Showing papers by "Ford Motor Company published in 1982"

Energy Absorption in Composite Tubes

Abstract: The collapse characteristics and energy absorption of a variety of tubes made in glass, graphite and Kevlar fiber composites have been examined. Tubes made from glass or graphite fibers collapsed by a fracture mode. There was a critical range of tube geometry over which stable collapse occurred with high energy absorption; thinner wall tubes tended to collapse in an unstable manner with lower energy absorption. Changes in the lay-up which increased the modulus increased the energy absorption of the tube. Tubes made from, or including Kevlar fiber, tended to collapse in an unstable mode by buckling rather than by fracture, which led to low values for specific energy absorption.

Particulate Matter Associated with Vehicles on the Road

Abstract: Experiments at the Allegheny and Tuscarora Mountain Tunnels of the Pennsylvania Turnpike in 1975–1979 have resulted in a comprehensive description of the airborne particulate matter associated with highway traffic. Because of strong variations of traffic composition with time, emission rates of most species were resolvable into emission rates for each of the two vehicle categories: gasoline-powered vehicles and heavy-duty diesels. Thirty-four elements were identified, accounting for all of the vehicle-derived airborne particulate mass. The principal component was carbon (elemental and organic) from exhausts of heavy-duty diesels, which comprised on the average 10%–15% of the traffic. Per vehicle-kilometer, diesels were the preponderant source of most of the other species as well. Other emissions resulted from oxidation of diesel-fuel sulfur to H2SO4 (5% of the particulate mass total for traffic overall), inorganic additives and adventitious components of fuels and motor oils (10% of the overall mass total...

Wide-band microwave signal coupler

Abstract: A microwave coupler for coupling microwave energy from a first waveguide to a second waveguide disposed side by side along a propagation length includes a common coupling means, and specifically, orifices along the propagation length wherein the coupling orifices are sized to promote coupling of a favored field mode of electromagnetic energy according to a Bessel function distribution of energy along the length of the waveguide. The Bessel function distribution provides for wideband, low-loss coupling of the favored field mode and maximal isolation from non-favored field modes. The invention is particularly useful for extracting a type TE21 circular mode signal from a signal containing TE11 and TE21 circular modes wherein the TE21 mode signals are used for generating elevational and azimuthal tracking signals.

Dual clutch multiple countershaft transmission

Abstract: First and second concentric input shafts are connected to an engine crankshaft through friction clutches, one for each input shaft. Two countershafts carrying forward speed ratio and reverse drive output gears are driven from pinions carried by each of the input shafts. Synchronizer clutches connect the output gears to the respective countershafts. The first forward speed output gear is mounted on its countershaft by way of an overrunning clutch. One forward speed output gear is continuously engaged with the reverse drive output gear and functions as a reverse idler for changing the direction of rotation of the countershaft when reverse drive is selected.

Transmission clutch control system and method

Abstract: A control system for transferring torque from a first, offgoing clutch to a second, oncoming clutch while a gear shift is being made includes speed sensors for determining the speeds of the engine shaft and the output shaft of the transmission, a gear selector position indicator, a throttle position indicator and a gear ratio sensor. Solenoid operated valves open and close a source of high pressure fluid to the clutches, whose engagement and disengagement holds the gear elements of the transmission by means of which the various speed ratios are produced. An electronic computer is supplied with the digital equivalent of the shaft speeds, the position of the gear selector and of the throttle. The engine speed-output shaft speed ratio is used as a feedback signal on the basis of which an error between its value and a commanded value is determined. An equation for determining the duty cycle is repetitively calculated and its value converted to a pulse width modulated electrical current that is applied to the solenoid windings. The equation corrects a previously calculated duty cycle with the feedback error value.

Band signatures in the low-energy-electron reflectance spectra of fcc metals

Abstract: The elastic reflectance spectra for low-energy electrons (0-30 eV) of fcc metals show characteristic structure related to critical points in the energy bands. The (111) surfaces of Au, Ag, Pd, Cu, Ni, and Al have been investigated and all have spectra consisting of a sharp reflectance peak followed by a broad, more intense peak at higher energy. The broad peak correlates with the forbidden gap formed by the (222) Bragg reflection. The sharp peak is insensitive to the angle of incidence and lies very near the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ (${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{25}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ in Al) energy. From a pseudopotential model we demonstrate the connection between the spectra and the band structure. Good quantitative agreement of the peak positions with previous band calculations and photoemission data is obtained and the behavior with angle is understood qualitatively. Ultrathin metals (a few atomic layers) and thick films deposited on single-crystal or amorphous substrates produce similar reflectance spectra. This technique can be applied to the study of metal surfaces and to the initial growth stages of epitaxial films.

Field emitter device with gated memory

Abstract: A field emitter device utilizing a gate electrode adjacent a carbon fiber electron emitter cathode for controlling the initial flow of electrons between the cathode and a collector element. Subsequent disconnect of the gate electrode from its power source does not affect the electron flow and thereby provides a bistable memory type device. Luminescent material on the collector provides a light emission display at points corresponding to electron flow between the emitter and the collector.

Bend testing for miniature disks

Abstract: A bend test was developed to obtain ductility measurements on a large number of alloy variants being irradiated in the form of miniature disks. Experimental results were shown to be in agreement wi...

A spectral-iteration approach for analyzing scattering from frequency selective surfaces

Abstract: A novel technique, called the spectral-iteration approach, for analyzing the problem of scattering from periodically perforated screens which find useful applications as radomes, optical filters, artificial dielectrics, and so on is applied. The formulation is carried out in the spectral domain where a set of algebraic equations is obtained directly for the spectral coefficients of the aperture field distribution (or the induced current density) rather than via an integral equation formulation. These equations are then solved simultaneously using an iterative procedure developed in this paper that circumvents the need for matrix inversion. Because the matrix solution is avoided in the spectral approach, it is capable of handling large aperture sizes in a computationally efficient manner. The efficiency of computation results from the use of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm which is employed in the derivation of the algebraic equations and in the iteration procedure. A unique feature of the spectral-iteration approach is that it has a built-in boundary-condition check which provides a reliable indication of the accuracy of the solution. It is also shown that the spectral domain technique can be applied to even a wider class of geometries, e.g., the step discontinuity in a waveguide.

Degradation of organic coatings. I. Hydrolysis of melamine formaldehyde/acrylic copolymer films

Abstract: The hydrolysis of melamine formaldehyde crosslinked acrylic copolymer films has been studied using infrared spectroscopy. It has been found that during hydrolysis, crosslinks between the acrylic copolymer and the melamine crosslinker are broken and that crosslinks between melamine molecules are formed. The rate of hydrolysis depends on the following: (1) the type of crosslinker used (partially alkylated melamines hydrolyze faster than fully alkylated melamines); (2) the amount and strength of acid catalyst used and whether or not the catalyst can be extracted from the coating during hydrolysis; (3) the initial crosslink density; (4) the hydrolysis temperature. In some formulations, it can be expected that virtually all of the acrylic–melamine crosslinkes will be hydrolyzed. However, due to the formation of melamine–melamine crosslinks, the overall crosslink density does not necessarily decrease significantly as a result of this hydrolysis.

Frequency domain engine defect signal analysis

Abstract: A signal analyzer for detecting engine defects includes sensors (11-17) for detecting engine operating parameters such as engine speed, engine exhaust manifold pressure, engine intake manifold vacuum, blowby gas pressure in the engine crankcase, and oil pressure. Electrical signals representing the frequency and magnitude of the engine operating parameters are used to produce a frequency domain spectrum signal characteristic of the engine being tested. The frequency domain spectrum signal being tested is compared to a frequency domain spectrum signal from a normal engine thereby determining at what frequencies differences between the two signals exist, such differences being indicative of engine defects.

Analysis of Tubular Lap Joint in Torsion

Abstract: The stress distribution of the tubular lap joint whose adherends are com posite materials is analysed with a closed form solution. In the analysis the stress components, τrz and σr, which are identically zero if both adherends are isotropic materials, are introduced to satisfy the equilibrium equations and the compatibility conditions in the region of lap joint. The stress concen trations at and near the end of the joint as functions of the various parameters, such as wrap angles, overlap length, and thickness of the adhesive layer are studied.

Theory of resonant photoemission spectra of 3 d transition-metal oxides and halides

Abstract: A simple model is presented to describe resonant photoemission due to super-Coster-Kronig decay of ${3p}^{5}{3d}^{N+1}$ states in transition-metal compounds. An explanation is given for the puzzling behavior observed in recent experiments on NiO and Ni${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ in which the multielectron satellite is enhanced rather than the main valence band. Several experiments are proposed to test the theory.

Turbulator radiator tube and radiator construction derived therefrom

Abstract: This specification discloses an improvement to the construction of an elongated turbulator radiator tube (114) and a radiator construction produced thereby. In general, the turbulator radiator tube has a first principal heat transfer surface (120) and a second principal heat transfer surface (122), both of which have a first edge (124) and a second edge (126). Interconnecting surfaces (128) and (130) are provided for independently interconnecting both the first edges and the second edges of the first principal heat transfer surface and the second principal heat transfer surface. The improved construction is characterized in the following manner. Each of the principal heat transfer surfaces having a plurality of flow diverting members (152) placed along the length thereof. Each of the flow diverting members is deformed from the principal heat transfer surfaces toward the interior of the tube. The flow diverting members as a group extend from about the first edge of the principal heat transfer surface to about the second edge of the principal heat transfer surfaces. These flow diverting members are so arranged that the first principal heat transfer surface and the second principal heat transfer surface are bowed outwardly from the interior of the tube when interconnected by the interconnecting surfaces.

Method for generating a table of engine calibration control values

Abstract: This specification discloses a method for generating a table of engine calibration control values for an adaptive spark and EGR control strategy. The adaptive strategy adjusts spark timing and magnitude of EGR as a function of engine energy usage per distance traveled while maintaining feedgas emissions at a constant level over a wide variety of driving patterns including urban, suburban and highway. This adaptive strategy has advantageous fuel consumption characteristics which are greatest at the most constrained feedgas levels. Drivability can be enhanced because of the greater calibration flexibility inherent to the adaptive technique.

The effect of in-cylinder flow processes (swirl, squish and turbulence intensity) on engine efficiency ― model predictions

Abstract: Influence de l'ecoulement dans les cylindres (tourbillon, refoulement des gaz par le piston, intensite de la turbulence) sur le rendement d'un moteur. Calcul par modele

Modular solar concentrator

Abstract: A modular solar radiation concentrator consists of many identical reflective panels (1), each having the shape of a portion of the surface of a sphere. The panels (1) are mass produced, mounted between a pair of horizontal beams (2) so they can partially rotate about two orthogonal axes, and aligned as part of multi-beam (2) modules (3) on a test fixture so that all panels (1) reflect distant radiation upon a small aperture (36). Spaced occur between all panels (1) when mounted in the concentrator. The reflector support structure (4) has a finite number of identically angled bends so that the overall reflector (47) approximates the surface of a sphere. A solar radiation receiver (34) is hingedly suspended to the support structure (4) at the focal point of each of the panels (1). The reflector (47) is mounted upon an azimuth/elevation mount (6, 46), which rotates reflector (47) 360° about a vertical azimuth axis and 90° or more about an orthogonal elevation axis.

Electronic on-orbit roll/yaw satellite control

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus estimating yaw error and roll and yaw disturbance torques from measured roll error and yaw momentum on a continuous on-orbit basis in an orbiting satellite. The information thus obtained can be used to continuously correct for the yaw error by means of, for example, activating a magnetic torquer. Two control loops are used in this invention, a fast loop to damp nutations by changing momentum wheel speed, and a slow loop of the Luenberger observer variety. The latter is a yaw error correction loop which also serves to unload yaw momentum. The satellite in which the invention was first incorporated is of the type having three momentum wheels, all situated in the plane orthogonal to the roll axis. In normal operation, two wheels, each having major momentum component along the pitch axis and minor momentum component along the yaw axis, are operable. A third backup wheel aligned along the yaw axis becomes operable only in the eventuality that one of the primary wheels suffers a breakdown during the life of the satellite. The slow speed yaw loop is used to adjust a magnetic coil torquer. It can be implemented in a number of forms including a hard-wired analog form or a digital computer with certain constant scaling factors programmed into the memory of the computer.

Floor console with latchable sliding tray

Abstract: An improved floor console (10) for automobiles is provided in which is mounted an article-carrying tray (18) slidably moveable between an exposed operative position and a concealed storage position at which the tray (18) is held by operation of a latch assembly (42). The latch assembly (42) is operative to release the tray (18) after certain inward movement beyond the stored position, and a spring (44) operatively disposed between the tray (18) and a housing (22) of the console (10) assists movement of the tray (18) to the operative position.

Electrically heated backlite structure

Abstract: An electrically heated backlite is formed on a glass sheet An opaque, electrically nonconductive coating is bonded to at least two portions of the glass sheet which are spaced apart from one another. Each portion of the nonconductive coating has at least one open area therein. An electrical resistance heater line having spaced terminal ends extends from one portion of the nonconductive coating to the other portion of the nonconductive coating. Each one of the terminal ends of the heater line is overlying and bonded to at least a part of one of the portions of the electrically nonconductive coating and also overlying and bonded to all of the surface of the glass sheet exposed in the open area formed in the portions of the nonconductive coating. An electrical conductor is bonded to the terminal end of the heater line at a location where the terminal end overlies the surface of the glass sheet exposed in the open area of the nonconductive coating in order to increase the bond strength.

The Effect of Oil Layers on the Hydrocarbon Emissions from Spark-Ignited Engines

Abstract: Measured amounts of oil were added to the engine cylinder of a single-cylinder CFR engine to determine the effect of oil layers on exhaust hydrocarbon emissions. The exhaust hydrocarbon concentration increased in proportion to the amount of oil added when the engine was fueled on isooctane. Addition of 0·6 cm3 of oil produced an increase of 1000 ppmC in exhaust hydrocarbon emissions at a coolant temperature of 320°K. Gas chromatographic analysis of the exhaust determined that fuel and fuel oxidation species, not oil oxidation products, were responsible for most of the increase. Similar experiments performed with propane fuel showed no increase in exhaust emissions when oil was added to the cylinder. These measurements have determined that the increase in tailpipe hydrocarbon concentration consists of fuel related species and is proportional to both the amount of oil added and the solubility of the fuel in the oil. Thus, we believe that the principal source of this increase in exhaust hydrocarbon ...

Carburetor throttle valve actuator

Abstract: A motor vehicle throttle valve positioner consisting of an elongated screw means moving the throttle valve and providing two ranges of movement, one being an engine idle speed mode of operation to maintain the engine at the correct idling speed level as determined by a microprocessor or similar electronic control, the other being a speed control mode of operation wherein a chosen engine off-idle speed level is maintained, and a failsafe operation returning the throttle valve to the idle speed range in the event of electrical failure or termination of the speed control mode of operation.

Four speed ratio transaxle with overdrive

Abstract: A transaxle for use in an automotive vehicle driveline having a front wheel drive comprising a torque converter and a compound planetary gear system having two simple planetary gear units adapted to provide four forward driving torque delivery paths, the highest speed ratio torque delivery path being an overdrive, the axis of the converter being located on the crankshaft axis of the vehicle engine and the torque output shaft axis being parallel to the converter axis, and clutch and brake means including overrunning clutches and friction clutches in series relationship for establishing and disestablishing the speed ratios.

Hydraulic control system for electronic transmission control

Abstract: The hydraulic control circuit for an automatic transmission includes solenoid-operated clutch pressure valves which selectively connect line pressure to the selected clutch as the winding of the solenoids are energized and de-energized by an electronic control system. A solenoid feed valve and feedback valve operate to connect line pressure to the input port of the several clutch actuator valves, provided the clutch pressures are within certain limits. If these limits are exceeded, line pressure is disconnected from the actuator valves and is applied, instead, automatically and without respect to electronic control, to the clutches that produce a predetermined gear ratio. A coast control valve operates to regulate pressure to a servo that is pressurized at a lower level for low gear ratio operation and at a higher level for reverse drive operation. The coast control valve vents the servo if either of the clutches that produce the predetermined speed ratio are pressurized. A line pressure regulator and boost valve act in combination with an on-off valve whose state is determined by a solenoid. Minimum line pressure is established at a minimum value, determined by the pressure drops across two orifices whose sizes are predetermined, when the solenoid opens line pressure to a vent port. Maximum line pressure is determined by pressure forces developed on a boost valve when the line pressure regulator solenoid closes the boost line to the vent port.