Showing papers by "Florida State University published in 1989"

Gender Differences in Receptivity to Sexual Offers

Abstract: According to cultural stereotypes, men are more eager for sex than are women; women are more likely to set limits on such activity. In this paper, we review the work of theorists who have argued in favor of this proposition and review the interview and correlational data which support this contention. Finally, we report two experimental tests of ihis hypothesis. In these experiments, conducted in 1978 and 1982, male and female confederates of average attractiveness approached potential partners with one of three requests: "Would you go out tonight?" "Will you come over to my apartment?" or "Would you go to bed with me?" The great majority of men were willing to have a sexual liaison with the women who approached them. Women were not. Not one woman agreed to a sexual liaison. Many possible reasons for this marked gender difference were discussed. These studies were run in 1978 and 1982. It has since become important to track how the threat of AIDS is affecting men and women's willingness to date, come to a...

Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery

Abstract: Over the past quarter-century, Robert William Fogel has blazed new trails in scholarship on the lives of the slaves in the American South. Now he presents the dramatic rise and fall of the "peculiar institution," as the abolitionist movement rose into a powerful political force that pulled down a seemingly impregnable system.

Fraternities and rape on campus

Abstract: Despite widespread knowledge that fraternity members are frequently involved in the sexual assaults of women, fraternities are rarely studied as social contexts-groups and organizations-that encourage the sexual coercion of women. An analysis of the norms and dynamics of the social construction of fraternity brotherhood reveals the highly masculinist features of fraternity structure and process, including concern with a narrow, stereotypical conception of masculinity and heterosexuality; a preoccupation with loyalty, protection of the group, and secrecy; the use of alcohol as a weapon against women's sexual reluctance; the pervasiveness of violence and physical force; and an obsession with competition, superiority, and dominance. Interfraternity rivalry and competition-particularly over members, intramural sports, and women-encourage fraternity men's commodification of women. We conclude that fraternities will continue to violate women socially and sexually unless they change in fundamental ways.

Gas transport from methane‐saturated, tidal freshwater and wetland sediments

Abstract: Variations in hydrostatic pressure controlled by diurnal tides triggered ebullition from subtidal freshwater sediments dominated by methanogenesis in the White Oak River estuary, North Carolina. Pulses of gas consisting of 50-80% methane were released when the tidal cycle reached its nadir. In August, site-to-site variations in these fluxes ranged from 60 to 650 ml (39-425 mg) CH, m-2 d-l. At a single site, cbullition made up 50% of the total CH, flux out of the sediments; the remainder was transported across the sediment-water interface by molecular diffusion. The sedimentary gas bubble reservoir varied seasonally between 2.6 and 14.8 liters m-3 at two White Oak sites. These quantities represented lo-30% of the total sedimentary CH, inventory, the balance of which was dissolved in pore waters. Methane shifted between the two pools with seasonal changes in temperature as bubble methane partial pressure maintained equilibrium with dissolved CH,. Factors controlling the composition of sedimentary gas bubbles were investigated by collecting samples from scvcral environments. These bubbles consisted primarily of CH,, N2, and CO,. The ratio of CH, to N, was found to bc a useful indicator of mechanisms transporting gases from sediments and was controlled by both the ebullition rate and the presence of rooted emergent macrophytes.

On the three families of instability waves of high-speed jets

Abstract: An analytical and computational study of the normal-mode small-amplitude waves of high-speed jets is presented. Three families of instability waves have been identified: (1) the familiar Kelvin-Helmholtz instability waves; (2) supersonic instability waves; and (3) subsonic waves. It is demonstrated that the computed wave patterns and propagation characteristics of these three wave types are consistent with the findings of Oetel (1979, 1980, 1982). The subsonic waves are shown to be unstable only for jets with mixing layers of finite thickness.

A benchmark comparison for mantle convection codes

Abstract: Summary We have carried out a comparison study for a set of benchmark problems which are relevant for convection in the Earth's mantle The cases comprise steady isoviscous convection, variable viscosity convection and time-dependent convection with internal heating We compare Nusselt numbers, velocity, temperature, heat-flow, topography and geoid data Among the applied codes are finite-difference, finite-element and spectral methods In a synthesis we give best estimates of the ‘true’ solutions and ranges of uncertainty We recommend these data for the validation of convection codes in the future

Cross-Racial Identification

Abstract: This article reviews the research on differential recognition for own-versus other-race faces. A meta-analysis of 14 samples revealed that the magnitude of the own-race bias is similar for both Black and White subjects, accounting for about 10o of the variance in recognition accuracy. There is a considerable consistency across studies, indicating that memory for own-race faces is superior to memory for other-race faces. Both Black and White subjects exhibited own-race bias in 79%0 of the samples reviewed.

The Relationship between California Rainfall and ENSO Events

Abstract: This paper examines the annual rainfall over California during 11 ENSO events within the period 1950 to 1982. During six of these, unusually wet conditions prevailed throughout California; conditions were near normal during five events; and in one extreme drought occurred statewide. A comparison with the ENSO classification scheme of Fu et al., based on SST patterns in the Pacific, shows an excellent correspondence. Type 1 year with large positive temperature anomalies east of the date line and lasting well into winter, are invariably events that enhance California rainfall. Normal years coincide with Type 2 ENSO events (moderate warming over a broad sector); the dry year is the sole Type 3 year, with weak anomalies confined to the eastern Pacific. This study also shows that the response to ENSO is regionally specific. Although throughout the state most years with extremely wet conditions are ENSO years, the tendency for an ENSO event to increase rainfall is greatest in southern California, where...

Helping Traumatized Families

Abstract: Part I: Understanding the Impact of Trauma on Families. The Family as a Living System. Individual Responses to Trauma. Spreading Beyond the Individual: Family Adaption to Stress and Trauma. Part II: Empowering Families. Foundations of the Empowerment Treatment Approach. Phase I: Joining the Family. Phase II: Understanding and Framing the Family's Trauma Response. Phase III: Building Healing Skills. Phase IV: Sharing and Healing. Phase V: Moving Forward. Part III: Empowering Family Trauma Therapists. The Family Trauma Therapist. Epilogue: Looking Back and Looking Forward. References.

Numbers, diversity, and morphological characteristics of aerobic, chemoheterotrophic bacteria in deep subsurface sediments from a site in South Carolina

Abstract: The aerobic, chemoheterotrophic bacteria indigenous to deep aquifers and other subsurface sediments (depths to 265 m) at a site in South Carolina were characterized by direct microscopy, enumeration of viable cells, analysis of colony morphologies on plates, and analysis of cell morphologies of isolated strains. Substantial numbers of viable bacteria (105‐108/g) were present in all transmissive, aquifer sediments, and their numbers did not decrease with depth. Fewer bacteria (<103/g) were detected in nontransmissive, confining layers. The highest viable counts were obtained on dilute media, but 10–50% of the bacteria in most aquifer sediments also grew rapidly on concentrated, nutrient‐rich media (indicating a high degree of metabolic flexibility). Most of the bacteria were mesophilic; relatively few psychrophiles or thermophiles were detected (<103/g; in many cases, none). The bacterial flora was diverse (11–62 distinct colony types on enumeration plates of most aquifer sediments). Diversity did...

Health perceptions and lifestyles of the elderly

Abstract: Adoption of a healthy lifestyle can slow physical decline and improve well being of the elderly. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of six aspects of a healthy lifestyle (nutrition, exercise, stress management, self actualization, health responsibility, and interpersonal support) with selected demographic variables, perceived health status, and health locus of control in the well elderly. The sample consisted of 297 volunteers. Person product-moment correlations and stepwise multiple regression procedures revealed that perceived health status and health locus of control were significant predictors of healthy lifestyles. Demographic variables, posited as modifying factors, were found to be associated with perceived health and locus of control but were not predictive of lifestyle practices.

Communicative profiles of preschool children with handicaps: implications for early identification

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the communicative profiles of preschool children with handicaps to those of normal children functioning in the prelinguistic and one-word stage using standard sampling procedures. The children with handicaps included 4 with Down syndrome, 4 with specific language impairments, and 3 with autism. Measures obtained from the communication samples included rates of intentional communication and proportions of communicative functions, discourse structure, communicative means, and syllabic shape. The results of the children with Down syndrome fell within the normal range on all parameters. The common pattern displayed by the children with specific language impairments was a deviation in syllabic shape. The children with autism displayed adequate rates of communicating but fell outside of the normal range for their language stage on the other communicative parameters. Clinical implications of these findings for the early identification of children with communicative impair...

The median voter model in public choice theory

Abstract: The changing perception by public choice theorists about the relevance of the median voter model is a result of excessive extrapolation of the conclusions of theoretical models to the real world. Early in the 1970s the median voter model was often accepted as implying that the output produced in the public sector was what was most preferred by the median voter. This claim is excessive because the median voter model is only a model of demand aggregation under majority rule and has little to say about the supply side of the public sector. In the late 1970s many scholars identified several circumstances under which the model would not apply in theory, but these critiques of the model were often viewed as reasons to abandon the median voter model altogether. The model went from having excessive claims that made the model appear to be more powerful than it really is to excessive claims that made the model appear to be less powerful than it really is. These latter claims were often in response to the earlier claims rather than to the model, appropriately applied.

Occupational influences on retirement, disability, and death

Abstract: This research examines the alternative mechanisms by which occupations influence the nature and timing of older men’s labor force withdrawal. We specifically assess the extent to which occupational factors operate directly and indirectly on exiting events and whether occupations constrain traditional determinants of labor force participation. Based on a discrete-time hazard modeling approach, the results substantiate that the occupational task activities—substantive complexity and physical demands— are key elements of the work environment that are evaluated against nonwork alternatives. In the case of retirement, these aspects of occupational attractiveness function as a dominant and direct force in retirement decision making. With regard to disability, the occupational attribute of substantive complexity operates as an indirect advantage (through higher wages) by reducing the risk of disability. Indicators of career continuity also influence retirement among older workers. Finally, the results suggest that financial characteristics and health problems are central to the distribution of older workers across the alternative destination statuses of retirement, disability, and death.

Vertical and horizontal variations in the physiological diversity of the aerobic chemoheterotrophic bacterial microflora in deep southeast coastal plain subsurface sediments.

Abstract: Aerobic chemoheterotrophic bacteria were isolated from surface soils and coastal plain subsurface (including deep aquifer) sediments (depths to 265 m) at a study site near Aiken, S.C., by plating on concentrated and dilute media. Morphologically distinct colonies were purified, and their responses to 21 selected physiological tests were determined. These isolates were quite diverse; 626 physiologically distinct types (i.e., types with a unique pattern of responses to the 21 tests) were detected among the 1,112 isolates obtained. Physiologically distinct types were isolated on concentrated and dilute media (only 11% overlap between the groups); isolates from surface soils and subsurface sediments were also quite different (only 3% overlap). The surface soil isolates more readily utilized all but 1 of 12 carbon sources offered, and a significantly larger proportion of them hydrolyzed esculin and gelatin. Only 4% of the subsurface isolates fermented glucose, even though 82% of them could use it aerobically. l-Malate and d-gluconate were utilized by at least 75% of the subsurface isolates, and seven other carbon sources were used by at least 40% of them. Subsurface isolates from different geological formations (depths) and, to a lesser extent, from the same geological formation at different boreholes differed distinctly in their group responses to certain physiological tests. Moreover, sediments from different depths and boreholes contained physiologically distinct types of bacteria. Thus, considerable bacterial diversity was observed in coastal plain subsurface sediments, even within defined geological formations.

The cyclic executive model and Ada

Abstract: Periodic processes are major parts of many real-time embedded computer applications. The programming language Ada permits programming simple periodic processes, but it has some serious limitations; producing Ada programs with real-time performance comparable to those produced to date using traditional cyclic executives requires resorting to techniques that are specific to one machine or compiler. We present and evaluate the cyclic executive model for controlling periodic processes. The features and limitations of Ada for programming cyclic executive software are discussed and demonstrated, and some practical techniques for circumventing Ada limitations are described.

Production of dimethylsulfonium propionate and dimethylsulfide by phytoplankton in estuarine and coastal waters

Abstract: We determined the concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and its metabolic precursor, dimethylsulfonium propionatc (DMSP), in water and particulate samples obtained along transects through Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay (including the Potomac River), and Ochlockonee Bay (Florida). The Delaware and Chesapeake Bay transects extended into the open ocean. In most cases, we observed positive correlations between the concentrations of the biogenic sulfur species and salinity, particularly when the concentrations of the sulfur compounds were normalized to chlorophyll a as a measure of phytoplankton biomass. The normalized concentrations of DMS, dissolved DMSP, and particulate (intracellular) DMSP increased nonlinearly with salinity from estuarine through shelf to oceanic environments. Within each environment, dissolved DMS and dissolved and particulate DMSP correlated more strongly with salinity than with phytoplankton species composition. On the other hand, the sharp increases in Chl a-normalized biogenic sulfur concentrations from the estuarine to the coastal and shelf environments were most strongly correlated with differences in the species composition of the phytoplankton community between environments and appear to reflect differences in DMSP production between oceanic, coccolithophore-dominated communities and estuarine, diatom-dominated communities. The predominant volatile sulfur compound in open ocean waters is dimethylsulfide (DMS) (Andreae 1986), a metabolite first identified in the gaseous emissions of a red alga (Haas 1935). The presence of dissolved DMS in seawater was first observed by Lovelock et al. (1972); subsequent observations have shown that this compound is distributed throughout the surface waters of the global oceans (Barnard et al. 1982; Andreae and Raemdonck 1983). Most of the sulfate aerosol in the atmosphere over the remote oceans is derived from oxidation of DMS transported across the air-sea in

Interpersonal concomitants and antecedents of depression among college students.

Abstract: Depressed college students were compared with other-psychopathology and normal controls regarding the relationship they developed with dormitory roommates during a 9-month period. Diagnostic status was periodically assessed via SADS interviews, thus also permitting identification of new cases of depression during the year. Psychosocial characteristics found to be uniquely associated with current depression were: (a) low social contact with roommates, (b) low enjoyability of these contacts, and (c) high life-event stress. Roommates of depressives reported low enjoyability of the relationship and high levels of aggressive behavior towards the depressive. No features were found to be uniquely associated with new cases before they became depressed; however, several antecedents of general psychopathology were identified.

Phosphocreatine represents a thermodynamic and functional improvement over other muscle phosphagens

Abstract: In vertebrate tissues, the only phosphagen is phosphocreatine (PC), and the corresponding phosphotransferase is creatine phosphokinase (CPK). Among invertebrates, a variety of phosphotransferase reactions are found in addition to CPK, including arginine phosphokinase (APK), glycocyamine phosphokinase (GPK), taurocyamine phosphokinase (TPK) and lombricine phosphokinase (LPK). Although there is some uncertainty about the exact value, the apparent equilibrium constant for the CPK reaction (K'cpk = [creatine][ATP]/[PC][ADP]), under physiological conditions similar to those of vertebrate muscle, ranges from 100 to 160. The corresponding K' value for the APK reaction is somewhat controversial, and K' values for the GPK. TPK and LPK reactions are not known. In this study, conventional and 31P-NMR methods were used to evaluate the equilibrium constants for the APK, GPK, TPK and LPK reactions relative to that of CPK. The corresponding K' values for the APK, GPK, TPK and LPK reactions, expressed as a percentage of K'cpk, are 13, 29, 29 and 32%, respectively. The exclusively invertebrate phosphagens exist as a cohort of thermodynamically more stable compounds. Thus, PC constitutes a thermodynamic (and functional) improvement, in that the CPK reaction is able to buffer ATP at much higher ATP/ADP ratios than are other phosphagens. However, possession of a phosphagen system with a lower K' value may be advantageous under certain specific physiological conditions such as intracellular acidosis.

Method for preparation of taxol using β-lactam

Abstract: A β-lactam of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R 1 is aryl, substituted aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, acetal, ethoxyethyl, or other hydroxyl protecting group; and R 3 is aryl, substituted aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; and process for the preparation of taxol comprising contacting said β-lactam and an alcohol in the presence of an activating agent to provide a taxol intermediate, and converting the intermediate to taxol.

The Summer Monsoon of 1987

Abstract: In this paper we have examined the evolution of a number of parameters we believe were important for our understanding of the drought over India during the summer of 1987. The list of parameters includes monthly means or anomalies of the following fields: sea surface temperatures, divergent circulations, outgoing longwave radiation, streamfunction of the lower and upper troposphere, and monthly precipitation (expressed as a percentage departure from a long-term mean). The El Nino related warm sea surface temperature anomaly and a weaker warm sea surface temperature anomaly over the equatorial Indian Ocean provide sustained convection, as reflected by the negative values of the outgoing longwave radiation. With the seasonal heating, a pronounced planetary-scale divergent circulation evolved with a center along the western Pacific Ocean. The monsoonal divergent circulation merged with that related to the El Nino, maintaining most of the heavy rainfall activity between the equatorial Pacific Ocean a...

The abolition of slavery and the end of international war

Abstract: Slavery and war have both historically been considered inevitable consequences of human nature. Yet slavery has been abolished, and moral progress may have contributed to slavery's disappearance. Both realists and Marxists are skeptical about the impact of ethical constraints on political decisions, while idealists as well as at least some regime analysts emphasize the role of those constraints. However, elements of all of these approaches support the proposition that moral progress may bring an end to international war.Some historical trends do not support the idea that international war is on the verge of disappearance, but there has not been a war between major powers since 1945. In addition, norms against colonialism are strong. No war has occurred between democratic states, nor does a war appear likely among the rather sizable number of industrialized democratic states in the international system today. Explanations of these pockets of peace based on caution induced by nuclear weapons or on economic interdependence, for example, are certainly not beyond question. Therefore, it may be that norms inhibiting the initiation of international war have already made obsolete not only wars between the richest and most powerful states in the world but also some forms of depradation by the strong against the relatively weak states.

Elementary steps in the formation of horseradish peroxidase compound I: direct observation of compound 0, a new intermediate with a hyperporphyrin spectrum.

Abstract: The reaction of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with H2O2 has been studied in 50% v/v methanol/water over the 25.0 to -36.0 degrees C temperature range by using the low-temperature stopped-flow technique. All reactions were carried out under pseudo-first-order conditions with [H2O2] much greater than [HRP]. Arrhenius plots for the pseudo-first-order rate constant kobs were linear over the 17.6 to -36.0 degrees C temperature range studied with an activation energy of 4.8 +/- 0.5 kcal/mol. Above 0 degrees C, kobs varies linearly with peroxide concentration. However, saturation kinetics are observed below -16.0 degrees C, indicating that there is at least one reversible elementary step in this reaction. Double-reciprocal plots at -26.0 degrees C at pH* 7.3 for the reaction give kappa max(obs) = 163 s-1 and KM = 0.190 mM. Rapid-scan optical studies carried out at -35.0 degrees C with [H2O2] much greater than KM reveal the presence of a transient intermediate referred to as compound 0 whose conversion to compound I is rate limiting. The Soret region of the optical spectrum of compound 0 resembles that of a "hyperporphyrin" with prominent bands near 330 and 410 nm. The temperature dependencies of kappa max(obs) and KM have been measured over the -16.0 to -26.0 degrees C range and give an activation energy for kappa max(obs) of 1.6 +/- 0.7 kcal/mol and an enthalpy of formation for compound 0 of 4.0 +/- 0.7 kcal/mol.

Public Perceptions of the Risks and Benefits of Technology1

Abstract: This study attempted to verify and extend previous research on people's perceptions of the risks and benefits of technology and their judgments concerning the acceptability of technology safety regulations. The study addressed several limitations of prior work, in that: (1) it was the first “expressed-preference” study to collect data from large, representative samples of Americans; (2) the research design made “person,” rather than “technology,” the unit of statistical analysis; and (3) the study employed an expanded set of independent variables, including three qualitative benefit characteristics. The results confirmed several major conclusions of prior expressed-preference research, the most important being that members of the public tend to define “risks,”“benefits,” and “acceptability” in a complex, multidimensional manner; and that their definitions differ significantly from those used by professional risk-managers and other technical experts in quantitative assessments of risk and acceptability. The results also indicated that people's stances toward technology regulation tend to cut across traditional sociodemographic lines.

Validation of signature polarlipid fatty acid biomarkers for alkane-utilizing bacteria in soils and subsurface aquifer materials

Abstract: Extractable cell membrane-derived polarlipid ester-linked fatty acids (PLFA) obtained from aerated soils gassed with methane or propane and from methane- and propane-oxidizing bacteria isolated from the soils were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Exposure of aerated soils to methane resulted in the formation of a high proportion of an unusual 18-carbon mono-unsaturated PLFA, 18:lw8c. High proportions of this fatty acid biomarker are found in monocultures from this soil grown in minimal media with methane. This PLFA has been previously established as associated with authentic type II methane-oxidizing bacteria. The microbiota in aerated soils exposed to hydrocarbons containing propane, formed a suite of PLFA characterized by high proportions of a 16-carbon mono-unsaturated acid, 16:lw6c, and an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid with an additional methyl branch at the 10 position, 10 Me 18:0. This PLFA pattern has been detected in several monocultures enriched from the soil with propane-amended minimal media. The correspondence of high proportions of these unusual mono-unsaturated PLFA in the isolated monocultures and in situ in the soils after stimulation with the appropriate hydrocarbon is a strong validation of the utility of these biomarkers in defining the community structure of the surface soil microbial community.