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Showing papers by "Ford Motor Company published in 1980"



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a turbulent flame propagation model that is dependent on the structure of the turbulent flow field is formulated and applied to combustion in a spark-ignition engine, where combustion is assumed to proceed in a laminar fashion across the microscale.

209 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Thirty people with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis received laser exposure to a Q‐switch neodymium laser that operated at 1.06 μm with an output of 1 5 joules/cm2 for 30 nsec, and patients noted improvement of both their MCP and PIP joints of both hands during laser therapy.
Abstract: Thirty people with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis received laser exposure to a Q-switch neodymium laser that operated at 1.06 micrometer with an output of 15 joules/cm2 for 30 nsec. One hand was lased at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and metacarpal phalangeal (MCP) joints, whereas the other hand was sham lased. The patient, physician, and occupational therapy evaluators did not know which hand was being lased. Twenty-one patients noted improvement of both their MCP and PIP joints of both hands during laser therapy. Twenty-seven noted improvement of their PIP joints and 26 noted improvement of the MCP joints during therapy. Heat, erythema, pain, swelling, and tenderness all improved with time in both hands, but the lased hand had more significant improvement in erythema and pain. There was also significant improvement in grasp and tip pressure on the lased side. The level of circulating immune complexes as measured by platelet aggregation decreased during lasing. The improvement may be related to laser exposure. The exact role that laser radiation has upon rheumatoid arthritis and its mechanism of action remain to be elucidated.

160 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The room temperature chemisorption of CO and NO on Rh(110) has been studied by means of photoelectron spectroscopy, LEED, and temperature programmed desorption.

136 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
03 Apr 1980-Nature
TL;DR: Findings have cast doubts on the interpretation that the extensive connective tissue proliferation characteristic of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and also seen in limb-girdle, Becker and congenital dystrophies, is simply due to a compensatory replacement of the wasting muscle, and propose a more positive role for collagen.
Abstract: The extensive proliferation of connective tissue in muscular dystrophy caused Duchenne1 to term it ‘paralysie myosclerosique’. Surprisingly, there has been little interest in the pathogenesis of this marked fibrosis or of the fat replacement in dystrophic muscle. The fibrosis has generally been considered secondary, with various hypotheses2 to explain the fundamental cause of muscular dystrophy. Several authors have commented on the increased endomysial stroma early in the disease before any apparent muscle degeration3,4 and have suggested that there might be an aberration in the production of connective tissue in muscular dystrophy and that the thickening pericellular reticulum would adversely affect muscle nutrition5,6. lonasescu and his collaborators found an over-production of connective tissue with a concomitant decrease in muscle protein synthesis both by polyribosomes from skeletal muscle and by tissue culture of muscle tissue and skin fibroblasts from patients suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy7–9. Thomson et al.10 have observed in tissue culture that dissociated muscle from patients with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy will form unusual clusters of ‘sticky’ cells, which they suggested may reflect an abnormal collagen production. These findings have cast doubts on the interpretation that the extensive connective tissue proliferation characteristic of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and also seen in limb-girdle, Becker and congenital dystrophies, is simply due to a compensatory replacement of the wasting muscle11 but infers a more primary role for the connective tissue collagen. Only recently has the role of connective tissue in developing muscle come to be appreciated12–14. Moreover, immunofluorescent techniques14–16, now allow investigation of the various types of collagen present in skeletal muscle. We report here on the localisation and change in proportion of collagen types I, III, IV and V in muscle from patients with various forms of neuromuscular disease, and propose a more positive role for collagen.

133 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered the heterogeneous nucleation of martensite at a dislocation using an elasticity model, where the dislocation is allowed to have an arbitrary Burgers vector representing, in an approximate manner, the stress field of a pile-up.

128 citations


Book ChapterDOI
Robert Gardon1

127 citations


Patent
20 Nov 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a method and apparatus for testing batteries in which a diagnostic cycle includes a discharge cycle and a charge cycle of five charging pulses and another discharge cycle, and the discharge cycle durations are respectively one and twenty seconds.
Abstract: This specification discloses a method and apparatus for testing batteries in which a diagnostic cycle includes a discharge cycle and a charge cycle of five charging pulses and another discharge cycle. The discharge cycle durations are respectively one and twenty seconds. A typical duration for the charge cycle is 80 milliseconds. A plurality of voltages measured during this diagnostic cycle are used to evaluate five arithmetic functions. The results of the evaluation of three of the functions are compared against predetermined limits to determine battery quality. Additionally, the results of the evaluation of the remaining two functions are compared with one another to establish whether or not the battery is defective. This test provides a substantial advantage over prior art tests in that the test is substantially independent of battery temperature and battery size.

114 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of three washcoat materials (gamma, alpha, and ZrO/sub 2 ) on the CO chemisorption capacity, thermostability, and catalytic activity for the H/sub-2/-NO reaction of Rh on a monolithic support was compared.

108 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The increase of type III collagen and the presence of myofibroblasts in the apparently unaffected ap oneurosis show that Dupuytren's disease is widespread and suggest that it is initiated within the aponeurosis and propagated by the cells migrating along the collagen bundles.
Abstract: . When compared to age-matched control aponeurosis, lesions of Dupuytren's disease contain higher contents of water, collagen and chondroitin-sulphate, as well as increased proportions of soluble collagen and of reducible cross-links; these indicate synthesis of new collagen. The lesions show also increased amounts of type III collagen and an increased hydroxylation and glycosylation of the reducible cross-links. All these parameters are characteristic of granulation and scar tissues. Type III collagen was located by means of immunofluorescence on thin argyrophilic fibres and also within the large fibre bundles which appeared to be disrupted into microbun-dles. The increase of type III collagen and the presence of myofibroblasts in the apparently unaffected aponeurosis show that the disease is widespread and suggest that it is initiated within the aponeurosis and propagated by the cells migrating along the collagen bundles.

103 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of the four-stroke S.I. engine cycle is developed which predicts fuel consumption, NOx and HC emissions as a function of engine design and operating conditions.
Abstract: A model of the four-stroke S.I. engine cycle has been developed which predicts fuel consumption, NOx and HC emissions as a function of engine design and operating conditions. The model is primarily thermodynamic in nature containing no formal spatial dependence. The major new features of the model are: first, a treatment of heat transfer which confines heat losses to a boundary layer region surrounding a central adiabatic core; second, an integral boundary-layer analysis of in-cylinder burnup of quenched hydrocarbons; and third, a calculation of exhaust port HC oxidation which considers the temperature history of each element of gas leaving the cylinder. The main adjustable parameters of the model relate to the rate of heat transfer and the ratio of the two-plate quench to the single-wall thickness. An extensive comparison of model predictions with experimental CFR engine data is presented. The results show excellent agreement between predicted and experimental fuel consumption and NOx emissions....

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Glucose and pH are both important factors in controlling the relative amounts of end-products, low glucose and near neutral pH favouring fatty acid formation, high glucose and lower pH values favouring acetoin formation.
Abstract: Acetoin and acetic, isobutyric and isovaleric acids are major end-products, and important components of the spoilage odours, of Brochothrix thermosphacta growing aerobically on meat surfaces or in tryptone-based medium containing glucose, ribose or glycerol. Acetoin and acetic acid are probably derived entirely from the carbohydrates and isobutyric and isovaleric acids from valine and leucine respectively. Glucose and pH are both important factors in controlling the relative amounts of end-products, low glucose and near neutral pH favouring fatty acid formation, high glucose and lower pH values favouring acetoin formation.


Journal ArticleDOI
27 Nov 1980-Nature
TL;DR: It is argued here that until other characteristic parameters are taken into account, in particular the chemical cross-linking evidence, the packing problem is still unresolved.
Abstract: The nature of the precise packing of collagen molecules into a collagen fibril, producing the characteristic regular banding, is still debatable. The problem has been approached using electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques, and several models have been proposed, including hexagonal packing, an octafibril structure, a two-strand rope and a five-strand rope (for review, see ref. 1). For the past decade the pentafibrillar model, originally proposed by Smith, has been widely accepted as the fundamental building unit. This model, based on the quarter-stagger end-overlap hypothesis of Hodge and Petruska, was supported by the X-ray diffraction data of Miller and Wray. These X-ray data have now been reinterpreted by Hulmes and Miller in terms of a quasi-hexagonal packing of collagen molecules. We argue here that until other characteristic parameters are taken into account, in particular the chemical cross-linking evidence, the packing problem is still unresolved.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental study is described in which atmospheric aerosol measurements at Allegheny Mountain in southwestern Pennsylvania were used to search for interrelationships of SO/sub 4/(-), percentage SO sub 2/-SO sub 4/(-) conversion, meteorological properties, rainfall, visibility, light scattering, SO/ sub 2/, aerosol mass, H(+), NO/sub 3/, various trace elements, and rainfall H(+) and SO sub 4/
Abstract: An experimental study is described in which atmospheric aerosol measurements at Allegheny Mountain in southwestern Pennsylvania were used to search for interrelationships of SO/sub 4/(-), percentage SO/sub 2/-SO/sub 4/(-) conversion, meteorological properties, rainfall, visibility, light scattering, SO/sub 2/, aerosol mass, H(+), NO/sub 3/, various trace elements, and rainfall H(+) and SO/sub 4/(-). The selected woodland location is in the area of maximum SO/sub 4/(-) concentration in the northestern U.S. The results obtained show that aerosol H(+) and SO/sub 4/(-) were uniquely correlated with each other and with light scattering, that the light scattering was entirely attributable to SO/sub 4/(-), and that SO/sub 2/ is evidently not related to any other parameter. It is concluded that the SO/sub 4/(-) at Allegheny Mountain stemmed from transport, with or without SO/sub 2/ oxidation, from westward nonurban sources of some kind that were sources of very little else in the aerosol.

Patent
01 Oct 1980
TL;DR: An ignition system for a stratified charge internal combustion engine is described in this paper, where the engine has at least one combustion chamber and a fuel injection means effective to inject fuel in a conical spray pattern into a predetermined zone of the combustion chamber for establishing a stratification charge.
Abstract: An ignition system for a stratified charge internal combustion engine is disclosed. The engine has at least one combustion chamber and a fuel injection means effective to inject fuel in a conical spray pattern into a predetermined zone of the combustion chamber for establishing a stratified charge. The system has walls dening a plasma ionizing chamber with an outlet orifice, electrical discharge means to apply an electrical charge across the plasma ionizing chamber causing the contents thereof to be shock heated to an ionized condition and released through the outlet orifice as a jet, and means interrupting the outlet orifice to form said plasma jet into a hollow cone and to direct the conical jet into the zone of the injected fuel.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Feb 1980
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the combustion and gasification characteristics of diesel exhaust from samples collected from Opel, VW Rabbit and Oldsmobile diesel engines, and found that reliable completion of soot combustion after ignition depends largely on oxygen pressure and soot bulk density.
Abstract: Combustion and gasification characteristics of deposits from diesel exhaust were investigated from samples collected from Opel, VW Rabbit and Oldsmobile diesel engines. Properties which may influence soot reactivity such as morphology, specific surface area, organic adsorbate, and occlusions of inorganic origin were characterized. Effects of temperature, oxygen pressure, and stepwise combustion on reactivity were also determined. Ignition and combustion kinetics of various soot deposits were measured gravimetrically, and requirements for fast soot oxidation in the presence of exhaust gas were assessed. It was found that reliable completion of soot combustion after ignition depends largely on oxygen pressure and soot bulk density. Ignition temperature can be lowered by suitable catalysts. Organic molecules, adsorbed on the soot surface, may also have an important influence on soot deposit ignition. Results confirm that partial combustion products suspended in exhaust gas are not oxidized significantly under conditions prevailing in diesel exhaust.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the enhanced Raman scattering from a molecule adsorbed on a metal surface is calculated by use of classical electrodynamics, and the metal response function is modeled with a local interband term plus a nonlocal free-electron term.
Abstract: The enhanced Raman scattering from a molecule adsorbed on a metal surface is calculated by use of classical electrodynamics. The metal response function is modeled with a local interband term plus a nonlocal free-electron term. The important effects are the image enhancement of the effective dipole and the roughness coupling of the near fields of the dipole and its image. These combine to give estimated gains \ensuremath{\approx} ${10}^{6}$.

Patent
27 May 1980
TL;DR: In this article, a connector for coupling to the edge of a printed circuit board is described, which contains terminals which are staggered in the direction of insertion of the board into the connector, such staggering reduces the peak magnitude of the insertion force.
Abstract: This specification discloses a connector for coupling to the edge of a printed circuit board. The connector contains terminals which are staggered in the direction of insertion of the printed circuit board into the connector. Such staggering reduces the peak magnitude of the insertion force. A securing spacer in the connector prevents undesired motion by the terminal and prevents partial insertion of the terminal into the connector.

Patent
29 Dec 1980
TL;DR: An end cap for a tubular container having a deep drawn flanged cup adapted to receive an igniter device for igniting the explosive contents of the container, such as the propellant for generating gas for expanding an air bag in a vehicle passenger restraint system as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An end cap for a tubular container having a deep drawn flanged cup adapted to receive an igniter device for igniting the explosive contents of the container, such as the propellant for generating gas for expanding an air bag in a vehicle passenger restraint system. The cup has in its bottom wall, a centrally located aperture normally sealed by a composite laminate of plastic film and metal foil that is rupturable by the signal from the igniter device. A plastic annulus interposed between the igniter device and laminate protects the latter against frictional erosion by rubbing action of the igniter device through environmental vibrations transmitted to the propellant container.

Patent
Laszlo Hideg1
26 Sep 1980
TL;DR: In this article, an improved fuel metering system was proposed for spark ignition and internal combustion engines controlled by digital computers programed to calculate repetitively a value representing a current transfer rate of the intake surface fuel and the calculated value being used to modify the rate at which fuel otherwise would be metered into the engine's intake passage.
Abstract: Applicant's invention includes an improved fuel metering system which is particularly suitable for use with spark ignition and internal combustion engines controlled by digital computers programed to calculate repetitively a value representing a current transfer rate of the intake surface fuel and the calculated value being used to modify the rate at which fuel otherwise would be metered into the engine's intake passage. In particular, modification of the rate at which fuel is metered into the engine's intake passage takes into account the current equilibrium intake surface fuel quantity, the current intake system time constant, and the current actual intake surface fuel. From these quantities the current trend for rate of intake surface fuel is calculated. In a calculation of the current actual intake surface fuel, a previous value of the actual intake surface fuel is used in combination with a previous value of the transfer rate of intake surface fuel. Additionally, a clock is used to establish a time span.

Patent
03 Mar 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a device to determine the percentage of oxygen in an ambient atmosphere by measuring the change in oxygen partial pressure in the volume relative to the ambient air.
Abstract: This specification discloses a device to determine the percentage of oxygen in an ambient atmosphere. The device, which is immersed in the atmosphere, is constructed to define an enclosed volume in which the atmosphere can be established by means of a small leak. The enclosing structure contains two partitions which can conduct oxygen ions and act as electrochemical cells. One partition is called the pump cell while the other is called the sensor cell. When attached to an external power supply, the current (I p ) drawn through the pump cell either adds or removes (from or to the ambient) gaseous oxygen from the volume. As a result of the pumping action, an EMF (V S ) develops across the sensor cell which can be used to measure the change in oxygen partial pressure in the volume relative to the ambient. If an external circuit causes adequate current to flow in the pump cell to keep the sensor EMF at a constant value, then the magnitude of the current is linearly proportional to the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors calculate renormalized bands by modifying the results of one-electron band theory using a convenient, physically motivated approximation to the self energy, and the position and intensity of the two-hole XPS satellite are found to be approximately correct.

Patent
29 May 1980
TL;DR: In this article, a method and apparatus for measuring contaminants in aqueous humor without rupturing an examined eye is described, which includes a laser which projects a light beam through a gonioscopic lens into the aiqueous humor of the examined eye, with a portion of the scattered light being reflected by the lens to an analyzing system.
Abstract: Method and apparatus are disclosed for measuring contaminants in aqueous humor without rupturing an examined eye. The apparatus includes a laser which projects a light beam through a gonioscopic lens into the aqueous humor of the examined eye. The light is scattered in the humor with a portion of the scattered light being reflected by the gonioscopic lens to an analyzing system. The system measures the diffusion constant of any contaminant in the aqueous humor and, by comparing the diffusion constant to a set of known diffusion constants, determines the composition of the macromolecules or the cells of the contaminant.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Auger electron yield from the deexcitation of L 2,3 core holes of Cu is determined, in the approximation of isotropic emission, from the integral of the characteristic (elastic) Auger emission.

Patent
16 Jul 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, a fully distributed computing system consisting of several processors, each having an arbitrarily long unique logical address, is considered, where a pan-processor control line and a resolution member within each processor, awards bus access to that competing processor having the lowest logical address.
Abstract: A fully distributed computing system comprises several processors, each having an arbitrarily long unique logical address. A bidirectional bus connects each of the processors and is used for communicating information between and among processors, and for resolving requests from a competing set of processors desiring access to the bus for subsequent communication with another processor. Resolving apparatus, comprising pan-processor control lines and a resolution member within each processor, awards bus access to that competing processor having the lowest logical address. All control lines within the resolving apparatus are bidirectional; as a result, the system "fails soft," i.e., there is no single point of failure in the system; one of the processors can fail without disrupting the operation of the remainder of the system. Each processor's resolution member comprises one or more resolve elements, which can be single-bit, dual-bit, or multi-bit resolve elements. As an example, a single-bit resolve element is a circuit for determining whether a binary test bit representing one bit position of the logical address for that processor is at least as low as the lowest bit from a set of other bits representing the same bit position of the logical address of each of the other competing processors. For resolve elements other than single-bit, binary addresses are converted into unitary representation, thus removing ambiguities from the system, enabling the instantaneous identification of all active addresses on the bus, and the unambiguous detection of the identity of a failed processor of the competing processors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the FTIR method was used for photolysis of mixtures typically containing Cl2 and the chlorinated methanes at 1 torr each in 700 torr air, and the results obtained from product analysis were in general agreement with those reported by Sanhueza and Heicklen.
Abstract: The Cl atom-initiated oxidation of CH2Cl2 and CH3Cl was studied using the FTIR method in the photolysis of mixtures typically containing Cl2 and the chlorinated methanes at 1 torr each in 700 torr air. The results obtained from product analysis were in general agreement with those reported by Sanhueza and Heicklen. The relative rate constant for the Cl atom reactions of CH2Cl2 and CH3Cl was determined to be k(Cl +CH3Cl)/k(Cl + CH2Cl2) = 1.31 ± 0.14 (2σ) at 298 ± 2 K.

Patent
13 Nov 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of making a die cast aluminum based engine block with a closed deck is described, where a core assembly having at least one water soluble alkaline metal salt core member is stationed on a bore die of a die casting assembly for the block.
Abstract: A method of making a die cast aluminum based engine block with a closed deck is disclosed. A core assembly having at least one water soluble alkaline metal salt core member is stationed on a bore die of a die casting assembly for the block. The core assembly also preferably comprises an iron cylindrical liner centered within the salt core member by an aluminum mesh collar which dissolves in the cast metal during high pressure aluminum die casting. The salt core member is fabricated by die casting under pressure and heat to form a shaped body which, as a core, cooperated to define a substantially closed chamber to serve as the water jacket for the block. The salt core member is removed from the cast block by water dissolution admitted through small port openings in the closed deck block to form a brine, which brine is then washed out of such port openings.


Patent
30 May 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, a solar converter is described, which has particular applicability at the focal point of a parabolic concentrator, and the converter absorbs solar thermal radiation in a cavity type receiver and transports the heat via a secondary fluid to a heat exchanger which contains a primary (i.e., working) fluid used for process heating or to power a heat engine employing either Stirling, Rankine, or Brayton thermodynamic cycles.
Abstract: A solar converter is disclosed which has particular applicability at the focal point of a parabolic concentrator. The converter absorbs solar thermal radiation in a cavity type receiver and transports the heat via a secondary fluid to a heat exchanger which contains a primary (i.e., working) fluid used for process heating or to power a heat engine employing either Stirling, Rankine, or Brayton thermodynamic cycles. The secondary fluid is boiled within the receiver by the trapped solar radiation and the released vapor rises along an elevated path to the heat exchanger. The vapor condenses on the surfaces of the heat exchanger, thereby transferring heat to the engine working fluid. The condensed liquid then flows by means of gravity back to the solar receiver. The walls of the cavity receiver are typically comprised of two concentric cylinders joined at one end in a half toroid and at the other end in concentric half spheres. Optimum primary and secondary fluids, which may be different from each other and are different for different applications, are described.