Showing papers by "Florida State University published in 1998"
TL;DR: In this article, a model of specific relationships among several trust-related constructs and two cognitive processes is proposed to explain the paradoxical finding of high initial trust levels in new organizational relationships.
Abstract: Arguably, the most critical time frame for organizational participants to develop trust is at the beginning of their relationship. Using primarily a cognitive approach, we address factors and processes that enable two organizational parties to form relatively high trust initially. We propose a model of specific relationships among several trust-related constructs and two cognitive processes. The model helps explain the paradoxical finding of high initial trust levels in new organizational relationships.
3,484 citations
TL;DR: Research on market orientation and organizational learning addresses how organizations adapt to their environments and develop competitive advantage as discussed by the authors. But a significant void exists in current models of market orientation, which is not addressed in this paper.
Abstract: Research on market orientation and organizational learning addresses how organizations adapt to their environments and develop competitive advantage. A significant void exists in current models of ...
2,955 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that emergent literacy consists of at least two distinct domains: inside-out skills and outside-in skills, which appear to be influential at different points in time during reading acquisition.
Abstract: Emergent literacy consists of the skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are developmental precursors to reading and writing. This article offers a preliminary typology of children's emergent literacy skills, a review of the evidence that relates emergent literacy to reading, and a review of the evidence for linkage between children's emergent literacy environments and the development of emergent literacy skills. We propose that emergent literacy consists of at least two distinct domains: inside-out skills (e.g., phonological awareness, letter knowledge) and outside-in skills (e.g., language, conceptual knowledge). These different domains are not the product of the same experiences and appear to be influential at different points in time during reading acquisition. Whereas outside-in skills are associated with those aspects of children's literacy environments typically measured, little is known about the origins of inside-out skills. Evidence from interventions to enhance emergent literacy suggests that relatively intensive and multifaceted interventions are needed to improve reading achievement maximally. A number of successful preschool interventions for outside-in skills exist, and computer-based tasks designed to teach children inside-out skills seem promising. Future research directions include more sophisticated multidimensional examination of emergent literacy skills and environments, better integration with reading research, and longer-term evaluation of preschool interventions. Policy implications for emergent literacy intervention and reading education are discussed.
2,383 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that the time has now come for researchers to begin to take the multidimensionality of situation models seriously and offer a theoretical framework and some methodological observations that may help researchers to tackle this issue.
Abstract: This article reviews research on the use of situation models in language comprehension and memory retrieval over the past 15 years. Situation models are integrated mental representations of a described state of affairs. Significant progress has been made in the scientific understanding of how situation models are involved in language comprehension and memory retrieval. Much of this research focuses on establishing the existence of situation models, often by using tasks that assess one dimension of a situation model. However, the authors argue that the time has now come for researchers to begin to take the multidimensionality of situation models seriously. The authors offer a theoretical framework and some methodological observations that may help researchers to tackle this issue.
2,220 citations
TL;DR: This review offers an introduction to the principles and generic applications of FT-ICR mass spectrometry, directed to readers with no prior experience with the technique, and lists accurate fundamental constants needed for ultrahigh-precision analysis.
Abstract: This review offers an introduction to the principles and generic applications of FT-ICR mass spectrometry, directed to readers with no prior experience with the technique. We are able to explain the fundamental FT-ICR phenomena from a simplified theoretical treatment of ion behavior in idealized magnetic and electric fields. The effects of trapping voltage, trap size and shape, and other nonidealities are manifested mainly as perturbations that preserve the idealized ion behavior modified by appropriate numerical correction factors. Topics include: effect of ion mass, charge, magnetic field, and trapping voltage on ion cyclotron frequency; excitation and detection of ICR signals; mass calibration; mass resolving power and mass accuracy; upper mass limit(s); dynamic range; detection limit, strategies for mass and energy selection for MSn; ion axialization, cooling, and remeasurement; and means for guiding externally formed ions into the ion trap. The relation of FT-ICR MS to other types of Fourier transform spectroscopy and to the Paul (quadrupole) ion trap is described. The article concludes with selected applications, an appendix listing accurate fundamental constants needed for ultrahigh-precision analysis, and an annotated list of selected reviews and primary source publications that describe in further detail various FT-ICR MS techniques and applications. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 17, 1–35, 1998
1,964 citations
TL;DR: The recognition that some ecosystems have keystone species whose activities govern the well-being of many other species suggests an approach that may unite the best features of single-species and ecosystem management.
1,490 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a set of consistency conditions which frontier efficiency measures should meet to be most useful for regulatory analysis or other purposes, and provide evidence on these conditions by evaluating and comparing estimates of U.S. bank efficiency from variants of all four of the major approaches.
710 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that an overreliance on incarceration as a formal control may hinder the ability of some communities to foster other forms of control because they weaken family and community structures, and that these communities may experience more, not less, social disorganization.
Abstract: This study is a theoretical exploration of the impact of public social control on the functioning of local social controls. Set within the framework of social disorganization and systemic theory, the study argues that an overreliance on incarceration as a formal control may hinder the ability of some communities to foster other forms of control because they weaken family and community structures. At the ecological level, the side effects of policies intended to fight crime by controlling individual behavior may exacerbate the problems they are intended to address. Thus, these communities may experience more, not less, social disorganization.
620 citations
TL;DR: The effects of an interactive shared-reading intervention were evaluated with 3-to 4-year-old children from low-income families who attended subsidized child care as discussed by the authors, and the intervention was conducted for 6 weeks, after which children were post-tested on standardized measures of oral language, and language samples were obtained during a shared reading assessment.
604 citations
TL;DR: The renormalization-group (RG) analysis of turbulence, based primarily on KG Wilson's coarse-graining procedure, leads to suggestive results for turbulence coefficients and models as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract The renormalization-group (RG) analysis of turbulence, based primarily on KG Wilson's coarse-graining procedure, leads to suggestive results for turbulence coefficients and models. Application of the method to turbulence evolved from the contributions of many authors and received widespread attention following the 1986 work of V Yakhot and SA Orszag. The Yakhot-Orszag method involves the basic renormalization-group scale-removal procedure, as well as additional hypotheses and approximations; their analysis is reviewed here with an attempt to clarify those approximations. Discussion of some related and subsequent literature is also included. Following the work of M Avellaneda and AJ Majda, a simpler version of the method is appplied to a model passive scalar problem wherein it is seen that, in certain cases, the RG method can recover exact results.
593 citations
TL;DR: The authors Contrasting Think-Aloud Protocols with Descriptions and Explanations of Thinking: How to Study Thinking in Everyday Life: Contrasting think-aloud protocols with descriptions and explanations of thinking.
Abstract: (1998). How to Study Thinking in Everyday Life: Contrasting Think-Aloud Protocols With Descriptions and Explanations of Thinking. Mind, Culture, and Activity: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 178-186.
TL;DR: A hierarchy of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction schemes has been developed during the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program which includes statistical schemes and physical models as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A hierarchy of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction schemes has been developed during the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program which includes statistical schemes and physical models. The statistical models are, in general, based on linear statistical techniques and can be classified into models which use atmospheric (sea level pressure or surface wind) or oceanic (sea surface temperature or a measure of upper ocean heat content) quantities or a combination of oceanic and atmospheric quantities as predictors. The physical models consist of coupled ocean-atmosphere models of varying degrees of complexity, ranging from simplified coupled models of the “shallow water” type to coupled general circulation models. All models, statistical and physical, perform considerably better than the persistence forecast in predicting typical indices of ENSO on lead times of 6 to 12 months. The TOGA program can be regarded as a success from this perspective. However, despite the demonstrated predictability, little is known about ENSO predictability limits and the predictability of phenomena outside the tropical Pacific. Furthermore, the predictability of anomalous features known to be associated with ENSO (e.g., Indian monsoon and Sahel rainfall, southern African drought, and off-equatorial sea surface temperature) needs to be addressed in more detail. As well, the relative importance of different physical mechanisms (in the ocean or atmosphere) has yet to be established. A seasonal dependence in predictability is seen in many models, but the processes responsible for it are not fully understood, and its meaning is still a matter of scientific discussion. Likewise, a marked decadal variation in skill is observed, and the reasons for this are still under investigation. Finally, the different prediction models yield similar skills, although they are initialized quite differently. The reasons for these differences are also unclear.
TL;DR: Charge state deconvolution to yield a “zero-charge” mass spectrum should prove particularly useful for interpreting spectra of complex mixtures, identifying contaminants, noncovalent adducts, fragments, and chemical modifications of electrosprayed biomacromolecules.
TL;DR: This article found that phonological sensitivity at different levels of linguistic complexity was substantially interrelated at each age and predicted word reading ability in older children, independently of language skills and letter knowledge.
Abstract: This study examined phonological sensitivity in 238 children from middle- to upper-income families and 118 children from lower-income families across different levels of linguistic complexity. Children ranged in age from 2 to 5 years. Overall, the results indicated that as children increased in age, phonological sensitivity both increased in absolute terms and became more stable. Significant social class differences in growth of phonological sensitivity were also obtained. Phonological sensitivity at different levels of linguistic complexity (e.g., syllables, phonemes) was substantially interrelated at each age and predicted word reading ability in older children independently of language skills and letter knowledge. These results indicate that phonological sensitivity can be assessed in young preschool children and that lower levels of phonological sensitivity may serve as developmental precursors to higher levels of phonological sensitivity. The development of phonological processing is an important precursor to the acquisition of early reading skills (e.g., Adams, 1990; Wagner & Torgesen, 1987). Phonological processing refers to the use of phonological information (i.e., the sounds of one's language) in processing written and oral language. A growing body of research indicates that individual differences in one form of phonological processing, phonological sensitivity, are causally related to the normal acquisition of beginning reading (e.g., Bryant, MacLean, Bradley, & Crossland, 1990; Wagner & Torgesen, 1987; Wagner, Torgesen, & Rashotte, 1994). Children who are better at detecting and manipulating syllables, rhymes, or phonemes are quicker to learn to read, and this relation is present even after variability in reading skill due to factors such as IQ, receptive vocabulary, memory skills, and social class is partialed out (Bryant et al., 1990; Wagner & Torgesen, 1987; Wagner et al., 1994). The majority of evidence linking phonological sensitivity in prereaders with the development of reading has come from studies that have assessed children's phonological sensitivity at the point of school entry but prior to formal reading instruction. For example, Share, Jorm, MacLean, and Mathews (1984) found that children's phonological sensitivity, measured at the beginning of kindergarten with a phoneme segmentation task, was the single best predictor of
TL;DR: An overview of the history, agenda, and methodology used by the task force to define and identify specific empirically supported interventions for children with specific disorders is provided, including the tradeoff between interpretability and generalizability of outcome studies.
Abstract: Discusses issues related to the identification of psychosocial interventions for children that have demonstrated efficacy. Recent debate concerning differences between clinical trials research and clinical practice is summarized, including the tradeoff between interpretability (internal validity) and generalizability (external validity) of outcome studies. This article serves as an introduction to the special issue containing articles that have as their focus the identification of empirically supported psychosocial interventions for children as part of a task force. The article provides an overview of the history, agenda, and methodology used by the task force to define and identify specific empirically supported interventions for children with specific disorders. Whereas a number of well-established or probably efficacious interventions are identified within the series, more work directed at closing the gap between research and practice is needed.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the reciprocal relation between reading and phonological sensitivity is present relatively early in the development of literacy skills, prior to the onset of formal reading instruction.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Kondo lattice Hamiltonian with ferromagnetic Hund's coupling was used as a model for manganites and the classical limit for the spin of the electrons was analyzed on lattices of dimension 1, 2, 3, and $\ensuremath{\infty}$ using several numerical methods.
Abstract: The Kondo lattice Hamiltonian with ferromagnetic Hund's coupling as a model for manganites is investigated. The classical limit for the spin of the (localized) ${t}_{2g}$ electrons is analyzed on lattices of dimension 1, 2, 3, and $\ensuremath{\infty}$ using several numerical methods. The phase diagram at low temperature is presented. A regime is identified where phase separation occurs between hole undoped antiferromagnetic and hole-rich ferromagnetic regions. Experimental consequences of this novel regime are discussed. Regions of incommensurate spin correlations have also been found. Estimations of the critical temperature in 3D are compatible with experiments.
TL;DR: Luminescence spectroscopy is an important technique for the study of the coordination chemistry of the lanthanide ions in both the solution and solid state as discussed by the authors, which concentrates on applications aimed at elucidating the coordination structure in solution phase systems.
TL;DR: The isotopic composition of soil CO 2 has been investigated for the past three decades by earth scientists in a variety of disciplines as discussed by the authors, and it is recognized that most soils are at quasi-steady state, and that the C isotope composition of respired CO 2 is the same as that of the biological sources in the soil.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Hf and Nd isotope ratios in ocean island basalts (OIB) are extremely well correlated and it is argued that crustal recycling (by either continental or oceanic sediments) most likely did not cause the variations.
TL;DR: In this article, changes in the frequency of U.S. landfalling hurricanes with respect to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle are assessed, using sea surface temperature anomaly data from the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
Abstract: Changes in the frequency of U.S. landfalling hurricanes with respect to the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle are assessed. Ninety-eight years (1900–97) of U.S. landfalling hurricanes are classified, using sea surface temperature anomaly data from the equatorial Pacific Ocean, as occurring during an El Nino (anomalously warm tropical Pacific waters), La Nina (anomalously cold tropical Pacific waters), or neither (neutral). The mean and variance of U.S. landfalling hurricanes are determined for each ENSO phase. Each grouping is then tested for Poisson distribution using a chi-squared test. Resampling using a “bootstrap” technique is then used to determine the 5% and 95% confidence limits of the results. Last, the frequency of major U.S. landfalling hurricanes (sustained winds of 96 kt or more) with respect to ENSO phase is assessed empirically. The results indicated that El Nino events show a reduction in the probability of a U.S. landfalling hurricane, while La Nina shows an increase in t...
TL;DR: A new paradigm is emerging that matrilysin, MMP-9, and metal- loelastase may blockAngiogenesis by converting plasminogen to angiostatin, which is one of the most potent angiogenesis antagonists.
Abstract: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) play a significant role in regulating angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation. Interstitial collagenase (MMP-1), 72 kDa gelatinase A/type IV collagenase (MMP-2), and 92 kDa gelatinase B/type IV collagenase (MMP-9) dissolve extracellular matrix (ECM) and may initiate and promote angiogenesis. TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, and possibly, TIMP-4 inhibit neovascularization. A new paradigm is emerging that matrilysin (MMP-7), MMP-9, and metalloelastase (MMP-12) may block angiogenesis by converting plasminogen to angiostatin, which is one of the most potent angiogenesis antagonists. MMPs and TIMPs play a complex role in regulating angiogenesis. An understanding of the biochemical and cellular pathways and mechanisms of angiogenesis will provide important information to allow the control of angiogenesis, e.g. the stimulation of angiogenesis for coronary collateral circulation formation; while the inhibition for treating arthritis and cancer.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the crucial research results of the past 44 years, that form the basis of our present understanding of jet noise generation and propagation, are discussed, and provide irrefutable evidence that jet noise is made up of two basic components; one from the large turbulence structures/instability waves, the other from the fine-scale turbulence.
Abstract: Jet noise research was initiated by Sir James Lighthill in 1952. Since that time, the development of jet noise theory has followed a very tortuous path. This is, perhaps, not surprising for the understanding of jet noise is inherently tied to the understanding of turbulence in jet flows. Even now, our understanding of turbulence is still tenuous. In the fifties, turbulence was regarded as consisting of a random assortment of small eddies. As a result, the primary focus of jet noise research was to quantify the noise from fine-scale turbulence. This line of work persisted into the eighties. The discovery of large turbulence structures in free shear flows in the early seventies led some investigators to begin questioning the validity of the then established theories. Some went further to suggest that, for high-speed jets, it was the large turbulence structures/instability waves of the flow that were responsible for the dominant part of jet mixing noise. Development of a quantitative theory of noise from large turbulence structures/instability waves took place during the next 15 years. Precision instrumentation and facilities for jet noise measurements became available in the mid-eighties. This permitted a large bank of high-quality narrow band jet noise data to be gathered over the subsequent years. Recent analysis of these data has provided irrefutable evidence that jet noise, in fact, is made up of two basic components; one from the large turbulence structures/instability waves, the other from the fine-scale turbulence. This is true even for subsonic jets. In this paper, some of the crucial research results of the past 44 years, that form the basis of our present understanding of jet noise generation and propagation, are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the expected event rates for direct detection of relic neutralinos as a function of parameter space of the minimal supergravity model were calculated for the specific case of a ${}^{73}mathrm{Ge}$ detector.
Abstract: We calculate expected event rates for direct detection of relic neutralinos as a function of parameter space of the minimal supergravity model. Numerical results are presented for the specific case of a ${}^{73}\mathrm{Ge}$ detector. We find significant detection rates $(Rg0.01\mathrm{e}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{k}\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{d}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{y})$ in regions of parameter space most favored by constraints from $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{B}{X}_{s}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and the cosmological relic density of neutralinos. The detection rates are especially large in regions of large $\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta},$ where many conventional signals for supersymmetry at collider experiments are difficult to detect. If the parameter $\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta}$ is large, then there is a significant probability that the first direct evidence for supersymmetry could come from direct detection experiments, rather than from collider searches for sparticles.
TL;DR: The present paper surveys briefly the state of the art of parameter estimation in meteorology and oceanography in view of applications of 4-D variational data assimilation techniques to inverse parameter estimation problems, which bear promise of serious positive impact on improving model prediction.
TL;DR: In this article, the flavour changing neutral current decay b→sγ has been detected in hadronic Z decays collected by ALEPH at LEP, which is isolated in lifetime-tagged b b events by the presence of a hard photon associated with a system of high momentum and high rapidity hadrons.
TL;DR: It is suggested that models will be more complete if they incorporate life-cycle patterns of planktonic and benthic organisms and that the inclusion of such biological information into an ecological context will enhance the understanding of ecological patterns of global importance.
Abstract: The classical models of production and plankton community dynamics in coastal waters include an important role for benthic-pelagic coupling in the form of biogcochemical cycling (the turnover of nutrients in the form of either living matter or its decomposed constituents). We think, however, that biogeochemical explanations of ecosystem functioning underrepresent the actual complexity of the studied phenomena. We suggest that models will be more complete if they incorporate life-cycle patterns of planktonic and benthic organisms. The inclusion of such biological information into an ecological context will enhance the understanding of ecological patterns of global importance. What we presently know provides compelling evidence that new research directions, ranging from sedimentology to systematics and from physiology to molecular biology, are needed.
TL;DR: The authors found that the large differences in performance between experts and novices are frequently reproducible under standardized conditions and can often be captured with representative tasks in the laboratory, and that these differences are predominantly mediated by complex skills acquired over a decade, as a result of high daily levels of activities which are specially designed to improve performance.
Abstract: Recent research in many different domains of expertise has shown that the large differences in performance between experts and novices are frequently reproducible under standardized conditions and can often be captured with representative tasks in the laboratory. Furthermore, these differences in performance are predominantly mediated by complex skills acquired over a decade, as a result of high daily levels of activities which are specially designed'to improve performance (deliberate practice). The effects of extended deliberate practice are remarkably far‐reaching and include physiological adaptations and qualitative changes in performance mediated by acquired cognitive skills. Most importantly, expert performers have acquired mental representations that allow them to plan and reason about potential courses of action and these representations also allow experts to monitor their performance, thus providing critical feedback for continued complex learning. The study of elite performance also reveals how a...