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Showing papers by "Florida State University published in 2018"


Journal ArticleDOI
Clotilde Théry1, Kenneth W. Witwer2, Elena Aikawa3, María José Alcaraz4  +414 moreInstitutions (209)
TL;DR: The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities, and a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.
Abstract: The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.

5,988 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the interplay between parity-time symmetry and non-Hermitian physics in optics, plasmonics and optomechanics has been explored both theoretically and experimentally.
Abstract: In recent years, notions drawn from non-Hermitian physics and parity–time (PT) symmetry have attracted considerable attention. In particular, the realization that the interplay between gain and loss can lead to entirely new and unexpected features has initiated an intense research effort to explore non-Hermitian systems both theoretically and experimentally. Here we review recent progress in this emerging field, and provide an outlook to future directions and developments. This Review Article outlines the exploration of the interplay between parity–time symmetry and non-Hermitian physics in optics, plasmonics and optomechanics.

1,831 citations


Posted ContentDOI
Spyridon Bakas1, Mauricio Reyes, Andras Jakab2, Stefan Bauer3  +435 moreInstitutions (111)
TL;DR: This study assesses the state-of-the-art machine learning methods used for brain tumor image analysis in mpMRI scans, during the last seven instances of the International Brain Tumor Segmentation (BraTS) challenge, i.e., 2012-2018, and investigates the challenge of identifying the best ML algorithms for each of these tasks.
Abstract: Gliomas are the most common primary brain malignancies, with different degrees of aggressiveness, variable prognosis and various heterogeneous histologic sub-regions, i.e., peritumoral edematous/invaded tissue, necrotic core, active and non-enhancing core. This intrinsic heterogeneity is also portrayed in their radio-phenotype, as their sub-regions are depicted by varying intensity profiles disseminated across multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) scans, reflecting varying biological properties. Their heterogeneous shape, extent, and location are some of the factors that make these tumors difficult to resect, and in some cases inoperable. The amount of resected tumoris a factor also considered in longitudinal scans, when evaluating the apparent tumor for potential diagnosis of progression. Furthermore, there is mounting evidence that accurate segmentation of the various tumor sub-regions can offer the basis for quantitative image analysis towards prediction of patient overall survival. This study assesses thestate-of-the-art machine learning (ML) methods used for brain tumor image analysis in mpMRI scans, during the last seven instances of the International Brain Tumor Segmentation (BraTS) challenge, i.e., 2012-2018. Specifically, we focus on i) evaluating segmentations of the various glioma sub-regions in pre-operative mpMRI scans, ii) assessing potential tumor progression by virtue of longitudinal growth of tumor sub-regions, beyond use of the RECIST/RANO criteria, and iii) predicting the overall survival from pre-operative mpMRI scans of patients that underwent gross tota lresection. Finally, we investigate the challenge of identifying the best ML algorithms for each of these tasks, considering that apart from being diverse on each instance of the challenge, the multi-institutional mpMRI BraTS dataset has also been a continuously evolving/growing dataset.

1,165 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In two nationally representative surveys of U.S. adolescents in grades 8 through 12 (N = 506,820) and national statistics on suicide deaths for those ages 13 to 18, adolescents’ depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates increased between 2010 and 2015, especially among females as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In two nationally representative surveys of U.S. adolescents in grades 8 through 12 (N = 506,820) and national statistics on suicide deaths for those ages 13 to 18, adolescents’ depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates increased between 2010 and 2015, especially among females. Adolescents who spent more time on new media (including social media and electronic devices such as smartphones) were more likely to report mental health issues, and adolescents who spent more time on nonscreen activities (in-person social interaction, sports/exercise, homework, print media, and attending religious services) were less likely. Since 2010, iGen adolescents have spent more time on new media screen activities and less time on nonscreen activities, which may account for the increases in depression and suicide. In contrast, cyclical economic factors such as unemployment and the Dow Jones Index were not linked to depressive symptoms or suicide rates when matched by year.

819 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In many situations across computational science and engineering, multiple computational models are available that describe a system of interest as discussed by the authors, and these different models have varying evaluation costs, i.e.
Abstract: In many situations across computational science and engineering, multiple computational models are available that describe a system of interest. These different models have varying evaluation costs...

678 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The original version of this Article omitted the following from the Acknowledgements: ‘J. Ma’s primary affiliation is Shanghai Jiao Tong University’.
Abstract: The original version of this Article omitted the following from the Acknowledgements: ‘J. Ma’s primary affiliation is Shanghai Jiao Tong University.’ This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.

543 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review will examine how charged side chains are spatially distributed in various types of proteins and how electrostatic interactions affect thermodynamic and kinetic properties of proteins.
Abstract: Charged and polar groups, through forming ion pairs, hydrogen bonds, and other less specific electrostatic interactions, impart important properties to proteins. Modulation of the charges on the amino acids, e.g., by pH and by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, have significant effects such as protein denaturation and switch-like response of signal transduction networks. This review aims to present a unifying theme among the various effects of protein charges and polar groups. Simple models will be used to illustrate basic ideas about electrostatic interactions in proteins, and these ideas in turn will be used to elucidate the roles of electrostatic interactions in protein structure, folding, binding, condensation, and related biological functions. In particular, we will examine how charged side chains are spatially distributed in various types of proteins and how electrostatic interactions affect thermodynamic and kinetic properties of proteins. Our hope is to capture both important historical developments and recent experimental and theoretical advances in quantifying electrostatic contributions of proteins.

474 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a perspective on the most exciting developments in the low-dimensional organometal halide perovskites is presented, which are significantly different from those of 3D and 2D structures.
Abstract: Organometal halide perovskites have recently emerged as a highly promising class of functional materials for a variety of applications. The exceptional structural tunability enables these materials to possess three- (3D), two- (2D), one- (1D), and zero-dimensional (0D) structures at the molecular level. Remarkable progress has been realized in the research of perovskites in recent years, focusing mainly on 3D and 2D structures but leaving low-dimensional 1D and 0D structures significantly underexplored. Here we offer our perspective on the most exciting developments in the low-dimensional organometal halide perovskites. Due to the strong quantum confinement and site isolation, 1D and 0D perovskites exhibit remarkable and useful properties that are significantly different from those of 3D and 2D perovskites. The excitement about the recent developments lies not only in the specific achievements but also in what these materials represent in terms of a new paradigm in materials design.

462 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings suggest that unwanted sexual contact appears to be most prevalent on college campuses, including sexual coercion, followed by incapacitated rape, and completed or attempted forcible rape.
Abstract: Sexual assault is a pervasive problem on university and college campuses in the United States that has garnered growing national attention, particularly in the past year. This is the first study to systematically review and synthesize prevalence findings from studies on campus sexual assault (CSA) published since 2000 ( n = 34). The range of prevalence findings for specific forms of sexual victimization on college campuses (i.e., forcible rape, unwanted sexual contact, incapacitated rape, sexual coercion, and studies' broad definitions of CSA/rape) is provided, and methodological strengths and limitations in the empirical body of research on CSA are discussed. Prevalence findings, research design, methodology, sampling techniques, and measures, including the forms of sexual victimization measured, are presented and evaluated across studies. Findings suggest that unwanted sexual contact appears to be most prevalent on college campuses, including sexual coercion, followed by incapacitated rape, and completed or attempted forcible rape. Additionally, several studies measured broad constructs of sexual assault that typically include combined forms of college-based sexual victimization (i.e., forcible completed or attempted rape, unwanted sexual contact, and/or sexual coercion). Extensive variability exists within findings for each type of sexual victimization measured, including those that broadly measure sexual assault, which is largely explained by differences in sampling strategies and overall study designs as well as measures of sexual assault used in studies. Implications for findings and recommendations for future research on the prevalence of college-based sexual victimization are provided.

458 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Albert M. Sirunyan, Armen Tumasyan, Wolfgang Adam1, Federico Ambrogi1  +2238 moreInstitutions (159)
TL;DR: In this paper, the discriminating variables and the algorithms used for heavy-flavour jet identification during the first years of operation of the CMS experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, are presented.
Abstract: Many measurements and searches for physics beyond the standard model at the LHC rely on the efficient identification of heavy-flavour jets, i.e. jets originating from bottom or charm quarks. In this paper, the discriminating variables and the algorithms used for heavy-flavour jet identification during the first years of operation of the CMS experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, are presented. Heavy-flavour jet identification algorithms have been improved compared to those used previously at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV. For jets with transverse momenta in the range expected in simulated events, these new developments result in an efficiency of 68% for the correct identification of a b jet for a probability of 1% of misidentifying a light-flavour jet. The improvement in relative efficiency at this misidentification probability is about 15%, compared to previous CMS algorithms. In addition, for the first time algorithms have been developed to identify jets containing two b hadrons in Lorentz-boosted event topologies, as well as to tag c jets. The large data sample recorded in 2016 at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV has also allowed the development of new methods to measure the efficiency and misidentification probability of heavy-flavour jet identification algorithms. The b jet identification efficiency is measured with a precision of a few per cent at moderate jet transverse momenta (between 30 and 300 GeV) and about 5% at the highest jet transverse momenta (between 500 and 1000 GeV).

454 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed a new time series model based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) as an alternative to computationally expensive physical models, which is composed of an LSTM layer with another fully connected layer on top of it.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ab et al. as mentioned in this paper used a set of realistic models of the equation of state (EOS) that yield an accurate description of the properties of finite nuclei, support neutron stars of two solar masses, and provide a Lorentz covariant extrapolation to dense matter are used to confront its predictions against gravitational-wave data.
Abstract: The historical first detection of a binary neutron star merger by the LIGO-Virgo Collaboration [B. P. Abbott et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 161101 (2017)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.119.161101] is providing fundamental new insights into the astrophysical site for the r process and on the nature of dense matter. A set of realistic models of the equation of state (EOS) that yield an accurate description of the properties of finite nuclei, support neutron stars of two solar masses, and provide a Lorentz covariant extrapolation to dense matter are used to confront its predictions against tidal polarizabilities extracted from the gravitational-wave data. Given the sensitivity of the gravitational-wave signal to the underlying EOS, limits on the tidal polarizability inferred from the observation translate into constraints on the neutron-star radius. Based on these constraints, models that predict a stiff symmetry energy, and thus large stellar radii, can be ruled out. Indeed, we deduce an upper limit on the radius of a 1.4M_{⊙} neutron star of R_{⋆}^{1.4}<13.76 km. Given the sensitivity of the neutron-skin thickness of ^{208}Pb to the symmetry energy, albeit at a lower density, we infer a corresponding upper limit of about R_{skin}^{208}≲0.25 fm. However, if the upcoming PREX-II experiment measures a significantly thicker skin, this may be evidence of a softening of the symmetry energy at high densities-likely indicative of a phase transition in the interior of neutron stars.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Single crystalline zero-dimensional organic metal halide hybrids have been developed and are being developed for use in electronics, electronics and materials science.
Abstract: Single crystalline zero-dimensional (0D) organic-inorganic hybrid materials with perfect host-guest structures have been developed as a new generation of highly efficient light emitters. Here we report a series of lead-free organic metal halide hybrids with a 0D structure, (C4N2H14X)4SnX6 (X = Br, I) and (C9NH20)2SbX5 (X = Cl), in which the individual metal halide octahedra (SnX64-) and quadrangular pyramids (SbX52-) are completely isolated from each other and surrounded by the organic ligands C4N2H14X+ and C9NH20+, respectively. The isolation of the photoactive metal halide species by the wide band gap organic ligands leads to no interaction or electronic band formation between the metal halide species, allowing the bulk materials to exhibit the intrinsic properties of the individual metal halide species. These 0D organic metal halide hybrids can also be considered as perfect host-guest systems, with the metal halide species periodically doped in the wide band gap matrix. Highly luminescent, strongly Stokes shifted broadband emissions with photoluminescence quantum efficiencies (PLQEs) of close to unity were realized, as a result of excited state structural reorganization of the individual metal halide species. Our discovery of highly luminescent single crystalline 0D organic-inorganic hybrid materials as perfect host-guest systems opens up a new paradigm in functional materials design.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall prediction was weaker than anticipated, with weighted mean odds ratios of 1.96 for ideation, attempt or death using any depression or hopelessness variable, and several methodological constraints were prominent across studies.
Abstract: BackgroundMany studies have documented robust relationships between depression and hopelessness and subsequent suicidal thoughts and behaviours; however, much weaker and non-significant effects have also been reported. These inconsistencies raise questions about whether and to what degree these factors confer risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviours.AimsThis study aimed to evaluate the magnitude and clinical utility of depression and hopelessness as risk factors for suicide ideation, attempts and death.MethodWe conducted a meta-analysis of published studies from 1971 to 31 December 2014 that included at least one longitudinal analysis predicting suicide ideation, attempt or death using any depression or hopelessness variable.ResultsOverall prediction was weaker than anticipated, with weighted mean odds ratios of 1.96 (1.81–2.13) for ideation, 1.63 (1.55–1.72) for attempt and 1.33 (1.18–1.49) for death. Adjusting for publication bias further reduced estimates. Effects generally persisted regardless of sample severity, sample age or follow-up length.ConclusionsSeveral methodological constraints were prominent across studies; addressing these issues would likely be fruitful moving forward.Declaration of interestNone.

Journal ArticleDOI
03 Jan 2018-Nature
TL;DR: A one-pot synthetic approach, using a single heterogeneous solid source, for the continuous fabrication of lateral multi-junction heterostructures consisting of monolayers of transition-metal dichalcogenides, which offers greater flexibility and control than previous methods for continuous growth.
Abstract: Two-dimensional heterojunctions of transition-metal dichalcogenides have great potential for application in low-power, high-performance and flexible electro-optical devices, such as tunnelling transistors, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors and photovoltaic cells. Although complex heterostructures have been fabricated via the van der Waals stacking of different two-dimensional materials, the in situ fabrication of high-quality lateral heterostructures with multiple junctions remains a challenge. Transition-metal-dichalcogenide lateral heterostructures have been synthesized via single-step, two-step or multi-step growth processes. However, these methods lack the flexibility to control, in situ, the growth of individual domains. In situ synthesis of multi-junction lateral heterostructures does not require multiple exchanges of sources or reactors, a limitation in previous approaches as it exposes the edges to ambient contamination, compromises the homogeneity of domain size in periodic structures, and results in long processing times. Here we report a one-pot synthetic approach, using a single heterogeneous solid source, for the continuous fabrication of lateral multi-junction heterostructures consisting of monolayers of transition-metal dichalcogenides. The sequential formation of heterojunctions is achieved solely by changing the composition of the reactive gas environment in the presence of water vapour. This enables selective control of the water-induced oxidation and volatilization of each transition-metal precursor, as well as its nucleation on the substrate, leading to sequential edge-epitaxy of distinct transition-metal dichalcogenides. Photoluminescence maps confirm the sequential spatial modulation of the bandgap, and atomic-resolution images reveal defect-free lateral connectivity between the different transition-metal-dichalcogenide domains within a single crystal structure. Electrical transport measurements revealed diode-like responses across the junctions. Our new approach offers greater flexibility and control than previous methods for continuous growth of transition-metal-dichalcogenide-based multi-junction lateral heterostructures. These findings could be extended to other families of two-dimensional materials, and establish a foundation for the development of complex and atomically thin in-plane superlattices, devices and integrated circuits.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The review of the evidence supports neither a unitary model of lateral frontal function nor a unidimensional abstraction gradient, rather, separate frontal networks interact via local and global hierarchical structure to support diverse task demands.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The working principle of LICs is discussed, and the recent advances in LIC electrode materials, particularly activated carbon and lithium titanate, as well as in electrolyte development are reviewed, providing deep insights into the LIC field for continuing research and development of second-generation energy-storage technologies.
Abstract: Among the various energy-storage systems, lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are receiving intensive attention due to their high energy density, high power density, long lifetime, and good stability. As a hybrid of lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, LICs are composed of a battery-type electrode and a capacitor-type electrode and can potentially combine the advantages of the high energy density of batteries and the large power density of capacitors. Here, the working principle of LICs is discussed, and the recent advances in LIC electrode materials, particularly activated carbon and lithium titanate, as well as in electrolyte development are reviewed. The charge-storage mechanisms for intercalative pseudocapacitive behavior, battery behavior, and conventional pseudocapacitive behavior are classified and compared. Finally, the prospects and challenges associated with LICs are discussed. The overall aim is to provide deep insights into the LIC field for continuing research and development of second-generation energy-storage technologies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of flux estimates over the last decade has revealed an average increase of ∼ 0.3 Pg C yr−1, indicating a historical underestimation of the amount of terrestrial-C exported to inland waters.
Abstract: Globally, inland waters receive a significant but ill-defined quantity of terrestrial carbon (C). When summed, the contemporary estimates for the three possible fates of C in inland waters (storage, outgassing, and export) highlight that terrestrial landscapes may deliver upward of 5.1 Pg of C annually. This review of flux estimates over the last decade has revealed an average increase of ∼ 0.3 Pg C yr−1, indicating a historical underestimation of the amount of terrestrial-C exported to inland waters. The continual increase in the estimates also underscores large data gaps and uncertainty. As research continues to refine these aquatic fluxes, especially C outgassed from the humid tropics and other understudied regions, we expect the global estimate of terrestrial-C transferred to inland waters to rise. An important implication of this upward refinement is that terrestrial net ecosystem production may be overestimated with ramifications for modeling of the global C cycle.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new surface-atmospheric dataset for driving ocean-sea-ice models based on Japanese 55-year atmospheric reanalysis (JRA-55), referred to here as JRA55-do, is presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Weight stigma is likely to drive weight gain and poor health and thus should be eradicated, which can begin by training compassionate and knowledgeable healthcare providers who will deliver better care and ultimately lessen the negative effects of weight stigma.
Abstract: In an era when obesity prevalence is high throughout much of the world, there is a correspondingly pervasive and strong culture of weight stigma. For example, representative studies show that some forms of weight discrimination are more prevalent even than discrimination based on race or ethnicity. In this Opinion article, we review compelling evidence that weight stigma is harmful to health, over and above objective body mass index. Weight stigma is prospectively related to heightened mortality and other chronic diseases and conditions. Most ironically, it actually begets heightened risk of obesity through multiple obesogenic pathways. Weight stigma is particularly prevalent and detrimental in healthcare settings, with documented high levels of ‘anti-fat’ bias in healthcare providers, patients with obesity receiving poorer care and having worse outcomes, and medical students with obesity reporting high levels of alcohol and substance use to cope with internalized weight stigma. In terms of solutions, the most effective and ethical approaches should be aimed at changing the behaviors and attitudes of those who stigmatize, rather than towards the targets of weight stigma. Medical training must address weight bias, training healthcare professionals about how it is perpetuated and on its potentially harmful effects on their patients. Weight stigma is likely to drive weight gain and poor health and thus should be eradicated. This effort can begin by training compassionate and knowledgeable healthcare providers who will deliver better care and ultimately lessen the negative effects of weight stigma.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A lanthanum hydride compound at a pressure of around 170 gigapascals is found to exhibit superconductivity with a critical temperature of 250 kelvin, the highest critical temperature that has been confirmed so far in a superconducting material.
Abstract: The discovery of superconductivity at 203 K in H3S brought attention back to conventional superconductors whose properties can be described by the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) and the Migdal-Eliashberg theories. These theories predict that high, and even room temperature superconductivity (RTSC) is possible in metals possessing certain favorable parameters such as lattice vibrations at high frequencies. However, these general theories do not suffice to predict real superconductors. New superconducting materials can be predicted now with the aid of first principles calculations based on Density Functional Theory (DFT). In particular, the calculations suggested a new family of hydrides possessing a clathrate structure, where the host atom (Ca, Y, La) is at the center of the cage formed by hydrogen atoms. For LaH10 and YH10 superconductivity, with critical temperatures Tc ranging between 240 and 320 K is predicted at megabar pressures. Here, we report superconductivity with a record Tc ~ 250 K within the Fm-3m structure of LaH10 at a pressure P ~ 170 GPa. We proved the existence of superconductivity at 250 K through the observation of zero-resistance, isotope effect, and the decrease of Tc under an external magnetic field, which suggests an upper critical magnetic field of 120 T at zero-temperature. The pressure dependence of the transition temperatures Tc (P) has a maximum of 250-252 K at the pressure of about 170 GPa. This leap, by ~ 50 K, from the previous Tc record of 203 K indicates the real possibility of achieving RTSC (that is at 273 K) in the near future at high pressures and the perspective of conventional superconductivity at ambient pressure.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The recovery of viral populations from peatland soils across a permafrost thaw gradient provides insights into soil viral diversity, their hosts and the potential impacts on carbon cycling in this environment, and suggests that viruses may impact ecosystem function in climate-critical, terrestrial habitats.
Abstract: Climate change threatens to release abundant carbon that is sequestered at high latitudes, but the constraints on microbial metabolisms that mediate the release of methane and carbon dioxide are poorly understood1,2,3,4,5,6,7. The role of viruses, which are known to affect microbial dynamics, metabolism and biogeochemistry in the oceans8,9,10, remains largely unexplored in soil. Here, we aimed to investigate how viruses influence microbial ecology and carbon metabolism in peatland soils along a permafrost thaw gradient in Sweden. We recovered 1,907 viral populations (genomes and large genome fragments) from 197 bulk soil and size-fractionated metagenomes, 58% of which were detected in metatranscriptomes and presumed to be active. In silico predictions linked 35% of the viruses to microbial host populations, highlighting likely viral predators of key carbon-cycling microorganisms, including methanogens and methanotrophs. Lineage-specific virus/host ratios varied, suggesting that viral infection dynamics may differentially impact microbial responses to a changing climate. Virus-encoded glycoside hydrolases, including an endomannanase with confirmed functional activity, indicated that viruses influence complex carbon degradation and that viral abundances were significant predictors of methane dynamics. These findings suggest that viruses may impact ecosystem function in climate-critical, terrestrial habitats and identify multiple potential viral contributions to soil carbon cycling.

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TL;DR: Lagrangian analysis is a powerful way to analyse the output of ocean circulation models and other ocean velocity data such as from altimetry as mentioned in this paper, where large sets of virtual particles are integrated within the 3D, time-evolving velocity fields.

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TL;DR: The aims and current foci of the HiTOP Consortium, a group of 70 investigators working together to study empirical classification of psychopathology, are described, which pertain to continued research on the empirical organization of psychopathological constructs; the connection between personality and psychopathology; the utility of empirically based psychopathology constructs in both research and the clinic.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of the modified system is studied using proton-proton collision data at center-of-mass energy √s=13 TeV, collected at the LHC in 2015 and 2016.
Abstract: The CMS muon detector system, muon reconstruction software, and high-level trigger underwent significant changes in 2013–2014 in preparation for running at higher LHC collision energy and instantaneous luminosity. The performance of the modified system is studied using proton-proton collision data at center-of-mass energy √s=13 TeV, collected at the LHC in 2015 and 2016. The measured performance parameters, including spatial resolution, efficiency, and timing, are found to meet all design specifications and are well reproduced by simulation. Despite the more challenging running conditions, the modified muon system is found to perform as well as, and in many aspects better than, previously. We dedicate this paper to the memory of Prof. Alberto Benvenuti, whose work was fundamental for the CMS muon detector.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new model of electron motion in twisted bilayer graphene was proposed, which sets the stage for exploring these connections further and shows that superconducting and insulating properties of twisted bilayers suggest deep connections between these phases.
Abstract: Superconducting and insulating behaviors in twisted bilayer graphene suggest deep connections between these phases. A new model of electron motion in these systems sets the stage for exploring these connections further.

Journal ArticleDOI
Daniel Lakens1, Federico Adolfi2, Federico Adolfi3, Casper J. Albers4, Farid Anvari5, Matthew A. J. Apps6, Shlomo Argamon7, Thom Baguley8, Raymond Becker9, Stephen D. Benning10, Daniel E. Bradford11, Erin Michelle Buchanan12, Aaron R. Caldwell13, Ben Van Calster14, Ben Van Calster15, Rickard Carlsson16, Sau-Chin Chen17, Bryan Chung18, Lincoln J. Colling19, Gary S. Collins6, Zander Crook20, Emily S. Cross21, Emily S. Cross22, Sameera Daniels, Henrik Danielsson23, Lisa M. DeBruine22, Daniel J. Dunleavy24, Brian D. Earp25, Michele I. Feist26, Jason D. Ferrell27, Jason D. Ferrell28, James G. Field29, Nicholas W. Fox30, Amanda Friesen31, Caio Gomes, Monica Gonzalez-Marquez32, James A. Grange33, Andrew P. Grieve, Robert Guggenberger34, James T. Grist19, Anne-Laura van Harmelen19, Fred Hasselman35, Kevin D. Hochard36, Mark R. Hoffarth37, Nicholas P. Holmes38, Michael Ingre39, Peder M. Isager23, Hanna K. Isotalus40, Christer Johansson41, Konrad Juszczyk42, David A. Kenny43, Ahmed A. Khalil44, Ahmed A. Khalil2, Ahmed A. Khalil45, Barbara Konat42, Junpeng Lao46, Erik Gahner Larsen47, Gerine M.A. Lodder4, Jiří Lukavský48, Christopher R. Madan38, David Manheim49, Stephen R. Martin50, Andrea E. Martin20, Andrea E. Martin2, Deborah G. Mayo51, Randy J. McCarthy52, Kevin McConway53, Colin McFarland, Amanda Q. X. Nio54, Gustav Nilsonne55, Gustav Nilsonne56, Gustav Nilsonne57, Cilene Lino de Oliveira58, Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry14, Sam Parsons6, Gerit Pfuhl59, Kimberly A. Quinn60, John J. Sakon37, S. Adil Saribay61, Iris K. Schneider62, Manojkumar Selvaraju63, Zsuzsika Sjoerds15, Samuel G. Smith64, Tim Smits14, Jeffrey R. Spies65, Jeffrey R. Spies66, Vishnu Sreekumar67, Crystal N. Steltenpohl68, Neil Stenhouse11, Wojciech Świątkowski, Miguel A. Vadillo69, Marcel A.L.M. van Assen70, Marcel A.L.M. van Assen71, Matt N. Williams72, Samantha E Williams73, Donald R. Williams74, Tal Yarkoni27, Ignazio Ziano75, Rolf A. Zwaan39 
Eindhoven University of Technology1, Max Planck Society2, National Scientific and Technical Research Council3, University of Groningen4, Flinders University5, University of Oxford6, Illinois Institute of Technology7, Nottingham Trent University8, Bielefeld University9, University of Nevada, Las Vegas10, University of Wisconsin-Madison11, Missouri State University12, University of Arkansas13, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven14, Leiden University15, Linnaeus University16, Tzu Chi University17, University of British Columbia18, University of Cambridge19, University of Edinburgh20, Bangor University21, University of Glasgow22, Linköping University23, Florida State University24, Yale University25, University of Louisiana at Lafayette26, University of Texas at Austin27, St. Edward's University28, West Virginia University29, Rutgers University30, Indiana University31, RWTH Aachen University32, Keele University33, University of Tübingen34, Radboud University Nijmegen35, University of Chester36, New York University37, University of Nottingham38, Erasmus University Rotterdam39, University of Bristol40, Sahlgrenska University Hospital41, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań42, University of Connecticut43, Humboldt University of Berlin44, Charité45, University of Fribourg46, University of Kent47, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic48, RAND Corporation49, Baylor University50, Virginia Tech51, Northern Illinois University52, Open University53, King's College London54, Stockholm University55, Karolinska Institutet56, Stanford University57, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina58, University of Tromsø59, DePaul University60, Boğaziçi University61, University of Cologne62, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology63, University of Leeds64, University of Virginia65, Center for Open Science66, National Institutes of Health67, University of Southern Indiana68, Autonomous University of Madrid69, Utrecht University70, Tilburg University71, Massey University72, Saint Louis University73, University of California, Davis74, Ghent University75
TL;DR: In response to recommendations to redefine statistical significance to P ≤ 0.005, it is proposed that researchers should transparently report and justify all choices they make when designing a study, including the alpha level.
Abstract: In response to recommendations to redefine statistical significance to P ≤ 0.005, we propose that researchers should transparently report and justify all choices they make when designing a study, including the alpha level.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study examines the compositional dependence of the three determining factors for ionic conductivity, including ion mobility, ion transport pathways, and active ion concentration and finds that a higher content of LLZO leads to improved electrochemical stability of composite electrolytes.
Abstract: Composite electrolytes are widely studied for their potential in realizing improved ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability. Understanding the complex mechanisms of ion transport within composites is critical for effectively designing high-performance solid electrolytes. This study examines the compositional dependence of the three determining factors for ionic conductivity, including ion mobility, ion transport pathways, and active ion concentration. The results show that with increase in the fraction of ceramic Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) phase in the LLZO–poly(ethylene oxide) composites, ion mobility decreases, ion transport pathways transit from polymer to ceramic routes, and the active ion concentration increases. These changes in ion mobility, transport pathways, and concentration collectively explain the observed trend of ionic conductivity in composite electrolytes. Liquid additives alter ion transport pathways and increase ion mobility, thus enhancing ionic conductivity significantly. It is also...

Journal ArticleDOI
16 Jul 2018-Nature
TL;DR: Analysis of more than 1,500 microbial genomes sheds light on the processing of carbon released as permafrost thaws, and links changing biogeochemistry to specific microbial lineages involved in carbon processing, and provides key information for predicting the effects of climate change onpermafrost systems.
Abstract: As global temperatures rise, large amounts of carbon sequestered in permafrost are becoming available for microbial degradation. Accurate prediction of carbon gas emissions from thawing permafrost is limited by our understanding of these microbial communities. Here we use metagenomic sequencing of 214 samples from a permafrost thaw gradient to recover 1,529 metagenome-assembled genomes, including many from phyla with poor genomic representation. These genomes reflect the diversity of this complex ecosystem, with genus-level representatives for more than sixty per cent of the community. Meta-omic analysis revealed key populations involved in the degradation of organic matter, including bacteria whose genomes encode a previously undescribed fungal pathway for xylose degradation. Microbial and geochemical data highlight lineages that correlate with the production of greenhouse gases and indicate novel syntrophic relationships. Our findings link changing biogeochemistry to specific microbial lineages involved in carbon processing, and provide key information for predicting the effects of climate change on permafrost systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An integrative framework for identifying structural variants (SVs) in cancer that applies optical mapping, Hi-C, and whole-genome sequencing is presented and finds SVs affecting distal regulatory sequences, DNA replication, and three-dimensional chromatin structure.
Abstract: Structural variants (SVs) can contribute to oncogenesis through a variety of mechanisms. Despite their importance, the identification of SVs in cancer genomes remains challenging. Here, we present a framework that integrates optical mapping, high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C), and whole-genome sequencing to systematically detect SVs in a variety of normal or cancer samples and cell lines. We identify the unique strengths of each method and demonstrate that only integrative approaches can comprehensively identify SVs in the genome. By combining Hi-C and optical mapping, we resolve complex SVs and phase multiple SV events to a single haplotype. Furthermore, we observe widespread structural variation events affecting the functions of noncoding sequences, including the deletion of distal regulatory sequences, alteration of DNA replication timing, and the creation of novel three-dimensional chromatin structural domains. Our results indicate that noncoding SVs may be underappreciated mutational drivers in cancer genomes.