Showing papers by "Ford Motor Company published in 1973"
TL;DR: The change in the amounts of the three major reducible cross-links was followed throughout the bovine-life span and some new reducible components increased during maturation, but their characterization as N(epsilon)-glycosylamines demonstrated that they were not related to the lysine-derived aldehyde components.
Abstract: The change in the amounts of the three major reducible cross-links was followed throughout the bovine-life span. The major reducible cross-link in embryonic skin is 6,7-dehydro-Ne -(2-hydroxy-5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)hydroxylysine, but this is gradually replaced in the latter stages of gestation or early postnatal growth period by two other Schiff bases, 6,7-dehydro-Ne-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)hydroxylysine and a component not yet identified, designated Fraction C. These latter two Schiff bases increase in amount during the rapid growth period to a maximum, after which they then slowly decrease until at maturity they are virtually absent. The proportion of these Schiff bases closely reflects the rate of growth, i.e. the amount of newly synthesized collagen present at any one time. Similarly, the three Schiff bases present in tendon and the one in cartilage slowly decrease during maturation. No evidence for the possible stabilization of these aldimine bonds during maturation by reduction in vivo was found by three different analytical techniques. Concurrently with the decrease in the proportion of the Schiff bases some new reducible components increased during maturation, but their characterization as Ne-glycosylamines demonstrated that they were not related to the lysine-derived aldehyde components. The significance of these components in the aging process cannot at present be assessed. As no evidence was obtained for any new reducible cross-links replacing the Schiff bases, it is probable that the latter are intermediate cross-links and that during maturation they are stabilized to some as yet unknown non-reducible cross-link as previously proposed (Bailey, 1968).
259 citations
TL;DR: The present results strongly support the assignment of a low spin ferric structure to the iron ion in oxyhemoglobin.
167 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of partial phase inversion on dynamic properties of heterogeneous polymer-polymer composites are discussed in terms of equivalent mechanical models and the viscoelastic form of the well-known Kerner equation.
Abstract: The representation and interpretation of dynamic mechanical properties of heterogeneous polymer–polymer composites are discussed in terms of equivalent mechanical models and the viscoelastic form of the well-known Kerner equation. Model parameters calculated from dispersed phase volume fraction and matrix Poisson's ratio (using the Kerner equation) are in fairly good agreement with experimental values for systems comprising soft inclusions in a hard matrix. The effects of partial phase inversion on dynamic properties are discussed in terms of an extension of the Kerner equation. Model calculations indicate that the in-phase component of the complex modulus depends primarily on dispersed phase volume concentration, while the out-of-phase component depends on both the concentration and the morphology of the dispersed phase. Although substantial information about the microstructure of polymer–polymer composites can in principle be deduced from dynamic measurements, quantitative correlation between dynamic properties and use properties such as impact strength (which may have a quite different dependence on structural parameters) is probably fortuitous.
151 citations
Patent•
12 Dec 1973TL;DR: In this paper, a means for controlling the energy conversion function of a combustion engine is described, and means for adjusting these control means are obtained by sensing at least one engine operating condition, developing an electrical signal indicative of such condition, and, with a digital computer, calculating repetitively values corresponding to settings of the means used to control the engine.
Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling a combustion engine. Means are provided for controlling the energy conversion function of the engine. Adjustments of these control means are obtained by sensing at least one engine operating condition, developing an electrical signal indicative of such condition, and, with a digital computer, calculating repetitively values corresponding to settings of the means used to control the energy conversion function of the engine. The digital computer is programmed to calculate these values or settings arithmetically from an algebraic function or functions describing a desired relationship between settings of the energy conversion control means and the sensed condition.
141 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the kinetics of O2 adsorption on a clean Pt(111) surface in the temperature range 214-400°C and measured the oxygen coverage by CO titration as well as Auger electron spectroscopy both of which show the same dependence on O2 exposure.
138 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the literature on the kinetics of peritectic transformations is presented, in terms of the expected free energy curves of the three phases of the phase diagram.
131 citations
01 May 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, simple displacement reactions in the solid state are considered with the purpose of predict-ing the morphologies and the reaction rates from a knowledge of pertinent thermodynamic and diffusion data.
Abstract: Simple displacement reactions in the solid state are considered with the purpose of predict-ing the morphologies and the reaction rates from a knowledge of pertinent thermodynamic and diffusion data. The theoretical predictions are substantiated by experimental observa-tions for four reaction couples [Ni/Cu2O, Co/Cu2O, Fe/Cu2O, and Fe/NiO] reacted at 1000°C. Displacement reactions are classified according to the product morphology; layered and ag-gregate arrangements of the product phases were observed, with two modifications (lamellar and interwoven) occurring within the aggregate morphological class. Parabolic kinetics for the growth of the product phases are observed for each couple. The magnitudes of the para-bolic rate constants for the couples which exhibit the layered arrangement are comparable with calculated values. A technique for controlling the product morphology is discussed, and a process for producing porous metal or oxide screens is introduced.
128 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the linear piezoelectric constitutive equations including the full elastic anisotropy of a poled ceramic and defined a new radial mode coupling factor kP, which relates kP to the standard k, and described a measuring procedure that determines # and kP; and applied these techniques to measurements of PLZT ceramics.
Abstract: Abstracr-The standard procedure (IEEE Standard 179) of determining radial mode coupling factor k, in piezoelectric ceramic disks assumes that the variations in Poisson’s ratio # with material composition may be neglected. Furthermore, the analysis from which the equations defining k, were derived was originally formulated for an elastically isotropic, electrically biased, electrostrictive medium. This paper 1 j reports on analysis using the linear piezoelectric constitutive equations including the full elastic anisotropy of a poled ceramic; 2) defines a new radial mode coupling factor kP , 3) relates kP to the standard k, ; 4) describes a measuring procedure that determines # and kP; and 5) applies these techniques to measurements of PLZT ceramics.
106 citations
105 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the catalytic performance of CO, C2H4, and Co3O4 supported on alumina and found that the specific catalytic activity over the CoAl2O4 powder is the highest among the various metal oxides previously studied.
101 citations
Patent•
07 Dec 1973TL;DR: A resilient bumper assembly comprising an outer cover, an inner energy absorbing member and a rigid backing member is described in this paper, where the front cover is made of an elastic material of low durometer and high elongation capability.
Abstract: A resilient bumper assembly comprising an outer cover, an inner energy absorbing member and a rigid backing member. The front cover is made of an elastic material of low durometer and high elongation capability. The inner energy absorbing member is made of an elastomeric material of a higher durometer. The energy absorbing member has a preformed bellows shape constructed to concentrate bending at predetermined locations.
TL;DR: In this article, a line shape analysis of the desorption spectra indicates that there are at least four surface states, α, β, α and β, each of which is composed of several substates.
01 Apr 1973
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of Al, Si, or Co upon the kinetics of grain boundary ferrite allotriomorph formation relative to those in Fe-C alloys of comparable carbon content were evaluated.
Abstract: The effects ofca. 3 at. pct of Al, Si, or Co upon the kinetics of grain boundary ferrite allotriomorph formation (and thus upon hardenability) relative to those in Fe-C alloys of comparable carbon content were evaluated. All three alloying elements displace the TTT curve for the initiation of transformation to shorter times at the higher reaction temperatures. Both aluminum and silicon increase the parabolic rate constant for allotriomorph thickening,α, relative to that in their counterpart Fe-C alloys; the influence of cobalt uponα, if any, is appreciably less. In the Fe-C-Al and Fe-C-Si alloys, thickening proceeds noticeably less rapidly than volume diffusion control (as assessed by Atkinson’s analysis of the growth of an oblate ellipsoid) allows. In the Fe-C-Co and Fe-C alloys, the average calculated and experimental α’s are in better agreement but, evidently as a result of the presence of dislocation facets at a broad face of allotriomorphs, some allotriomorphs actually thickened more rapidly than calculated. The substantial scatter inα in all alloys was also attributed to these facets. Indirect determinations indicated that all three elements increased the rate of nucleation of ferrite allotriomorphs.
Patent•
06 Dec 1973TL;DR: An electric machine stator is a type of stator where a printed circuit multilayer winding is arranged on a ferromagnetic carrier and a stator active zone is composed of a set of uniform stacks, each comprising a toothed section and printed circuit conductors mechanically coupled thereto.
Abstract: An electric machine stator, wherein a printed circuit multilayer winding is arranged on a ferromagnetic carrier and a stator active zone is composed of a set of uniform stacks, each comprising a toothed section and printed circuit conductors mechanically coupled thereto.
TL;DR: A mixture of purified muscle glycolytic enzymes was reconstituted and the mixture shown to behave in a fashion analogous to that occurring in vivo, and the relation of these values to measured concentrations of nucleotides and to phosphorylase a percentages in intact muscle is discussed.
Abstract: A mixture of purified muscle glycolytic enzymes was reconstituted and the mixture shown to behave in a fashion analogous to that occurring in vivo. Glycolysis leads to ATP production in muscle and results in the phosphorylation of creatine. The extent of this phosphorylation by anaerobic glycolysis was shown to depend to a small extent on the relative proportions of available P(i) and creatine initially, but more importantly on the first step in glycolysis, in this case the enzyme phosphorylase. With less than 0.1% of the phosphorylase in the a form, only about one-third of the creatine was phosphorylated in 30min, whereas with 4% or more of phosphorylase a, 90% of the creatine was phosphorylated within this time. Inclusion of an adenosine triphosphatase decreased the steady-state concentration of phosphocreatine in the system. Calculations of the theoretical concentrations of ADP and AMP showed that phosphorylase b was almost inactive even in the presence of 9mum-AMP, because of ATP inhibition. With phosphorylase a present, glycolysis was able to continue at least until the calculated concentration of MgADP(-) was only 7mum, and AMP in the sub-mumolar range. The relation of these values to measured concentrations of nucleotides and to phosphorylase a percentages in intact muscle is discussed.
Patent•
04 Apr 1973TL;DR: In this article, a composite beam for rendering side impact protection to a door of an automobile is presented, where the conventional outer skin or panel of the door is integrated as part of a beam; an inner corrugated panel is welded at opposite edges to the outer panel and the void therebetween is filled with foam in a manner to provide a surface to surface bond between the panels to complete said beam.
Abstract: A composite beam for rendering side impact protection to a door of an automobile. The conventional outer skin or panel of the door is integrated as part of a beam; an inner corrugated panel is welded at opposite edges to the outer panel and the void therebetween is filled with foam in a manner to provide a surface to surface bond between the panels to complete said beam.
01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties of lead zirconate titanate-titanate (PLZT) ceramics were investigated and it was shown that the phase equilibria in 65/35 PLZT depend strongly on the state of polarization.
Abstract: The interaction of structure with optical and electrical properties in lanthanum-doped lead zirconate-titanate (PLZT) ceramics is complex. An interpretation is presented which shows the critical dependence of structure and, hence, properties on the state of polarization, the temperature, and the La content. To explain the behavior of PLZT ceramics two new concepts are presented: polymorphism and penferroelectricity. Polymorphism occurs when either electrical or mechanical ordering fields generate a hybrid crystal structure in which an individual grain attains a crystal structure dependent on its orientation with respect to the field. Penferro-electricity refers to the condition in which material is noncubic and polar but with such a low spontaneous polarization that no domains exist. The justification for applying these concepts to PLZT rests on the existing structural, optical, and dielectric data supplemented by new X-ray evidence and new data on the temperature dependence of optical and electrical properties. Emphasis is placed on materials with 65/35 Zr/Ti ratio and 6 < X ≤ 8 where X is the atom % La substituted for Pb. Analysis of existing data disclosed 1) a lack of X-ray evidence for the morphotropic boundary predicted by average remanent birefrigence and planar coupling and 2) a discrepancy in the position of the phase transition located by the Curie point and by planar coupling coefficient. The new X-ray, optical insertion loss, dielectric and piezo-electric data show conclusively that the phase equilibria in 65/35 PLZT depend strongly on the state of polarization. In thermally annealed ceramics a state of penferroelectricity exists between the cubic paraelectric state and the rhombohedral ferroelectric state. Rhombohedral ferroelectric material with 6 < X < 8 transforms to polymorphic material with very strong ferroelectric properties during poling. Because of the large crystal distortions which accompany poling, the optical transmission in the poled state is much reduced. This behavior is the basis for many of the useful device applications of PLZT in this compositional range.
TL;DR: The results indicate that neither the histidine nor the hydroxylysine residues can be involved in covalent linkage with the aldol condensation product in the native fibre, suggesting that the proposed non-reduced aldimine form of Fraction C does not exist as an intermolecular cross-link in vivo.
Abstract: The present paper describes the isolation and identification of a major radioactive component of borotritide-reduced collagen, previously designated Fraction C. The derived structure for the compound confirms that it is identical with the `post-histidine' component described by Tanzer et al. (1973) and given the trivial name histidino-hydroxymerodesmosine. Detailed studies of the effects of acid pH on the formation of Fraction C after borohydride reduction demonstrated the apparent lability of the non-reduced form, thus confirming our previous findings (Bailey & Lister, 1968). Inhibition of the formation of this component by the acid treatment appears to be due to protonation of the histidine imidazole group. Since the only new component formed on reduction of the acid-treated fibres was the reduced aldol condensation product, these results indicate that neither the histidine nor the hydroxylysine residues can be involved in covalent linkage with the aldol condensation product in the native fibre. It is suggested therefore that the proposed non-reduced aldimine form of Fraction C does not exist as an intermolecular cross-link in vivo. Thus the presence of histidino-hydroxymerodesmosine as a tetrafunctional cross-link in reduced collagen fibres is a result of a base-catalysed reaction promoted by the borohydride-reduction procedure and this component must therefore be considered as an artifact.
Patent•
22 Mar 1973TL;DR: In this paper, a controlled collapse vehicle front end structure comprising a laterally corrugated loop was proposed. But the front end of the vehicle frame structure was not considered in this paper.
Abstract: A controlled collapse vehicle front end structure comprising a laterally corrugated loop means extending from the front end of the vehicle frame structure toward the dash panel. Upon a high speed frontal impact, the corrugations fold flat upon themselves providing longitudinal deformation with a constant load rate.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined x-ray diffraction for texture and orientation patterns as a function of the distance from the surface and of molding conditions, and identified at least three distinct layers in the surface region whose texture patterns differ and an isotropic core of the moldings.
Abstract: Injection-molded specimens of polypropylene were examined by x-ray diffraction for texture and orientation patterns as a function of the distance from the surface and of molding conditions. At least three distinct layers in the surface region whose texture patterns differ and an isotropic core of the moldings have been identified. These layers show preferred orientations; the axes of symmetry of the oriented textures lie in a plane passing through the direction of flow and perpendicular to the mold surface, but are inclined to the mold surface at a small angle. Some of these layers may be missing in conditions of either very high or very low shear during the injection-molding flow. A tentative explanation of the formation of the texture patterns is proposed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a model for calculating NO emissions for stratified charge engines in which the fuel is completely vaporized prior to combustion was developed. But the validity of the model is limited to single chamber geometry as it does not treat bulk gas motion typical of prechamber or divided chamber designs.
Abstract: A model is developed for calculating NO emissions for stratified charge engines in which the fuel is completely vaporized prior to combustion. The validity of the model is limited to single chamber geometry as it does not treat bulk gas motion typical of prechamber or divided chamber designs. The parameters of the model are fuel type, humidity of inlet air, overall equivalence ratio, stratification function, per cent EGR, intake manifold pressure, intake manifold temperature, compression ratio, piston connecting rod to crank radius ratio, RPM, and position and duration of combustion in the cycle. Stratification in which the first elements to burn are rich and the last elements to burn are lean is most effective relative to a uniform air-fuel mixture at overall air-fuel ratios near stoichiometric. Under these conditions almost all elements in the uniform charge are being “replaced” by elements of lesser NO-producing air-fuel ratios. On the overall rich side smaller reductions in NO level are possi...
TL;DR: In this article, the use of a system of two converters in conjunction with either of these instruments permits the analysis of a gas stream for NO, NO2, and NH3.
Abstract: Adaptation of available instruments to the analysis of NO2 and NH3 became important with the introduction of the Federal Constant Volume Sampling procedure for exhaust analysis in 1970. Two instruments, the NO optical detector (NOOD) and the non-dispersive infrared analyzer (ND1R), are both fast and accurate. The use of a system of two converters in conjunction with either of these instruments permits the analysis of a gas stream for NO, NO2, and NH3. NO is measured on the gas stream before conversion; NO2 is determined after the gas stream has passed over a C-Mo converter at 475°C; and NH3 is determined after the gas has been conducted over a C-Cu converter.
TL;DR: In this paper, a closed form solution for longitude and semimajor axis deviations in the neighborhood of a prespecified station is obtained for nearly synchronous satellites, which includes the important terms in Earth's zonal and tesseral harmonics as well as the luni-solar perturbations.
Abstract: A closed form solution, for longitude and semimajor axis deviations in the neighborhood of a prespecified station, is obtained for nearly synchronous satellites. The model use includes the important terms in Earth's zonal and tesseral harmonics as well as the luni-solar perturbations. The initial semimajor axis for two-maneuver east-west stationkeeping is then deduced. Due to the luni-solar effects, it is found that the initial semimajor axis deviation from synchronous orbit value is highly dependent on the initial position of the satellite relative to the Moon and the Sun. Verifications of the results by means of numerical integrations are also included.
TL;DR: In this article, a two-stage emulsion polymerization procedure has been developed and used to prepare relatively uniform populations of heterogeneous acrylic latex particles (HLP), which can be described as composite materials comprising a glassy continuous phase and a rubbery discrete phase.
Abstract: A two-stage emulsion polymerization procedure has been developed and used to prepare relatively uniform populations of heterogeneous acrylic latex particles (HLP). One class of particles (HLP1) can be described as composite materials comprising a glassy continuous phase and a rubbery discrete phase. Another class (HLP2) can be described (at high rubber content) as composite materials comprising a rubbery continuous phase and a glassy discrete phase. The phase structure of the HLP1 is sufficiently stable to allow fabrication of composites having a uniform spatial distribution of inclusions by direct compression molding. Although the observed particle structure of the HLP2 does not depend markedly on crosslinking, the phase structure and mechanical properties of compression moldings do. Crosslinking of the glassy stage appears to stabilize HLP2 phase structure during molding, while crosslinking of the rubbery stage favors phase inversion. The observed HLP2 particle structures and the morphology of molded HLP1 specimens are consistent with a shell-core model. It is found that the modulus and thermal expansion coefficient of many of these materials can be adequately described in terms of a simple theoretical model for the elastic and thermoelastic properties of particulate composites, provided that an interaction parameter interpreted as a maximum packing fraction is introduced.
01 May 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, the magnetic forces on a superconducting coil moving over an aluminum guideway are shown and the basic features of associated cryogenics are presented along with a discussion of the cryogenic refrigeration requirements.
Abstract: Baseline specifications for a magnetically suspended vehicle capable of 300 mi/h (483 km/h) operation are given. The magnetic forces (lift, drag, and lateral) on a superconducting coil moving over an aluminum guideway are shown. The basic features of the associated cryogenics are presented along with a discussion of the cryogenic refrigeration requirements. Vehicle dynamics and the resultant ride quality over roadbeds of various roughnesses are analyzed. Thrust requirements for the propulsion system are specified, and both the linear induction motor and the linear synchronous motor are considered. Several guideway configurations are suggested and the significant properties of each are noted.
TL;DR: In this paper, the failure of polystyrene in cyclic deformation has been examined and compared with the fracture mechanisms involved in simple tension, and the fatigue response can be divided into three discrete life ranges.
Abstract: The failure of polystyrene in cyclic deformation has been examined and compared with the fracture mechanisms involved in simple tension. The fatigue response can be divided into three discrete life ranges. In the short and intermediate life regions, fracture occurs by the processes of craze formation, craze growth, crack nucleation and crack propagation in a manner analogous to tensile failure. The primary influence of reversed straining is manifest as an acceleration of the crack formation stage of failure. In long life (low stress) fatigue, failure modes dissimilar to the documented craze breakdown pattern of crack nucleation are noted.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the surface cuprous ions chemisorb nitric oxide molecules very slowly, if at all, by the absence in Cu + (d 10 ) of an unpaired d -orbital required for the accomodation, upon chemisorption, of the antibonding electron of the NO molecule.
Patent•
26 Feb 1973TL;DR: In this article, an air-assist nozzle has an air inlet to the combustion manifold, and air which enters the chamber through the inlet mixes with the fuel discharged from the fuel injector producing an air fuel atomized mixture which is discharged from an orifice of the air-ASSist nozzle.
Abstract: Apparatus for the injection of fuel into the intake manifold of an internal combustion engine is described. The apparatus includes an air-assist nozzle that has a chamber formed in it that includes an orifice for the discharge of air-atomized fuel. A fuel injector has a fuel discharge port positioned within the chamber of the air-assist nozzle. The air-assist nozzle has an air inlet to the chamber, and air which enters the chamber through the inlet mixes with the fuel discharged from the fuel injector producing an air-fuel atomized mixture which is discharged from the orifice of the air-assist nozzle.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Young's modulus (E*) data on several types of heterogeneous acrylic polyblends prepared in this laboratory were analyzed and the dependence of the viscoelastic properties of particulate composites on phase morphology and composition was treated.
Abstract: The physical properties of heterogeneous polymer–polymer composites such as rubber-modified plastics depend not only on the properties of the constituent polymers, but also on structural characteristics such as phase geometry and morphology. The dependence of the viscoelastic properties of particulate composites on phase morphology and composition has been treated in a previous paper. This analysis is further modified and applied to dynamic Young's modulus (E*) data on several types of heterogeneous acrylic polyblends prepared in this laboratory. By taking into account interparticle interactions, copolymerization effects, and phase inversion, a nearly quantitative representation of E* is obtained. Deviations from calculated behavior can be explained by assuming more complicated models of phase structure and composition and by postulating higher-order and temperature-dependent interaction effects.