Showing papers by "Florida State University published in 1981"

The Assessment of Spouse Abuse: Two Quantifiable Dimensions.

Abstract: This paper presents a new short-form scale called the Index of Spouse Abuse or ISA that was designed for use in clinical settings to monitor and evaluate progress in treatment. The ISA can be used on a regular or periodic basis with a single client in order to evaluate change in the degree or severity of both physical and nonphysical abuse as perceived by female respondents. The paper presents detailed findings concerning the reliability and validity of the ISA, along with details concerning the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the scale.

Biological export of shelf carbon is a sink of the global CO 2 cycle

Abstract: Measurements of carbon metabolism, production and exchange along food webs suggest that large fractions of the organic matter produced on continental shelves must be exported to continental slopes. The annual loss of organic matter from continental shelf ecosystems is far greater than in the open ocean. If part of the loss of nearshore primary production has increased in those coastal zones where anthropogenic inorganic nutrient supplies have been consistently increasing since the industrial revolution, then burial and diagenesis of this material in slope depocentres could represent the ‘missing BMTs of carbon’ in global CO2 budgets.

HRP study of the organization of auditory afferents ascending to central nucleus of inferior colliculus in cat

Abstract: The ascending auditory projections to central nucleus of inferior colliculus and its ventrolateral and dorsomedial subdivisions (ICVL and ICDM) have been studied in cat using both pressure and electrophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The results indicate that the predominant ascending projections to inferior colliculus originate in (1) contralateral cochlear nucleus, (2) contralateral and ipsilateral lateral superior olive, (3) ipsilateral medial superior olive, (4) ipsilateral ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, (5) ipsilateral and contralateral dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, and (6) contralateral inferior colliculus. In addition, ipsilateral cochlear nucleus, ipsilateral and contralateral intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, ipsilateral, and to a lesser extent contralateral, periolivary nuclei project to inferior colliculus. Of these nuclei, the lateral superior olive projects exclusively to ICVL and ipsilateral cochlear nucleus and contralateral inferior colliculus project mostly, if not exclusively, to ICDM. Many of these projections demonstrate a cochleotopic organization and frequency a nucleotopic organization as well. A cochleotopic organization of the projections is apparent for cochlear nucleus and superior olivary complex. A nucleotopic organization suggests that the heaviest terminations of contralateral inferior colliculus are medial and dorsal in inferior colliculus, of medial superior olive are dorsal and lateral, of superior olivary complex are rostral, of cochlear nucleus are caudal, and of ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus are caudal.

Large-scale flow generation in turbulent convection

Abstract: In a horizontal layer of fluid heated from below and cooled from above, cellular convection with horizontal length scale comparable to the layer depth occurs for small enough values of the Rayleigh number. As the Rayleigh number is increased, cellular flow disappears and is replaced by a random array of transient plumes. Upon further increase, these plumes drift in one direction near the bottom and in the opposite direction near the top of the layer with the axes of plumes tilted in such a way that horizontal momentum is transported upward via the Reynolds stress. With the onset of this large-scale flow, the largest scale of motion has increased from that comparable to the layer depth to a scale comparable to the layer width. The conditions for occurrence and determination of the direction of this large-scale circulation are described.

Santa rosalia reconsidered: size ratios and competition.

Abstract: Hutchinson's (1959) seminal paper, "Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why are there so many kinds of animals?" raised many issues that have subsequently dominated evolutionary ecology. One answer Hutchinson proposed to his question was that two species in the same trophic level can coexist if the ratio of sizes of their trophic apparati is sufficiently large, since this would allow them to avoid competitive exclusion. For birds and mammals Hutchinson suggested a critical size ratio of 1.3. Two species whose sizes (or whose skulls' or culmens' sizes) differ by a factor less than 1.3 would not be able to occur sympatrically and syntopically: "This latter figure may tentatively be used as an indication of the kind of difference necessary to permit two species to co-occur ...." He arrived at this ratio inductively, by examining a few sets of birds and mammals, and he interpreted his results as examples of competitively induced character displacement (Brown and Wilson, 1956). In the 20 years since Hutchinson's suggestion, interest in the importance of size differences for coexistence has led to two related ideas, codified in textbooks (e.g., Ricklefs, 1973; Pianka, 1978) and cited very frequently:

A Short-Form Scale to Measure Sexual Discord in Dyadic Relationships

Abstract: This paper presents a new short‐form scale for use by clinical workers and researchers in measuring the degree or magnitude of a problem in the sexual component of a dyadic relationship, as seen by the respondent. The scale was designed for use in repeated administrations at periodic intervals in order that therapists might continually monitor and evaluate their clients' response to treatment. Internal consistency and test‐retest reliability were found to be in excess of .90, and the scale has a discriminant validity coefficient of .76.

Rarefaction, Relative Abundance, and Diversity of Avian Communities

Abstract: --The common practice of expressing community structure in terms of indices of diversity and evenness involves a serious loss of information. Differences attributable to the accumulation of species with increasing area are ignored, differences in the density of individuals are often masked by other factors, and many combinations of species richness and relative abundance can produce the same value of the index. As an alternative we suggest (1) comparing species richness by standardizing samples either to equal numbers of individuals or to the number of individuals expected on equal-sized plots, and (2) expressing the relative abundance of species as a graph of their relative abundances arranged in a decreasing array. We present an analysis of bird census data based on the proposed methods, and we include comparisons with applications of four indices commonly used in ecology, the Shannon-Weaver index of diversity, the J' evenness index, the inverse of Simpson's measure of concentration, and Hill's evenness index. For 37 Breeding Bird Censuses taken in various terrestrial habitats across the United States and Canada, the proposed methods reveal some very general relationships about the organization of bird communities in different habitats. Equal-sized areas of mature deciduous forest and secondgrowth habitats may be equally species rich (14-24 species with •> 1 breeding territory per 6 ha); the density of individuals (territorial pairs) is generally higher in deciduous forest habitats, and the relative abundance of bird species shows more dominance (less evenness) in the deciduous forest. Mixed coniferous-deciduous forests and dense young deciduous forests have fewer species than mature eastern deciduous forests or second-growth abitats (9-16 and 7-10 species per 6 ha, respectively), although the density of individuals is approximately equal to that in second-growth habitats. Coniferous forests are species-poor (5-8 per 6 ha), and the density of territorial pairs is low (8-12 per 6 ha compared with 40-70 in deciduous forests). Although the proposed methods require assumptions that need to be evaluated carefully, we are optimistic that they will have other useful applications in the analysis of arian communities. Received 8 October 1980, accepted 15 April 1981. A large literature has developed in ecology presenting descriptive analyses of biotic assemblages (Dennis et al. 1979, Patil and Taille 1979). Although one should not infer mechanisms of community regulation from such studies (Pielou 1975), certain patterns recur in vertebrate communities in different habitats (Palmgren 1930, Udvardy 1957, MacArthur and MacArthur 1961, Williams 1964, MacArthur 1964, Karr and Roth 1971, Wiens 1973, Willson 1974), climates (Bock and Lepthien 1974, Rotenberry 1978), seasons (Rotenberry et al. 1979), and geographic areas (Pianka 1966, Recher 1969, Karr 1971, Tramer 1974, Cody 1975, Short 1979). One methodological problem with much of this literature and with community ecology generally since the early 1960's is the expression of community structure in terms of indices of diversity and evenness. Indices such as H' [-5; p/log Pi] (Shannon and Weaver 1949, Margalef 1958) and J' [H'/log s] (Pielou 1966a) confound important parameters that should be defined as precisely as possible and examined separately before communities are compared. These are (1) the number of species (species richness), (2) their relative abundance (evenness), (3) the number of individuals or territorial pairs, and (4) the area sampled. To combine any of these variables into a single statistic assures that the relative effects of the contributing parameters cannot be determined. The same value of the index can result from various com785 The Auk 98: 785-800. October 1981 786 JAMES AND RATHBUN [Auk, Vol. 98 binations of values of the parameters (Pielou 1975). Here, we recommend that data be standardized to either equal numbers of individuals (in this case, territorial pairs) or equal-sized areas before comparisons are attempted. We propose that rarefaction and relative abundance curves be used as an alternative to diversity indices. In addition to clarifying components of biological interest, these methods avoid many of the mathematical deficiencies of the application of indices. We will examine the community structure of a large set of breeding bird censuses on the basis of the traditional methods and then present four graphic displays of the results of rarefactions (Figs. 1-3) and relative abundance curves (Fig. 4).

Community effects of introduced species

Abstract: Though reported species introductions are a biased sample of all introductions, one may nevertheless fruitfully examine their consequences to cast light on community ecology theory. In particular, they would appear to be ideal tests for two broad classes of community models: (1) equilibrium island biogeography, and (2) limiting similarity. Examination of substantial lists of introductions shows little support for either the naive form of equilibrium island biogeography theory or its sophisticated variant, in which species replacement is predominantly within groups of ecologically similar species. Nor is there much evidence for limiting similarity. Both these observations march with similar results drawn from statistical examination of non-experimental systems, and point to the conclusion that interspecific competition, though viewed over at least two decades as the main force structuring communities in ecological time, is very difficult to demonstrate with data at hand.

Ascending auditory afferents to the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus.

Abstract: Afferents from the hindbrain auditory system to the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus were analyzed by the use of orthograde and retrograde axon-tracing techniques. Three divisions of the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, a dorsal, an intermediate, and a ventral division are discussed. The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus is a recipient of afferents from cells located mainly in the superior olivary complex and the contralateral dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. It receives direct afferents from only a few cells in the cochlear nuclei. In sharp contrast, the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus is the recipient of afferents from many cells in the contralateral ventral cochlear nucleus and from only a few cells in the superior olivary complex. Further, it receives no afferents from cells in the contralateral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. The intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus receives afferents from some cells in the cochlear nucleus and the superior olivary complex. It is unique among the three nuclei of the lateral lemniscus in that it receives a substantial projection from the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body.

An Evolutionary Strategy for Implementing a Decision Support System

Abstract: This paper investigates two alternative strategies for implementing Decision Support Systems DSS: evolutionary and traditional. The evolutionary approach utilizes judgement modeling boot strapping as a means to create felt need, to provide insight into the decision process and the implied weighting of decision variables, and to establish a learning-based, participatory implementation strategy. In contrast, the traditional approach is characterized by a problem solving orientation wherein the DSS is portrayed as providing a valuable "product" that can be theoretically justified. Decision making in a simulated production environment is used to test the alternative strategies. Decision style is also included in the experimental design. Results indicate significantly higher utilization of the DSS with the evolutionary approach. Decision style findings are consistent with reported research.

A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Reaching a Consensus Using DeGroot's Method

Abstract: DeGroot (1974) proposed a model in which a group of k individuals might reach a consensus on a common subjective probability distribution for an unknown parameter. This paper presents a necessary and sufficient condition under which a consensus will be reached by using DeGroot's method. This work corrects an incorrect statement in the original paper about the conditions needed for a consensus to be reached. The condition for a consensus to be reached is straightforward to check and yields the value of the consensus, if one is reached.

On the Onset Vortex of the Summer Monsoon

Abstract: In this paper we examine the evolution of the low-level flow over the Arabian Sea during the onset of the summer monsoon. A detailed examination of the onset vortex that forms over the Arabian Sea just prior to the commencement of heavy rains over central India is carried out. The unique aspect of this study is the use of data sets from the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) Monsoon Experiment (MONEX) from a variety of observing platforms. These include winds from geostationary satellites, constant level balloons, dropwindsonde aircraft and an enhanced World Weather Watch network. The data sets were analyzed for a 46-day period from 16 May through 30 June 1979. A number of calculations were performed with this analysis. Of major interest is a finding that the kinetic energy of the zonal flow over the central Arabian Sea increases by an order of magnitude one week prior to the commencement of monsoon rain over central India. This study provides a MONEX time-averaged analysis for the low-le...

Effect of Warfarin on Survival in Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung: Veterans Administration Study No. 75

Abstract: In a controlled, randomized study, survival of patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL) was prolonged on addition of warfarin sodium to combination chemotherapy plus radiation therapy. Median survival for 25 control patients was 24 weeks and for 25 warfarin-treated patients was 50 weeks. This difference could not be accounted for by differences between groups in performance status, extent of disease, age, or sex. The survival advantage associated with warfarin administration was observed both for patients with extensive disease and for those who failed to achieve complete or partial remission. The warfarin-treated group also demonstrated a significantly increased time to first evidence of disease progression. These results suggest that warfarin may be useful in the treatment of SCCL and also support the hypothesis that the blood coagulation mechanism may be involved in the growth and spread of cancer in man. ( JAMA 1981;245:831-835)

Compositional convection and stratification of Earth's core

Abstract: Traditionally, studies1,2 of the possible stratification of the outer core of the Earth have been based on thermal buoyancy, with the effects of composition being implicitly ignored. However, recent work3,4 has demonstrated the importance of compositional buoyancy in providing the power necessary to sustain the geodynamo. It seems likely, therefore, that the effects of composition are also important in determining the stratification of the core. We present here a study of the relative importance of thermal and compositional buoyancy in the core. We briefly review the idea that the growth of an iron-rich inner core leads to the release of material which is depleted in iron and therefore buoyant. We then calculate the density profile which results if both this light material and the latent heat released as the inner core grows are redistributed by diffusion. It is found that not only are compositional effects important, they dominate thermal effects in determining the stratification of the core. Finally, using parameter estimates relevant to the core, we show that the diffusive density profile is unstable throughout the outer core except for a layer some 70 km deep adjacent to the mantle–core boundary. We therefore expect that convection fills the entire outer core with the possible exception of a thin layer below the mantle–core boundary.

Structure of the Earth's inner core

Abstract: Jacobs1 proposed that the Earth's inner core is growing through the freezing of outer-core material as the Earth gradually cools2. Recent studies have shown that compositional effects associated with this freezing process can release energy at a rate sufficient to power the geodynamo3,4 and may be crucial in determining the dynamic state of the outer core5. Here we investigate the effects of composition on the freezing process itself, drawing on metallurgical experience, and speculate on the structure and state of the inner core. We propose that the interface separating the inner and outer core is dendritic and argue that the region in which freezing takes place may extend throughout the entire inner core. Consequently the compositionally driven convective motions which stir the outer core and sustain the geodynamo also occur within the interdendritic spaces of the inner core. The seismic evidence which corroborates this proposal is briefly reviewed.

Limits of entrainment to periodic feeding in rats with suprachiasmatic lesions

Abstract: The functional properties of entrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms by LD cycles are becoming increasingly well understood and have recently been eloquently summarized by Pittendrigh and Daan (1976). In contrast, despite occasional reports of entrainment of circadian rhythms by periodic temperature, noise or by social interaction, the importance of these stimuli as Zeitgeber appears minor by comparison with LD cycles, particularly for mammals (Aschoff 1958, Bruce 1960, Regal and Connolly 1980).

Convergence of Dirichlet Measures and the Interpretation of Their Parameter.

Abstract: The form of the Bayes estimate of the population mean with respect to a Dirichlet prior with parameter a has given rise to the interpretation that a ( X ) is the prior sample size. Furthermore, if a ( X ) is made to tend to zero, then the Bayes estimate mathematically converges to the classical estimator, that is, the sample mean. This has further given rise to the general feeling that allowing a ( X ) to become small not only makes the prior sample size small but also that it corresponds to no prior information. By investigating the limits of prior distributions as the parameter a tends to various values, it is misleading to think of a ( X ) as the prior sample size and the smallness of a ( X ) as no prior information. In fact, very small values of a ( X ) actually mean that the prior has a lot of information concerning the unknown true distribution and is of a form that would be generally unacceptable to a statistician.

A Martian general circulation experiment with large topography

Abstract: A three-layer general circulation model of the Martian atmosphere is described, and the assumptions governing the model are discussed. The simulated, zonally averaged circulation is found to have only limited sensitivity to differences between this model and an earlier general circulation model; this circulation compares reasonably well with observations. It is also found that the meridional mass flow produced by the seasonal condensation of CO2 in the winter polar region has a major influence on the circulation; owing to the weak influence of atmospheric heat transport, however, the mass flow is governed almost entirely by radiation. Quasi-barotropic stationary waves, which are forced kinematically by the topography and which resemble topographically forced terrestrial planetary waves, are generated by the model in the winter hemisphere region of strong eastward flow, while baroclinic stationary waves are thermally forced by topography in the tropics and summer subtropics. It is also concluded that transient baroclinically unstable waves, of somewhat lower dominant wavenumber than those found on the earth, are generated in winter midlatitudes; their amplitudes, wavenumbers, and phase speeds closely agree with what has been deduced from the Viking lander observations.

The marine geochemistry of germanium: ekasilicon.

Abstract: The geochemical behavior of dissolved germanium in rivers, estuaries, and the oceans is similar to that of silicon. It is chemically weathered from continental rocks and transported by rivers to the oceans, where it is taken up by siliceous organisms and deposited in biogenic opal. The ratio of germanium to silicon buried in siliceous oozes must reflect the oceanic input ratios from rivers (crustal weathering) and sea-floor vents (mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal weathering). The opal germanium/silicon ratio may thus monitor relative variations in these weathering processes and provide information about the geochemical history of seawater.

Identification of polychlorinated dibenzofurans in environmental samples

Abstract: The polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are tricyclic aromatic compounds, which in chemical and toxicological respects are very similar to polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs). The 2,3,7,8-tetra-, 1,2,3,7,8- and 2,3,4,7,8-penta-CDFs are extremely hazardous compounds, they can be compared with the extremely toxic 2,3,7,8-tetra-CDD (ref. 1). PCDFs have been identified in PCBs at levels of 1–10 p.p.m., the major peaks being 2,3,7,8-tetra- and 2,3,4,7,8-penta-CDF (refs 2–4). A large number of PCDFs and PCDDs occur as contaminants in chlorophenols5–7, and they have also been recognized and identified in fly ash and other incineration products at the p.p.b.–p.p.m. level18–11. In 1968,1,200 people in Japan were poisoned (Yusho disease) by a cooking oil contaminated by PCB12 and more than 50 PCDF isomers13. Liver samples from exposed patients were found to contain a highly reduced number of PCDFs, apparently many isomers were excreted or metabolized14. We report here the identification of a series of PCDF isomers in environmental samples.

Effects of water stress on cryptoendolithic cyanobacteria from hot desert rocks

Abstract: Four strains of Chroococcidiopsis and one Chroococcus, all isolated from extreme arid desert rocks, and one marine Chroococcus, were subjected to water stress using both matric and osmotic control methods. For all Chroococcidiopsis strains, photosynthetic rates decreased with decreasing water potential. After 24h preincubation the decrease was linear but after 72h there was a sharp drop below-3400 kPa (aw≏0.976). In contrast, the two Chroococcus strains showed optimum photosynthesis between-3000 and-4000 KPa. It appears, therefore, that Chroococcidiopsis in deserts may have a different survival strategy in response to aridity than Chroococcus (rare in deserts).

Sources of Job Related Ambiguity and Their Consequences Upon Salespersons' Job Satisfaction and Performance

Abstract: This study presents a conceptual model relating four sources of job related ambiguity and two individual difference variables locus of control and need for clarity to salesperson job satisfaction and job performance. Previous research related to the model is briefly reviewed. Then, drawing data from a multicompany sample of industrial salespersons and their managers, behavioral research methods are used to clarify the nature and strength of the relationships in the model. The analysis reveals that ambiguity concerning family expectations is positively related to performance, but ambiguity regarding sales manager and customer expectations is negatively related to performance. Lower levels of satisfaction are explained primarly by ambiguous managerial expectations. The individual difference variables are shown to be related to job outcomes even after adjusting for different levels of perceived ambiguity. The individual difference variables, however, do not moderate the relationships between sources of ambiguity and job outcomes.