Showing papers by "Ford Motor Company published in 1969"

Absorption of Infrared Radiant Energy by CO_2 and H_2O IV Shapes of Collision-Broadened CO_2 Lines*

Abstract: The shapes of the extreme wings of self-broadened CO2 lines have been investigated in three spectral regions near 7000, 3800, and 2400 cm−1. Absorption measurements have been made on the high-wavenumber sides of band heads where much of the absorption by samples at a few atm is due to the extreme wings of strong lines whose centers occur below the band heads. New information has been obtained about the shapes of self-broadened CO2 lines as well as CO2 lines broadened by N2, O2, Ar, He, and H2. Beyond a few cm−1 from the line centers, all of the lines absorb less than Lorentz-shaped lines having the same half-widths. The deviation from the Lorentz shape decreases with increasing wavenumber, from one of the three spectral regions to the next. The absorption by the wings of H2- and He-broadened lines is particularly low, and the absorption decreases with increasing temperature at a rate faster than predicted by existing theories.

Charge-Quantization Studies Using a Tunnel Capacitor

Abstract: A tunnel capacitor is an array of microscopic resistance-capacitance circuits with the resistive element provided by a tunnel junction. Because of their small size, such microcircuits display special properties due to charge quantization. An array of such circuits shows an oscillatory behavior in its capacitance-versus-voltage measurements. A new type of memory effect is found.

Carbon Monoxide: Residence Time in the Atmosphere

Abstract: A lower limit of 0.1 year for the residence time of carbon monIoxide in the atmosphere is derived from radiocarbon measurements. The action of certain microorganisms and atmospheric photochemical reactions are possible mechanisms for the removal of carbon monoxide. This value can be compared with 2.7 years, a value deduced from estimated rates of carbon monoxide production and global measurements of atmospheric concentrations of carbon monoxide.

Discrete Conductance Fluctuations in Lipid Bilayer Protein Membranes

Abstract: Discrete fluctuations in conductance of lipid bilayer membranes may be observed during the initial stages of membrane interaction with EIM ("excitability inducing material"), during destruction of the EIM conductance by proteolysis, and during the potential-dependent transitions between low and high conductance states in the "excitable" membranes. The discrete conductance steps observed during the initial reaction of EIM with the lipid membranes are remarkably uniform, even in membranes of widely varying lipid composition. They range only from 2 to 6 x 10-10 ohm-1 and average 4 x 10-10 ohm-1. Steps found during destruction of the EIM conductance by proteolysis are somewhat smaller. The transition between high conductance and low conductance states may involve steps as small as 0.5 x 10-10 ohm-1. These phenomena are consistent with the formation of a stable protein bridge across the lipid membrane to provide a polar channel for the transport of cations. T6he uniform conductance fluctuations observed during the formation of these macromolecular channels may indicate that the ions in a conductive channel, in its open state, are largely protected from the influence of the polar groups of the membrane lipids. Potential-dependent changes in conductance may be due to configurational or positional changes in the protein channel. Differences in lipid-lipid and lipid-macromolecule interactions may account for the variations in switching kinetics in various membrane systems.

Load–compression behavior of flexible foams

Abstract: The load-compression behavior of a foam reflects its geometric structure and the physical properties of the matrix polymer. Quantitative relations between these parameters have been established in the present study. Based on both theoretical analyses and experimental data obtained on a flexible polyurethane foam, it is shown that the compressive stress can be factored into the product of two terms: (1) a dimensionless function of the compressive strain, ψ(e), calculated from experimental load-compression data and reflecting the buckling of the foam matrix; and (2) a factor, eEƒ, where Eƒ is the apparent Young's modulus of the foam (which is a function primarily of the modulus of the base polymer E0 and of the volume fraction of polymer, φ). Thus the compressive stress behavior of a foamed polymer is determined by E0, φ, and the matrix geometry, the latter described by the function ψ(e). Using these established relations, it now is possible to delineate precisely the structural features a foam mus...

Lattice self-potentials and madelung constants for some compounds

Abstract: The computerised potential and electrostatic energy calculations described in Part 1 can be used as the first step in more sophisticated calculations, four types of which are described. (i) The results obtained by calculating the actual crystal field in a sodium vacancy in NaCl are compared to the results of the familiar approximation for that situation. (ii) CaF2 and β-alumina are used as examples of compounds in which there is remarkable similarity between some of the interstitial and some of the lattice sites. A complete calculation of all the self-potentials and the Madelung constant of β-alumina is included. (iii) In a discussion of p- and n-type semiconduction in simple binary compounds, self-potentials are used to show that many structures have a built-in preference for a deviation from stoichiometry, although other factors (not considered in this paper) can obscure this preference. (iv) The concept of a solid-state energy storage using compounds with two different cations in non-interacting sublattices is explored, using the mineral quenselite (PbMnO2(OH)), as an example. The computer program is used to evaluate this mineral with respect to its energy density.

Calculation of Residual Stresses in Glass

Abstract: Lee, Rogers, and Woo presented a theory for calculating the stresses produced in glass by tempering. Unlike earlier treatments, theirs takes account of the viscoelastic properties of glass. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate this theory by comparison with experimental data. Discrepancies were found to exist between calculated and observed stress distributions. For cases in which glass is quenched from initial temperatures well above the strain point, these discrepancies result from the numerical formulation of the theory, not from any shortcomings of the theory itself. A modification of this formulation brought calculated and observed stresses into good agreement. For quenching from lower initial temperatures, the present theory could not be brought into agreement with experimental data. The reasons for this are briefly considered in the context of the structural heterogeneity of tempered glass and its possible effects on residual stresses.

Strengths, Widths, and Shapes of the Oxygen Lines near 13,100 cm(-1) (7620 A).

Abstract: The absorption by the oxygen A band near 13,100 cm−1 (7620 A) has been investigated Spectral curves with resolution between 06 cm−1 and 12 cm−1 have been obtained for several samples of O2 and O2 + N2 with path lengths from 8 m to 1185 m and pressures up to 136 atm The strength of the entire band is 409 ± 025 g−1 cm2 cm−1, and the relationship between the band strength and the strengths of the individual lines has been determined Half-widths of self-broadened lines at 1 atm pressure vary from approximately 0074 cm−1 at J = 2 to 0043 cm−1 for J = 25 The lines are approximately 5% wider for air at the same pressure since broadening by N2 is more efficient than self-broadening The wings of the lines absorb less than Lorentz-shaped lines beyond approximately 10 cm−1 from the centers

Exhaust gas purification

Abstract: This invention is concerned with a process for the effective removal of carbon monoxide hydrocarbons and the oxides of nitrogen from the exhaust stream of mobile internal combustion engines. This purification is accomplished by passing the exhaust gas from an engine operating at near the stoichiometric fuel-air ratio through a high-temperature catalyst. This catalyst is normally a noble metal catalyst. The exhaust gas is then cooled to a temperature in the vicinity of 700* F., ammonia is added and the ammoniated stream is passed over a second catalyst which can be either a base metal catalyst or a noble metal catalyst.

Igfet comprising n-type silicon substrate, silicon oxide gate insulator and p-type polycrystalline silicon gate electrode

Abstract: Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor employing a polycrystalline semiconductor surface layer, one strip of which serves as the gate electrode of the IGFET, and another strip of which may serve as a resistor. The semiconductor surface layer is employed as a mask for the diffusion of the source and drain regions, thereby insuring automatic alignment between the gate electrode and the source and drain regions.

Aluminum metallization—Advantages and limitations for integrated circuit applications

Abstract: The advantages and limitations of aluminum metallization are reviewed and compared with other systems used for integrated circuits. Metallization system properties of particular importance are summarized, including initial physical and chemical properties of the system which define potential performance and reliability considerations. The special requirements for MOS arrays and for multilevel-metallized integrated circuits are described. Recently available knowledge of aluminum metallization process technology and of metallization-related failure mechanisms is reviewed, and new results of experimental studies are presented. It is concluded that aluminum will continue to be the most widely used metallization material, not only for single-level metallized integrated circuits, but also for multilevel LSI arrays.

Crystalline 3-phosphoglycerate kinase from skeletal muscle

Abstract: 1. A procedure for preparing crystalline 3-phosphoglycerate kinase from rabbit or pig skeletal muscle is presented. 2. The preparation phosphorylates up to 975μmoles of 3-phosphoglycerate/min./mg. at 30° and is not contaminated with myokinase. 3. The enzyme has an estimated molecular weight of 36500±1000, and contains three residues each of tyrosine and tryptophan. 4. The preparation is suitable for use in the enzymic procedures for determining ATP, phosphocreatine and 3-phosphoglycerate.

Efficient solution of load-deflection equations.

Abstract: Load deflection equation solution based on row operations, involving three passes of coefficient matrix, using wavefront processing and modified Gauss algorithm

Second-Harmonic Generation of Light at the Boundary of an Isotropic Medium

Abstract: Measurements of second-harmonic generation of light from liquid-air interfaces are reported. A physical model is proposed in which the observed harmonics arise from the electric double layer at the surface. The experimental results from the surfaces of various liquids and solids are discussed in the light of this model.

Generation of sensitivity functions for linear systems using low-order models

Abstract: New proofs are given for the recently demonstrated total symmetry and complete simultaneity properties for the companion canonic form for single-input linear time-invariant controllable systems. These proofs result in a convenient closed-form expression for the complete simultaneity property. The use of these properties to generate by one n th-order sensitivity model all the sensitivity functions \frac{\partialx_{i}}{\partialv_{j}}|_v^{0}, i=1,...,n, j=1,...,r, for a single-input linear time-invariant controllable n th-order system which depends on r different parameters is reviewed. This method represents an improvement over known methods for generating the sensitivity functions, which generally require a composite dynamic system of order n(r+1) . This result is then extended to the case of multi-input normal linear systems, where, at most, 2m-1 dynamic n th-order systems are needed in addition to the system to generate all the sensitivity functions of the system state with respect to any number of parameters ( m is the dimension of u ). It is shown that the algebraic calculations that must be made in the m -input case are much less than m times the calculations needed for the single-input case. The implications of these results for the computer aided sensitivity analysis of systems are discussed.

The plastic deformation of ferromagnetic face-centred cubic Fe-Ni-C alloys

Abstract: When face-centred cubic alloys with the physical properties typical of Invar are strained over a sufficient range of deformation variables, peculiar deformation characteristics become apparent. For example, there is an unusually large temperature-dependence of the flow stress, completely atypical of f.c.c. metals. Factors such as compositional departure from the Invar range, the intentional formation of martensite, arranged prohibition of martensite, and compositional control of Curie temperatures, were manipulated to determine the origin of the deformation behaviour. Only the Invars reacted as a class, and ferromagnetism appeared causal both to the onset of the special deformation and to its nature. It was observed that the increase of flow stress produced by cooling below the Curie temperature can be completely reversed upon heating, that the formation of martensite is irrelevant, and that the nucleation of martensite is inhibited by the spontaneous ferromagnetism. Observations such as these is...

Yielding behavior of glassy polymers. I. Free-volume model

Abstract: Rigid, glassy polymers show a diversity of tensile behavior-ranging from apparently brittle to ductile. To delineate some of the factors that control the toughness or impact resistance of these polymers, the yielding behavior of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was studied. Results of other workers have shown that the cold flow exhibited by many glassy polymers can be explained qualitatively by a free-volume model. The treatment assumes that molecular flow is permitted when the free volume increase, resulting from the dilatational component of the applied stress, is sufficient to bring the total free volume to that characteristic of the polymer liquid. The present study refines this approach by introducing an “effective temperature,” defined as that hypothetical temperature at which the glass would have an equilibrium free volume equal to the total free volume of the nonequilibrium glass at temperature T. Equations are derived which more satisfactorily describe the temperature and strain-rate dependences...

Motor vehicle body mount

Abstract: A body mount for connecting a motor vehicle body part to the vehicle frame. A pair of resilient, apertured insulators are positioned on either side of the frame with the insulator apertures in registry with a frame aperture. The configurations of the insulators allow them to be interlocked and held in position for preassembly without the aid of a fixture. Upper and lower retaining elements bear on the outer surfaces of the insulators and each retaining element includes a projection extending into the insulator apertures. Formed on these projections are snap action connectors that become engaged upon the retaining elements being moved toward one another during compression and preloading of the insulators. One of the retaining element projections includes a threaded sleeve portion that receives a bolt that extends from the body part.

Interaction of Radiation and Conduction in Glass

Abstract: The interaction of radiation and conduction was rigorously treated for one-dimensional heat transfer, both transient and steady-state. In this paper only some steady-state results are discussed. They show that the interaction of radiation and conduction affects temperature distributions and heat fluxes in a variety of ways, depending on physical properties and boundary conditions. The illustrations include a computer simulation of experiments to measure the thermal conductivity of glass and an attempt to predict the vertical temperature profile in a glassmelting tank.