Showing papers by "Ford Motor Company published in 1976"

Light Emission from Inelastic Electron Tunneling

Abstract: We report the discovery of a new method for the generation of light. This technique yields a broad-band light source with a high frequency linear cutoff which is dependent only upon the applied voltage through the quantum relation $h{\ensuremath{ u}}_{\mathrm{co}}=|\mathrm{eV}|$. The light source consists of a metal-insulator-metal tunneling junction. The effect can be interpreted in terms of inelastic tunneling excitation of optically coupled surface plasmon modes.

Microwave antenna system

Abstract: An antenna for use in propagating or receiving microwave radiation having both left-hand and right-hand circular polarization. The left-hand and right-hand circularly polarized radiation may be transmitted or received simultaneously without interference with one another, that is, they are isolated from one another by 27 dB or more. The preferred antenna comprises an array of closely clustered waveguide elements each of which converts respective linearly polarized signals to left-hand and right-hand circularly polarized signals and vice versa. Isolation means also are provided in each of the waveguide elements for preventing radiation either propagated or received by a waveguide element from being coupled into the radiation being propagated or received by other waveguide elements in the array. Preferably, square waveguide is utilized for the array elements and the isolation is provided by a plurality of conductive elements mounted on each of the open ends of the waveguide elements. The cluster array of waveguide elements may include dummy elements, may be fed with electromagnetic signals having various phase and power differences to produce desired radiation transmission or reception patterns and may be used to illuminate a parabolic reflector having a secondary radiation pattern. A single waveguide element or an array of them may be used in communications satellites and the like or may be used in radar or other applications.

Surface alloying and heat treating processes

Abstract: A method is disclosed for increasing physical properties of a non-allotropic metal article along a beam affected zone. A preferred method comprises passing a high energy beam (of at least 10,000 watts/cm2 measured at the interface of the beam with the article across a predetermined surface area at a rate to cooperate with the proportioning of the total article mass with respect to the beam affected zone mass to produce a rapid self-quenching rate and thus assure a desired precipitate and/or intermetallic compound in the resolidification zone. The high energy beam is preferably a laser generated by a device having a power level of at least 500 watts. The method requires and facilitates alloying which may be varied in several respects: (a) alloying ingredients may be previously deposited over the beam affected zone so as to be turbulently mixed with melting of the base material in said zone, (b) alloying ingredients may be constituted as a wire and fed into the high energy beam to be contemporaneously melted with the base material, (c) the alloying ingredients are selected as those having an affinity to form intermetallic compounds with the non-alloptropic metal base, such as copper, manganese, chromium, zinc, cobalt, magnesium, molybdenum, titanium, vanadian, tungsten, zirconium, iron and nickel for an aluminum base and silicon as an independent wear resistance particle, and (d) the alloying ingredients are proportioned with respect to the thickness of the melted zone to render a desired alloy concentration after melting to facilitate greater hardness, greater corrosion resistance, or greater fatigue life of the affected surface region of the article.

Lattice dynamics of K 2 Pt(CN) 4 Br 0.3 .3.2 D 2 O (KCP) studied by inelastic neutron scattering

Abstract: The lattice-dynamical properties of the "quasi-one-dimensional conductor" ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$Pt${(\mathrm{CN})}_{4}$${\mathrm{Br}}_{0.3}$.3.2 ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O (KCP) has been studied by neutron inelastic scattering at temperatures between 20 and 240 K with special attention to the relation to the partial three-dimensional ordering at $T\ensuremath{\approx}100$ K. We have investigated the general lattice dynamics by measuring the acoustic-phonon dispersion relations. Secondly, extensive measurements have been carried out to clarify the nature of the excitations in the vicinity of the $2{k}_{F}$ anomaly, which are restricted to extremely narrow wave-vector regions. In these regions we present normalized intensity contours, which may be directly compared with theoretical calculations. At all temperatures below 160 K we find a maximum in the scattering at the $2{k}_{F}$ anomaly with an energy of 2.5 meV, as has recently been found by Com\`es et al. At lower temperatures the inelastic scattering becomes well separated in energy from the elastic scattering, signifying a phonon gap. We find it plausible to ascribe the apparent disappearance of this gap at higher temperatures to phonon lifetime effects, leading to the conclusion that the phonon frequency does not, at any temperature, condense to $\ensuremath{\omega}=0$. At all temperatures, we find the scattering in the $2{k}_{F}$ anomaly to be connected with the regular phonons. Furthermore, the inelastic scattering intensities at the $2{k}_{F}$ anomaly is found to vary slowly with the wave-vector component perpendicular to the Pt chains and does not seen to reflect the buildup of the transverse, static correlations at lower temperatures. Our results extend previous neutron inelastic studies in several ways, and are found to be in fair agreement with the recent infrared (ir) and Raman scattering data.

Laboratory Evaluation of Three-Way Catalysts

Abstract: A comprehensive laboratory evaluation was carried out on recent three-way catalyst formulations. The evaluation of selectivity characteristics was made in a synthetic exhaust mixture where "window" widths and positions for three-way conversion and their change after durability runs were determined. A thorough evaluation of the "oxygen- storage" capability of the catalysts was performed and the results correlated with engine dynamometer experiments. The implications of the Chanical formation of the catalysts in the overall design of the system, which includes fuel metering and feedback control along with the catalyst, are discussed. /GMRL/

Electostatic edge modes of a dielectric wedge

Abstract: The calculation of the electrostatic edge modes of a dielectric wedge by Dobrzynski and Maradudin is reconsidered. It is shown that the electric fields are singular and the field energy is infinite near the edge. Rounding the edge by taking the boundary to be a hyperbolic cylinder removes the singularity, but changes the spectrum from continuous and independent of $q$ (where $\ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{\propto}{e}^{\mathrm{iqz}}$ to discrete and dependent upon $q$. For the rounded edge these modes possess an orthogonality property convenient for calculating the response of the dielectric to an external charge.

Chemistry of the collagen cross-links. Nature of the cross-links in the polymorphic forms of dermal collagen during development.

Abstract: Both the type I and type III collagens present in embryonic dermis are stabilized by the intermolecular cross-link, hydroxylysino-5-oxonorleucine, derived from hydroxylysine-aldehyde, although the type I collagen possesses a significant proportion of dehydrohydroxylysinonorleucine. However, concurrent with the change in the proportion of the two types of collagen during postnatal development there is a change-over with both type I and III collagens to the labile cross-link, dehydrohydroxylysinonorleucine, derived from lysine aldehyde. The results indicate that the change in the nature of the cross-link with development is determined primarily by the change in the extent of hydroxylation of the lysine residues in the terminal non-helical regions rather than being due to the change in the type of collagen.

Second and third harmonics of the spin density wave in chromium metal

Abstract: Neutron-diffraction measurements with a single crystal of chromium in an approximately single-Q state have revealed the existence of a satellite reflection at three times the wave vector (vector Q) of the spin density wave (SDW). This 3Q harmonic is itself an SDW with a polarization identical to that of the primary SDW and an amplitude vector M/sub 3Q/ which is (1.65 +- 0.05) x 10/sup -2/ times the amplitude vector M/sub 1Q/ of the primary SDW at 200/sup 0/K. The amplitude parallel vector M/sub 3Q/ parallel is found to be proportional to parallel vector M/sub 1Q/parallel/sup 3/ for temperatures close to the Neel point; for temperatures below about 220/sup 0/K there is a tendency for parallel vector M/sub 3Q/parallel to approach a staturated value. This behavior is contrasted with that of the recently discovered 2Q harmonic whose amplitude vector A/sub 2Q/ is found to be proportional to parallel vector M/sub 1Q/parallel/sup 2/ even at low temperatures. (auth)

Satellite attitude acquisition by momentum transfer

Abstract: Transition between spin-stabilized orbit injection and three-axis control mode may be achieved by simple momentum transfer from the satellite to a momentum wheel This open-loop process provides both despin and spacecraft reorientation A time simulation of the maneuver, illustrated by means of a computer-animated motion picture, reveals an extremely complex motion However, key features may be explained in a quasistatic fashion using geometrical interpretation of energy and momentum laws An evolution equation is presented to help design wheel-torquing strategies

Multiple stage expansion valve for an automotive air conditioning system

Abstract: A multiple stage expansion valve for use in an air conditioning system for an automotive vehicle including multiple stage flow control orifices located between a refrigerant condenser and a refrigerant evaporator, the high pressure side of the refrigerant gas compressor being in fluid communication with the inlet side of the condenser, the low pressure side of the compressor being connected to the outlet side of the evaporator through a suction throttling valve device, said expansion device comprising multiple stage orifice valves defined in part by a movable piston that responds to the pressure differential across the expansion device to establish optimum refrigerant flow through the air conditioning system during operation at high load, for establishing a relatively high fluid flow restriction during operation at low and moderate loads, and for establishing a moderate fluid flow restriction during operation at high loads and low compressor speeds.

PERFORMANCE AND NOx EMISSIONS MODELING OF A JET IGNITION PRECHAMBER STRATIFIED CHARGE ENGINE.

Abstract: The development of a cycle simulation model for the jet ignition prechamber stratified charge engine is described. Given the engine geometry, load, speed, air-fuel ratios and pressures and temperatures in the two intakes, flow ratio and a suitable combustion model, the cycle simulation predicts engine indicated efficiency and NO emissions. The relative importance of the parameters required to define the combustion model are then determined, and values for ignition delay and burn angle are obtained by matching predicted and measured pressure-time curves. The variation in combustion parameters with engine operating variables is then examined. Predicted and measured NO emissions are compared, and found to be in reasonable agreement over a wide range of engine operation. The relative contribution of the prechamber NO to total exhaust NO is then examined, and in the absence of EGR, found to be the major source of NO for overall air-fuel ratios leaner than 22:1.

Heat treatment for ball bearing steel to improve resistance to rolling contact fatigue

Abstract: A method (and resulting product) for preparing bearing components is disclosed. Utilizing a low alloy steel shape containing carbon in the range of 0.6-1.5% and containing alloying ingredients in the range of 1-2% selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu and Mo (and preferably the ingredients of SAE 52100 steel), the steel shape is subjected sequentially to a spheroidizing-anneal heat treatment, a rough forming treatment, and a hardening-heat treatment. Immediately prior to the hardening-heat treatment, a fine bainitic or preferably pearlitic microstructure is established having relatively thin carbide films at prior austenite grain boundaries. Austenitizing of said pearlitic or bainitic microstructure is carried out at a temperature in the range of 1625°-1675° F for a period of time preferably between 15 seconds and one-half hour, but operationally for a period of time as short as 5 seconds and as long as 1 hour.

Circuit for controlling the operability of one or more cylinders of a multicylinder internal combustion engine

Abstract: Circuit for controlling the operability of one or more cylinders of a multicylinder internal combustion engine having electrically controllable means associated with it for preventing combustion from occurring in at least one cylinder of the engine. Preferably, the electrically controllable means for preventing combustion in a cylinder comprises a solenoid and associated mechanical means for preventing opening of the intake and exhaust valves for such cylinder to be thus disabled. Maintaining the intake and exhaust valves in a closed condition prevents the intake of an air-fuel mixture and permits compression and expansion, in a spring-like manner, of gases trapped within the combustion chamber. Electrical circuit means are provided for sensing a plurality of conditions of operation of the engine and logic circuit means, responsive to the sensing circuit means, are provided for controlling the actuation of the means for preventing combustion from occurring in the cylinder or cylinders selected for disablement.

Relative reactivities of HO-hydrocarbon reactions from smog reactor studies

Abstract: Rates of consumption of various hydrocarbons were measured in mixtures with NOx at ppm levels in air and He/O2 atmospheres using a smog reactor. The relative rates obtained from this study agree well both with the HO‐hydrocarbon rate constants and the smog reactivities. The fact that the hydroxyl radical is the major species responsible for hydrocarbon removal under these experimental conditions is verified further. Based on this study, the HO concentration has been estimated to range from 8 × 10 to 1.3 × 10 molecules cm‐3. A possible source of HO formation in smog chamber studies is discussed.

Intensity and pressure dependence of resonance fluorescence of OH induced by a tunable UV laser

Abstract: The intensity and pressure dependence of the fluorescence spectrum of OH in the presence of N2 and H2O molecules was studied. Saturation of the absorption transition was observed at low pressures, and the corresponding fluorescence signal was found to vary as the square root of the exciting intensity. This observed dependence agreed with the predicted dependence which took into account the presence of laser modes in the spectrum of the exciting radiation. With full laser power incident, a saturation parameter as high as 3 x 10 to the 5th was observed. The fluorescence spectrum was found to peak at 3145 and at 3090 A, with the relative peak intensities dependent upon gas pressures and upon the particular rotational electronic transition used for excitation. It is concluded that vibrational relaxation of the electronically excited OH due to water vapor in the system plays a dominant role in determining the observed fluorescence spectrum.

Infrared gas-filter correlation instrument for in situ measurement of gaseous pollutant concentrations.

Abstract: An ir analyzer employing gas-filter correlation techniques has been designed and constructed to measure the concentrations of CO, NO, SO(2), HCl, and HF in the stacks or ducts of stationary pollutant sources. Use of a retroreflector allows the stack to be double passed, and no sample is extracted. For each gas, small interchangeable fixed-position grating polychromators are used as narrow (~1.5-cm(-1)) multiband spectral filters with the bands corresponding to locations of selected absorption lines. The approximate useful ranges (in parts per million-meters) over which this analyzer operates are 10-4000 for NO, 10-1500 for CO, 50-40,000 for SO(2), 10-2000 for HC1, and 5-200 for HF. The discrimination against other gases and particulates is excellent. The analyzer has been tested in the laboratory and on a variety of pollutant sources.

Automated machinery to clean debris from roadside ditches, collect it and then transport the debris to a major collecting area for disposing

Abstract: A vehicle, such as a self dumping dirt truck or a trailer, is equipped with a powered assembly of components to automatically clean debris from roadside ditches or irrigation ditches, preferably powered by the truck engine, a tractor engine, or an auxiliary engine, which in turn drives a hydraulic pump of a hydraulic system powering several hydraulic motors. The debris, dirt, gravel, and weeds, are loosened and collected from the ditches alongside a road and then conveyed to a dirt collecting chamber of the trailer or truck. At times if the debris is not objectionable it may be discharged back near the roadbank but removed from the ditch area. This powered assembly of components comprises: a leading powered auger for rotary and advancing movement in a ditch; a powered cleaner conveyor selectively positioned and operating just behind the auger, which it supports, to convey collected debris up and out of the ditch; a powered bucket elevator to continue conveying the collected debris to a higher elevation on the trailer or truck; a powered belt conveyor to move the collected debris from the bucket elevator to the dirt collecting chamber of the trailer or dirt truck, and an interrelated hydraulic drive system using a hydraulic pump and hydraulic motors, powered by the main engine of the dirt truck or tractor, or the auxiliary engine of a trailer. The powered assembly of the ditch cleaning components is adjustably mounted on the vehicle to be transversely or laterally moved relative to the truck to reach ditches located at different distances from a roadside. Also for legal highway travel, i.e., 8 feet wide, these ditch cleaning components are adjustable into such non-use legal width positions.

Vehicle roof with a movable panel

Abstract: A vehicle roof having a movable panel arranged in a framed roof aperture, the rear edge of the panel being deployable outwardly and facility being provided for the complete detachment of the panel from the roof frame. The front or leading edge of the panel is attached to the roof frame through two detachable hinge components and the rear edge is attached through a detachable deploying mechanism.

Compound regenerative engine

Abstract: An Ericsson-Stirling type engine is disclosed having a semi-open regenerative working fluid system employing intermittent internal combustion. The regenerator is modified to act also as a catalytic combustor and is located at the terminal end of the unswept clearance volume most adjacent the high temperature chamber or hot swept space. The clearance volume is reduced and engine efficiency increased by (a) elimination of any leak path around the regenerator (b) positive exhaust purging, and (c) lower peak combustion temperature.

Relation between Base Oil Composition and Oxidation Stability at Increased Temperatures

Abstract: The sources of crude oil have become more uncertain, therefore, the quality of base oils may fluctuate. The authors have been studying the effects of base oil composition changes on oxidative stability. The long range goal is to develop a laboratory procedure to predict changes in Automatic Transmission Fluid performance with variation in base stock composition. In this initial study, the compositions often commercially available base oils, plus ten mixtures made from them, have been characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy and their high temperature (180 C) oxidation rates determined. The relative oxidation stability, as measured in a glassware oxidation test without catalyst, was found to be most sensitive to the sulfur and aromatic content of the base oils. A correlation between composition parameters and oxidation rate has been derived. Presented at the 30th Annual Meeting in Atlanta, Georgia, May 5–8, 1975