Showing papers by "Florida State University published in 1987"
TL;DR: The major source of cloud-condensation nuclei (CCN) over the oceans appears to be dimethylsulphide, which is produced by planktonic algae in sea water and oxidizes in the atmosphere to form a sulphate aerosol as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The major source of cloud-condensation nuclei (CCN) over the oceans appears to be dimethylsulphide, which is produced by planktonic algae in sea water and oxidizes in the atmosphere to form a sulphate aerosol Because the reflectance (albedo) of clouds (and thus the Earth's radiation budget) is sensitive to CCN density, biological regulation of the climate is possible through the effects of temperature and sunlight on phytoplankton population and dimethylsulphide production. To counteract the warming due to doubling of atmospheric CO2, an approximate doubling of CCN would be needed.
3,783 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a hybrid (molecular dynamics/Langevin) algorithm is used to guide a Monte Carlo simulation of lattice field theory, which is especially efficient for quantum chromodynamics which contain fermionic degrees of freedom.
3,377 citations
TL;DR: The causal role of phonological abilities in the acquisition of reading skills was explored in this article, where it was shown that phonological recoding in lexical access and phonetic receding in working memory are causally related to the ability to read.
Abstract: Three bodies of research that have developed in relative isolation center on each of three kinds of phonological processing: phonological awareness, awareness of the sound structure of language; phonological receding in lexical access, receding written symbols into a sound-based representational system to get from the written word to its lexical referent; and phonetic receding in working memory, recoding written symbols into a sound-based representational system to maintain them efficiently in working memory. In this review we integrate these bodies of research and address the interdependent issues of the nature of phonological abilities and their causal roles in the acquisition of reading skills. Phonological ability seems to be general across tasks that purport to measure the three kinds of phonological processing, and this generality apparently is independent of general cognitive ability. However, the generality of phonological ability is not complete, and there is an empirical basis for distinguishing phonological awareness and phonetic recoding in working memory. Our review supports a causal role for phonological awareness in learning to read, and suggests the possibility of similar causal roles for phonological recoding in lexical access and phonetic recoding in working memory. Most researchers have neglected the probable causal role of learning to read in the development of phonological skills. It is no longer enough to ask whether phonological skills play a causal role in the acquisition of reading skills. The question now is which aspects of phonological processing (e.g., awareness, recoding in lexical access, recoding in working memory) are causally related to which aspects of reading (e.g., word recognition, word analysis, sentence comprehension), at which point in their codevelopment, and what are the directions of these causal relations?
3,235 citations
TL;DR: The ARCS Model as discussed by the authors was developed in response to a desire to find more effective ways of understanding the major influences on the motivation to learn, and for systematic ways of identifying and solving problems with learning motivation.
Abstract: The ARCS Model of motivation was developed in response to a desire to find more effective ways of understanding the major influences on the motivation to learn, and for systematic ways of identifying and solving problems with learning motivation. The resulting model contains a four category synthesis of variables that encompasses most of the areas of research on human motivation, and a motivational design process that is compatible with typical instructional design models. Following its development, the ARCS Model was field tested in two inservice teacher education programs. Based on the results of these field tests, the ARCS Model appears to provide useful assistance to designers and teachers, and warrants more controlled studies of its critical attributes and areas of effectiveness.
1,747 citations
736 citations
TL;DR: The authors argued that while most major political parties in Western countries tend to be aligned along a social class-based axis, support for new political movements and new political parties largely reflects the tension between materialist and postmaterialist goals and values.
Abstract: Ronald Inglehart has argued that, while most of the major political parties in Western countries tend to be aligned along a social class–based axis, support for new political movements and new political parties largely reflects the tension between materialist and postmaterialist goals and values. This has presented something of a dilemma to the traditional parties, and helps account for the decline of social-class voting. Scott Flanagan takes issue with Inglehart's interpretation in several particulars. Although their views converge in many respects, Flanagan urges conceptual reorientations and adumbrates a different interpretation of post–World War II political development in Europe and Japan.
577 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the findings of 63 U-C studies, 40 of which involve data from the 1970s when unemployment rose dramatically and show that property crimes, 1970s data, and sub-national levels of aggregation produce consistently positive and frequently significant U-c results.
Abstract: The unemployment/crime rate relationship (U-C) has been described recently as “inconsistent,” “insignificant,” and “weak.” Prior assessments of the U-C relationship have used no more than 18 U-C studies, and no more than 7 with 1970s data. In this paper, I review the findings of 63 U-C studies, 40 of which involve data from the 1970s when unemployment rose dramatically. My analysis shows the conditional nature of the U-C relationship. Property crimes, 1970s data, and sub-national levels of aggregation produce consistently positive and frequently significant U-C results. I discuss the implications of these results and argue that it is premature to abandon “this now well-plowed terrain” and suggest potentially fruitful paths for future studies of the U-C relationship.
568 citations
TL;DR: The role of corridors connecting refuges has been extensively studied in the literature as mentioned in this paper, and it has been shown that corridors can alleviate threats from inbreeding depression and demographic stochasticity.
Abstract: There are few controlled data with which to assess the conservation role of corridors connecting refuges. If cor- ridors were used sufficiently, they could alleviate threats from inbreeding depression and demographic stochasticity. For species that require more resources than are available in single refuges, a network of refuges connected by corridors may allowpersistence. Finally, a cowidor, such as a riparian foresc may constitute an important habitat in its own right. A dearth of information on the degree to which different species use corridors makes it difficult to tell which of these potential advantages will be realized in any particular case. Some experimental field studies suggest that certain species will use corridors, although lack of controls usually pre- cludes a firm statement that cowidors will prevent extinc- tion. Corridors may have costs as well aspotential benefits. They may transmit contagious diseases, fires, and other catastro- phes, and they may increase exposure of animals to preda- ton, domestic animals, and poachers. Cowidors also bear economic costs. For example, a bridge that would maintain a riparian corridor costs about 13 times as much per lane- mile as would a road that would sever the cowidor. Also, per- unit-area management costs may be latger for corridors than for refuges. It may be cheaper to manage some species by moving individuals between refuges rather than by buying and maintaining corridors. Each case must be judged on its own merits because spe- cies-environment interactions dtyfer. As an example, we used the case of the Florida panther (Felis concolor cotyq, of which there remain about 30. The Florida panther's potential inbreeding problems could possibly be stemmed somewhat by a corridor system, but it is far from certain that even an extensive system will save this animal, and the cost of such a system would lessen the resources that could be devoted to land acquisition and other means of aiding many other threatened species.
566 citations
TL;DR: The theoretical framework for describing the production of direct photons in hadronic collisions is reviewed in this paper, along with a detailed comparison between the theoretical predictions and existing data along with critical evaluation of the various sources of theoretical uncertainty.
Abstract: The theoretical framework for describing the production of direct photons in hadronic collisions is reviewed. A detailed comparison between the theoretical predictions and existing data is presented along with a critical evaluation of the various sources of theoretical uncertainty. The information available from direct-photon experiments is contrasted with that learned from jet or single-hadron production. Prospects for new types of measurements in future experiments are also presented.
379 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a consistent analytic representation of the two lowest potential energy surfaces for H3 and their nonadiabatic coupling is presented, which is fit to ab initio calculations published previously by Liu and Siegbahn.
Abstract: We present a consistent analytic representation of the two lowest potential energy surfaces for H3 and their nonadiabatic coupling. The surfaces are fits to ab initio calculations published previously by Liu and Siegbahn and also to new ab initio calculations reported here. The analytic representations are especially designed to be valid in the vicinity of the conical intersection of the two lowest surfaces, at geometries important for the H+H2 reaction, and in the van der Waals regions.
359 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a colorimetric indigo dye test was used to measure the concentration of 0 3 in the water and chemical reactions occurring when 0 2 or N 2 gas was bubbled through a discharge in an anthraquinone dye solution were studied by photometrically measuring the decolorization of the dye.
Abstract: Prebreakdown phenomena in water were investigated for point-plane geometries using high-voltage pulses. Spot discharges, filamentary magenta streamers, isolated microdischarges, and microbubbles were observed and photographed. Emission spectra were obtained using a prism spectrograph. Maximum streamer lengths were determined as a function of applied voltage, pulsewidth (decay constant), and water conductivity. The bubbling of gas through the underwater discharge resulted in the disintegration of the gas bubbles, and also caused gas-phase discharges to occur near the nozzle electrode. The production of 0 3 , accomplished by bubbling O 2 gas through a discharge in deionized water, was investigated using a colorimetric indigo dye test that measured the concentration of 0 3 in the water. Chemical reactions occurring when 0 2 or N 2 gas was bubbled through a discharge in an anthraquinone dye solution were studied by photometrically measuring the decolorization of the dye.
TL;DR: It is possible to create conditions that will stimulate people's desire to be interested and involved in their surroundings and to achieve their best.
Abstract: It is true that motivation is a challenge, and from one point of view you can't really motivate anybody. You know the old saying, \"You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink.\" However, it is possible to create conditions that will stimulate people's desire to be interested and involved in their surroundings and to achieve their best. Many trainers, coaches, and other leaders do it regularly.
TL;DR: Relations force longueur a temperature ambiante determinees pour une serie de polyethylenes d'une large gamme de masse moleculaire and contribution moleculaires.
Abstract: Relations force-longueur a temperature ambiante determinees pour une serie de polyethylenes d'une large gamme de masse moleculaire et contribution moleculaire
TL;DR: The histone genes have been altered and reintroduced into tk- mouse L cells by cotransfection with the herpesvirus thymidine kinase gene and are stable.
TL;DR: Increased exudation of carbon compounds from roots may provide a mechanism for enhancement of nutrient availability to plants growing in a CO(2)-enriched atmosphere and was investigated in Pinus echinata Mill.
Abstract: Summary Increased exudation of carbon compounds from roots may provide a mechanism for enhancement of nutrient availability to plants growing in a CO*-enriched atmosphere. Therefore, the effect of atmospheric CO2 concentration on carbon allocation and root exudation was investigated in Pinus echinata Mill. (shortleaf pine) seedlings. After 34 and 41 weeks, seedlings growing in 695 ~11~’ CO2 allocated proportionately more Y-labeled photosynthate to fine roots than did seedlings growing in ambient air. This was associated with greater fine root mass and mycorrhizal density in CO?-enriched plants after 34 weeks. Exudation of soluble, Y-labeled compounds from roots also was greater in these plants at 34 weeks, but the effect of CO, concentration on exudation did not persist at 41 weeks.
TL;DR: An integrative framework for research on consensus in strategy formulation—performance relationships is suggested and the role that the match between environment, consensus, and integrating structure plays in explaining differences in organizational performance is investigated.
Abstract: This paper suggests an integrative framework for research on consensus in strategy formulation—performance relationships. The proposed model has two components. First, a descriptive component explores the environment—consensus relationship in which the environment is conceptualized along the dimensions of munificence, complexity, and dynamism. Second, a normative component investigates the role that the match between environment, consensus, and integrating structure plays in explaining differences in organizational performance.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the heat budget of the Siberian high by using a compositing method and selected several cases of strong Siberian high that moved over China from the northwest from datasets covering five winters (December through February of 1980-1984).
Abstract: The heat budget of the Siberian high is investigated by using a compositing method. Ninteen cases of strong Siberian highs that moved over China from the northwest were selected from datasets covering five winters (December through February of 1980–1984). The apparent heat source (Q1)and the apparent moisture sink (Q2) were estimated via budget calculations. The diabatic heating terms were also calculated via direct use of physical parameterization schemes. The vertical transports of sensible and latent heat from subgrid-scale of motions were estimated as residuals from the thermodynamic energy equation. Over the region of the region of the Siberian high, strong radiative cooling and large-scale descending motion (with large-scale mass convergence over the upper and middle tropospheric and divergence over the lower troposphere) contributes to a rapid buildup of the Siberian high. Heating in the upper troposphere due to subgrid-scale sensible heat transfer is also an important factor in the mainte...
TL;DR: The stability of the chimeric mRNAs was measured when DNA synthesis was inhibited and an mRNA containing all the globin coding sequences and the last 30 nucleotides of the histone mRNA was degraded at the same rate as histone RNA.
Abstract: Chimeric genes were made by fusing mouse histone genes with a human alpha-globin gene. The genes were introduced into mouse L cells and the stability of the chimeric mRNAs was measured when DNA synthesis was inhibited. An mRNA containing all the globin coding sequences and the last 30 nucleotides of the histone mRNA was degraded at the same rate as histone mRNA.
TL;DR: In this article, an interactive attributional model is proposed for maintaining healthy and productive leader/member interactions and implications of the model for the wider context of leader/members relations are discussed.
Abstract: The literature regarding leader and member attributional responses is reviewed and an interactive attributional model is proposed. Combinations of leader and member attributions considered in conjunction with the literature on attributional biases suggest that, under some conditions, conflicting attributions may occur. Strategies for maintaining healthy and productive leader/member interactions are proposed and implications of the model for the wider context of leader/member relations are discussed.
TL;DR: Foraging activity of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, was monitored at bait traps for 1 yr to determine how weather and season affected foraging.
Abstract: Foraging activity of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, was monitored at bait traps for 1 yr to determine how weather and season affected foraging. Soil temperature at 2 cm was the best individual predictor of foraging rates at our study site ( R 2 = 59%); workers foraged from 15 to 43°C, with maximal rates between 22 and 36°C. Season explained another 19% of sample variation in a multiple regression with soil temperature; this was because foraging was unusually low in late fall. Rain reduced foraging rates by ca. 40% and explained an additional 3% of the variation. Workers did not exhibit a tendency to forage more at night because neither time of day nor night/day were significantly correlated with foraging rates. Relative humidity, saturation deficits, soil moisture, and wind were also unrelated to foraging. Average weight of individual foragers increased ca. 30% with increasing soil temperature and decreased 15% with the advancing season. Soil-temperature data were used to calculate periods of foraging activity for an open pasture, a nearby shaded woodlot, and seven additional locations in the southeastern United States. Activity periods were distinctly shorter in shady habitats and higher latitudes. Low temperatures limited activity much more frequently than high temperatures.
TL;DR: Results from laboratory experiments revealed that the behavioral response of moving around the grass blade, to which a shrimp was clinging, resulted in a significant increase in shrimp survival, and thus is strongly adaptive.
Abstract: Behavioral responses to predators may influence distribution and abundance patterns of prey. Earlier predator—preference experiments and analyses of natural diets revealed that the caridean shrimp Tozeuma carolinense is underrepresented in the diet of pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides, the dominant predatory fish in marine seagrass meadows in the southeastern USA. I examined the influence of prey behavioral responses, microhabitat shifts, and cryptic coloration on prey accessibility to Lagodon with a combination of field observations and laboratory experiments. Tozeuma's behavior and microhabitat choice were extremely similar in the field and the laboratory and were tightly coupled to the seagrasses Tozeuma inhabits. In the presence of predatory fishes, Tozeuma increased the time spent in some otherwise rare behaviors. In particular, laboratory experiments revealed that the behavioral response of moving around the grass blade, to which a shrimp was clinging, resulted in a significant increase in shrimp survival, and thus is strongly adaptive. In addition, Tozeuma shifted microhabitats in response to predators; individuals that did not respond were often consumed. For the shrimp, predator—avoidance behaviors were far more important than cryptic coloration in eluding predatory fish. The presence of a physical structure alone did not necessarily provide protection for shrimp from these visual predators; the combination of active predator—avoidance behaviors and the presence of a structurally complex, opaque substrates resulted in a visual barrier between predator and prey. Such prey behavior—microhabitat links can be more important than physical interference of the habitat as factors affecting foraging success of visual predators.
TL;DR: In this paper, a method based on the work of Tam and Tanna (1982) for calculating the near field noise spectrum and the spatial distribution of broadband shock associated noise from supersonic jets is proposed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared four different conjugate-gradient methods, representative of up-to-date available scientific software, by applying them to two different meteorological problems of interest using criteria of computational economy and accuracy.
Abstract: During the last few years new meteorological variational analysis methods have evolved, requiring large-scale minimization of a nonlinear objective function described in terms of discrete variables. The conjugate-gradient method was found to represent a good compromise in convergence rates and computer memory requirements between simpler and more complex methods of nonlinear optimization. In this study different available conjugate-gradient algorithms are presented with the aim of assessing their use in large-scale typical minimization problems in meteorology. Computational efficiency and accuracy are our principal criteria. Four different conjugate-gradient methods, representative of up-to-date available scientific software, were compared by applying them to two different meteorological problems of interest using criteria of computational economy and accuracy. Conclusions are presented as to the adequacy of the different conjugate algorithms for large-scale minimization problems in different met...
01 Nov 1987
TL;DR: The mechanics of Time Warp are reviewed, the TWOS operating system is described, how to construct simulations in object-oriented form to run under TWOS is shown, and a qualitative comparison of time-to-completion, speedup, rollback rate, and antimessage rate are offered.
Abstract: This paper describes the Time Warp Operating System, under development for three years at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the Caltech Mark III Hypercube multi-processor. Its primary goal is concurrent execution of large, irregular discrete event simulations at maximum speed. It also supports any other distributed applications that are synchronized by virtual time.The Time Warp Operating System includes a complete implementation of the Time Warp mechanism, and is a substantial departure from conventional operating systems in that it performs synchronization by a general distributed process rollback mechanism. The use of general rollback forces a rethinking of many aspects of operating system design, including programming interface, scheduling, message routing and queueing, storage management, flow control, and commitment.In this paper we review the mechanics of Time Warp, describe the TWOS operating system, show how to construct simulations in object-oriented form to run under TWOS, and offer a qualitative comparison of Time Warp to the Chandy-Misra method of distributed simulation. We also include details of two benchmark simulations and preliminary measurements of time-to-completion, speedup, rollback rate, and antimessage rate, all as functions of the number of processors used.
TL;DR: Additional conditions are attached to the Kuhn-Tucker conditions giving a set of conditions which are both necessary and sufficient for optimality in constrained optimization, under appropriate constraint qualifications.
Abstract: Additional conditions are attached to the Kuhn-Tucker conditions giving a set of conditions which are both necessary and sufficient for optimality in constrained optimization, under appropriate constraint qualifications. Necessary and sufficient conditions are also given for optimality of the dual problem. Duality and converse duality are treated accordingly.
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of sea surface temperature (SST) fluctuations in the upwelling region along the Benguela coat and its relationship to rainfall variability both along the coast and throughout equatorial and southern Africa is presented.
Abstract: This article presents the results of an analysis of sea surface temperature (SST) fluctuations in the upwelling region along the Benguela coat and its relationship to rainfall variability both along the coast and throughout equatorial and southern Africa. The analysis incorporates compositing and time series analysis. Coastal rainfall is markedly enhanced during warm-water years and suppressed during cold-water years. The effects are strongest in March and April; at some stations, March totals of 50 mm in cold-water years contrast with 200 to 400 mm in March of warm-water years. Spectral analysis shows the variability of SSTs to be more pronounced on time scales of 5 to 6 years, and strong relationships with rainfall throughout equatorial and southern Africa are evident on this time scale. In coastal regions there may be some degree of direct local forcing of rainfall anomalies via SST anomalies, but the temporal and geographical patterns of the relationships suggest that in general, both SSTs an...
TL;DR: If life ever arose on early Mars, similar processes may have occurred there and left recognizable traces and similar microbial trace fossil may exist in the geological record.
Abstract: In the Antarctic cold desert (Ross Desert), the survival of the cryptoendolithic microorganisms that colonize the near-surface layer of porous sandstone rocks depends on a precarious equilibrium of biological and geological factors. An unfavorable shift of this equilibrium results in death, and this may be followed by formation of trace fossils that preserve the characteristic iron-leaching pattern caused by microbial activity. Similar microbial trace fossil may exist in the geological record. If life ever arose on early Mars, similar processes may have occurred there and left recognizable traces.
TL;DR: Several techniques for preparing the internal and external surfaces of crustaceans for SEM are described in detailed flow-chart form and Suggestions are given for improving fixation, cleaning, and overall appearance of specimens.
Abstract: Several techniques for preparing the internal and external surfaces of crustaceans for SEM are described in detailed flow-chart form. Suggestions are given for improving fixation, cleaning, and overall appearance of specimens.