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Showing papers by "Ford Motor Company published in 1981"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a one-dimensional model of bulk flow in a combined micropore/macropore system is presented, which has been developed as a result of the experimental work described in Part I.
Abstract: Summary This paper presents a one-dimensional model of bulk flow in a combined micropore/macropore system, which has been developed as a result of the experimental work described in Part I. The problems posed by the presence of macropores to model development and validation are discussed and one exploratory model formulation is described. The results of several simulations are presented and used to demonstrate the effect of macropores on infiltration rates in soils of different hydraulic conductivity.

250 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a method is proposed by which the volume of the macropore system and its effect on the infiltration capacity can be estimated using a soil water potential concept, and two large and undisturbed soil samples were investigated, and the volumes of macropores were 0.01 and 0.045 of the sample volumes, respectively.
Abstract: Summary A method is proposed by which the volume of the macropore system and its effect on the infiltration capacity can be estimated using a soil water potential concept. The macropore systems of two large and undisturbed soil samples were investigated. The volumes of macropores were 0.01 and 0.045 of the sample volumes, respectively. When the samples were drained from full saturation to the point where it may be assumed that there was no more water in the macropore system, the hydraulic conductivity decreased by factors of 18 and 4.3 respectively.

250 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a laminar flame quenching at the cold wall of a combustion chamber has been studied, using a numerical model to describe the reactive flow, combining an unsteady treatment of fluid mechanics and a detailed chemical reaction mechanism.

190 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that stabilization of collagen fibres in diabetes does not follow the same pattern as that seen in normal ageing.

157 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, high resolution X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to provide an initial overview of changes in composition relative to untested surfaces; high-resolution XPS spectra have been used for more detailed, sometimes semi-quantitative, analyses of molecular functional group composition.

157 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A general upper limit for this field enhancement is derived on the basis of energy conservation for surface plasmons excited on a metal by an external plane-wave beam through the use of prism or grating couplers or by introducing roughness.
Abstract: Surface plasmons can be excited on a metal by an external plane-wave beam through the use of prism or grating couplers or by introducing roughness. This can enhance the electric field at the surface compared with that in the incident beam, and it has been suggested that this effect is an important aspect of surface-enhanced Raman scattering. A general upper limit for this field enhancement is derived on the basis of energy conservation. Numerical results are given for Ag, Au, and Cu. With a perfect coupler on a Ag surface, the maximum increase of the square of the electric field in the 2–3-eV range is ≅300. On randomly roughened surfaces, the estimated enhancements are of the order of unity.

137 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
N. C. Mohanty1
TL;DR: An adaptive algorithm based on the maximum likelihood ratio is described in this correspondence, which detects low-intensity targets and tracks their paths using a charged-coupled device mosaic sensor.
Abstract: An adaptive algorithm based on the maximum likelihood ratio is described in this correspondence. The algorithm detects low-intensity targets and tracks their paths. The charged-coupled device (CCD) mosaic sensor collects photons from the targets and the sky background. The algorithm computes the noise statistics, simulates the target pattern, correlates the received data with the target patterns, compares with the corresponding threshold, and prints out the positions and paths of the targets when present.

128 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extend the formal theory of the interaction of many discrete states with many continua and present three model calculations which illustrate the significant aspects of resonant photoemission.
Abstract: We extend to photoemission the formal theory of the interaction of many discrete states with many continua and present three model calculations which illustrate the significant aspects of resonant photoemission. The first two models treat $3p$ core level to $3d$ band absorption, followed by super-Coster-Kronig decay (${3p}^{5}{3d}^{n+1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{3p}^{6}{3d}^{n\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\epsilon}f$), which interferes with the direct excitation of the $3d$ valence band. The first calculation is for a simple band model which applies approximately to Cr. No $d\ensuremath{-}d$ interactions or atomic effects are included, yet interference characteristic of Fano resonances is clearly evident. Specifically, a strong dip in the valence-band photoemission occurs near threshold. The second model contains hole-hole interactions and exhibits a resonant two-bound-hole satellite in photoemission. The dependence of the photoemission intensity on photon energy shows a larger Fano $q$ parameter for the satellite than for absorption, in agreement with an experiment on Ni. Further, the satellite shows strong enhancement at resonance, whereas the main line (valence-band emission) shows primarily an interference dip, as observed. The third model is for metals with filled $3d$ bands, such as Cu, Zn,.... The absorption is from $3p$ to the $4s\ensuremath{-}4p$ band. The resulting super-Coster-Kronig decay of the $3p$ hole gives rise to the ${M}_{2,3}{M}_{4,5}{M}_{4,5}$ Auger peak (fixed kinetic energy) as well as a resonant satellite at fixed binding energy. The latter is due to a singularity [$N(hv,{E}^{B})\ensuremath{\sim}{({E}^{B}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{0}^{B})}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\lambda}}$] in the photoemission intensity caused by the strong interaction of the $4s\ensuremath{-}4p$ conduction electrons and the ${3d}^{8}$ configuration in the final state.

126 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that the systematic encouragement and community assess procedure are significantly more effective than standard referral systems in increasing participation in Alcoholics Anonymous and Al-Anon meetings.
Abstract: A difficulty in the treatment of alcoholism is that many alcoholics referred to treatment programs never reach the referral destination, or if they do, they seldom remain involved in those programs. The present study attempted to increase participation in Alcoholics Anonymous and Al-Anon meetings. Twenty clients were selected from an outpatient mental health alcoholism treatment program and randomly assigned to either a standard referral procedure which involved giving the client information about Alcoholics Anonymous or Al-Anon; encouraging the client to attend; and providing information concerning time, date, and location of weekly meetings; or to a systematic encouragement and community access procedure which involved a phone call being made in the counseling session to a local Alcoholics Anonymous or Al-Anon member in which the member briefly talked to the client about the meeting, offered to give a ride to the client and to meet the client before the meeting and having the Alcoholics Anonymous or Al-Anon member call the client the night of the meeting to remind them of it and to encourage them to come. The results of this study showed that 100% of the experimental group attended Alcoholics Anonymous or Al-Anon within 1 week of referral and continued to attend, whereas none of the control group ever attended. The results of this study suggest that the systematic encouragement and community assess procedure are significantly more effective than standard referral systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using the long-path FTIR method, glycolaldehyde, CH2(OH)CHO, was detected among the products in photolysis of mixtures containing C2H4, NO and RONO (R = alkyl group) at ppm concentrations in air as discussed by the authors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The first known broadband single-pulse coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) measurements within the cylinder of a firing internal combustion engine are reported.
Abstract: The first known broadband single-pulse coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) measurements within the cylinder of a firing internal combustion engine are reported. Postcombustion temperature and carbon monoxide concentration are probed with 1-mm(3) spatial resolution and 10-nsec temporal resolution. Space- and time-resolved measurements, as presented here, are shown to be necessary for the study of fluctuating systems such as engines.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a numerical procedure was developed for determining the rearrangement of fibers that occurs during the molding of continuous fiber composite components for flat layups, and the numerical procedure predicts that a cloth can be shaped into a hemisphere without wrinkling.
Abstract: The goal of this series of reports is to develop rapid computational procedures for determining the rearrangement of fibers that occurs during the molding of continuous fiber composite components for flat layups. This report considers the shaping of a cloth into a hemisphere. /the numerical procedure developed predicts that a cloth can be shaped into a hemisphere without wrinkling. This prediction is compared with experiment, and various paramenters connected with the shaping calculation are discussed.

Book
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this article, a formal derivation of the sink strengths to be used in point defect rate theory is presented, and it is shown that the effective medium approach, as introduced earlier by us, constitutes the best available approach for steady state problems.
Abstract: A formal derivation of the sink strengths to be used in point defect rate theory is presented. Previous models that have been invoked for the approximate evaluation of these parameters are discussed. It is shown that the effective medium approach, as introduced earlier by us, constitutes the best available approach for steady state problems. Sink strengths for voids, straight (and parallel) dislocations, dislocation loops and grain boundaries are considered. It is shown that most recent criticisms of the effective medium method are groundless.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a correlation for the blowoff velocity of premixed turbulent flames stabilized by bluff bodies is developed using a simple model for coherent structures in turbulent flows, showing the correct trends for variations in equivalence ratio, free stream pressure and temperature, flameholder characteristic size, and turbulent Reynolds number.


Patent
11 Sep 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the annular space between the motor shaft and a driveshaft provides a passage wherein fluid is distributed to the motor and the transmission under pressure, and the fluid returns to a common sump by gravity from the motors and transmission.
Abstract: The electric motor and transmission that apply power to the drive wheels of a vehicle are supplied with hydraulic fluid to lubricate the transmission and to cool the motor by a common fluidic circuit. The annular space between the motor shaft and a driveshaft provides a passage wherein fluid is distributed to the motor and the transmission under pressure. The rotor of the motor has axial passages through which the fluid flows from a radial passage connecting the annular space with the passages. At each axial end of the rotor fluid exiting the rotor, is thrown outward onto the inner surfaces of the stator windings. The fluid returns to a common sump by gravity from the motor and transmission.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the fast-diffusing species concept proposed by Venker and Ehrlich appears to be a viable mechanism for suppression of void nucleation by silicon atoms.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrical resistivity, Hall coefficient, magnetoresistance, thermoelectric power, infrared reflectivity, and $c$-axis lattice parameter of single crystals of titanium disulfide with varying degrees of nonstoichiometry were reported.
Abstract: We report measurements of the electrical resistivity, Hall coefficient, magnetoresistance, thermoelectric power, infrared reflectivity, and $c$-axis lattice parameter of single crystals of titanium disulfide ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{1+x}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ with varying degrees of nonstoichiometry. The strong correlations we find between different measurements made on the same sample allow us to conclude that titanium disulfide is a semiconductor rather than a semimetal. Even though this fact is established, our most stoichiometric samples continue to exhibit metallic behavior, and the source of these conduction electrons is unknown. In addition, none of the scattering mechanisms examined here is capable of explaining the unusual temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity which varies as ${T}^{3}$ at low $T$ and as ${T}^{y}$ above 100 K where $y$ ranges from 1.85 for the least stoichiometric samples to 2.2 for the most stoichiometric.


Patent
14 May 1981
TL;DR: In this article, an electric heater plate is disclosed which is formed on one surface of a base material, and a plurality of thin lines of a non-precious material which acts as a resistor when electrical energy flows therethrough is bonded to the first surface of the base material.
Abstract: An electric heater plate is disclosed which is formed on one surface of a base material. A plurality of thin lines of a nonprecious material which acts as a resistor when electrical energy flows therethrough is bonded to the first surface of the base material and extends from a first location thereon to a second location thereon. At least two interconnection areas of a non-precious metal which acts as a resistor when electrical energy flows therethrough are provided. These interconnection areas are bonded to the first surface of the base material with one interconnection area interconnecting the plurality of thin lines at the first location and the second of the interconnection areas interconnecting the plurality of thin lines at the second location on the first surface of the base material. A termination area of silver ceramic material is associated with each of the interconnection areas. Each of the terminal areas is in contact with an associated interconnection area. An electrical lead is bonded to each of the terminal areas for making electrical connection to the plurality of thin lines. If the electric heater plate is installed as the rear window of a motor vehicle, the heat generated by flowing the current through the thin lines can defog and deice the window.

Journal ArticleDOI
D.K. Hohnke1
TL;DR: In this article, the dependence of ionic transport on temperature and defect concentration in all oxides M(D)O 2−x is shown to be quantitatively consistent with the existence of vacancies in three energy states: (i) isolated, (ii) associated, and (iii) deeply trapped.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the initial stages of βα transformation in the first three materials are similar, the process being dominated by the elimination of high-energy βα interfaces, and all four materials transform by nucleation and growth of α lamellae at β twin boundaries or at β stacking faults.
Abstract: Microstructural characterization of conventionally sintered, hot-pressed, reaction-sintered, and chemically vapor-deposited polycrystalline SiC shows that the initial stages of the βα transformation in the first three materials are similar, the process being dominated by the elimination of high-energy βα interfaces. In the final stage of transformation, all four materials transform by nucleation and growth of α lamellae at {111}β twin boundaries or at β stacking faults.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, two regression equations describing water movement in saturated macropores in the field are compared with a theoretical expresion of the form Qmaα e2ma where Qma is the saturated volume flux density through a macropore system of porosity ema.
Abstract: Summary Two regression equations describing water movement in saturated macropores in the field are compared with a theoretical expresion of the form Qmaα e2ma where Qma is the saturated volume flux density through a macropore system of porosity ema. The theoretical exponent of 2 agrees fairly well with the analyses of two very different sets of field experiments by Burger (1922–1940) and Ehlers (1975). It is suggested that the relationship Qma= Q*e2ma may be a useful first approximation to predict macropore flow, where Q* is an empirical coefficient that is expected to depend on the hydraulic connectivity, geometrical structure, tortuosity, roughness and other properties of the macropore system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the tetra-functional end-linking agent Si[OSi(CH3)2H]4 was used in varying amounts smaller than that corresponding to a stoichiometric balance between its active hydrogen atoms and the chain vinyl groups.
Abstract: Elastomeric networks were prepared by end-linking vinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chains having number-average molecular weights of 11.3 × 103 g mol−1. The tetra-functional end-linking agent, Si[OSi(CH3)2H]4, was used in varying amounts smaller than that corresponding to a stoichiometric balance between its active hydrogen atoms and the chain vinyl groups. The number of dangling-chain irregularities thus introduced into the networks was directly determined by iodometric titration for unreacted vinyl groups. The (unfilled) PDMS networks thus obtained were studied in elongation to their rupture points at 25°C (a temperature sufficiently high to prevent complications from strain-induced crystallization), and in swelling equilibrium in benzene at room temperature. Small to moderately large proportions of dangling chains were found to have less of an effect on the elongation modulus than might be expected, and similarly a relatively small effect on the degree of equilibrium swelling. Most importantly, comparisons of constant values of the high deformation modulus show that dangling-chain irregularities decrease both the maximum extensibility of a network and its ultimate strength.

Patent
20 Jul 1981
TL;DR: In this article, a method for adaptively controlling engine calibration control values is proposed, which includes the steps of predicting a driving pattern based on analysis of recent past driving patterns and selecting engine control values appropriate for the predicted driving pattern and a desired emission constraint.
Abstract: This specification discloses a method for adaptively controlling engine calibration control values The strategy includes the steps of (1) predicting a driving pattern based on analysis of recent past driving patterns and (2) selecting engine control values appropriate for the predicted driving pattern and a desired emission constraint The adaptive strategy adjusts spark timing and magnitude of EGR as a function of engine energy usage per distance traveled while maintaining feedgas emissions at a constant level over a wide variety of driving patterns including urban, suburban and highway A plurality of driving cycle segments are analyzed to generate a table of engine calibration control values for the adaptive spark and EGR control strategy This adaptive strategy has fuel consumption characteristics which are most advantageous at the most constrained feedgas levels Drivability can be enhanced because of the greater calibration flexibility inherent to the adaptive technique


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a variety of chelating 1,3-bis(2′-pyridylimino)isoindoline ligands were prepared and characterized including ligands substituted on both the pyridyl and isoindoline ring systems.