosol.