Ford Motor Company

About: Ford Motor Company is a company organization based out in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Internal combustion engine & Signal. The organization has 36123 authors who have published 51450 publications receiving 855200 citations. The organization is also known as: Ford Motor & Ford Motor Corporation.

Optimal adaptive estimation of sampled stochastic processes

Abstract: This work presents an adaptive approach to the problem of estimating a sampled, stochastic process described by an initially unknown parameter vector. Knowledge of this quantity completely specifies the statistics of the process, and consequently the optimal estimator must "learn" the value of the parameter vector. In order that construction of the optimal estimator be feasible it is necessary to consider only those processes whose parameter vector comes from a finite set of a priori known values. Fortunately, many practical problems may be represented or adequately approximated by such a model. The optimal estimator is found to be composed of a set of elemental estimators and a corresponding set of weighting coefficients, one pair for each possible value of the parameter vector. This structure is derived using properties of the conditional mean operator. For Gauss-Markov processes the elemental estimators are linear, dynamic systems, and evaluation of the weighting coefficients involves relatively simple, nonlinear calculations. The resulting system is optimum in the sense that it minimizes the expected value of a positive-definite, quadratic form in terms of the error (a generalized mean-square-error criterion). Because the system described in this work is optimal, it differs from previous attempts at adaptive estimation, all of which have used approximation techniques or sub-optimal, sequential, optimization procedures [12], [13], and [14].

Imaging biomarker roadmap for cancer studies.

Abstract: Imaging biomarkers (IBs) are integral to the routine management of patients with cancer. IBs used daily in oncology include clinical TNM stage, objective response and left ventricular ejection fraction. Other CT, MRI, PET and ultrasonography biomarkers are used extensively in cancer research and drug development. New IBs need to be established either as useful tools for testing research hypotheses in clinical trials and research studies, or as clinical decision-making tools for use in healthcare, by crossing 'translational gaps' through validation and qualification. Important differences exist between IBs and biospecimen-derived biomarkers and, therefore, the development of IBs requires a tailored 'roadmap'. Recognizing this need, Cancer Research UK (CRUK) and the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) assembled experts to review, debate and summarize the challenges of IB validation and qualification. This consensus group has produced 14 key recommendations for accelerating the clinical translation of IBs, which highlight the role of parallel (rather than sequential) tracks of technical (assay) validation, biological/clinical validation and assessment of cost-effectiveness; the need for IB standardization and accreditation systems; the need to continually revisit IB precision; an alternative framework for biological/clinical validation of IBs; and the essential requirements for multicentre studies to qualify IBs for clinical use.

Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Using Insulin Injections: The DIAMOND Randomized Clinical Trial.

Abstract: Importance Previous clinical trials showing the benefit of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in the management of type 1 diabetes predominantly have included adults using insulin pumps, even though the majority of adults with type 1 diabetes administer insulin by injection. Objective To determine the effectiveness of CGM in adults with type 1 diabetes treated with insulin injections. Design, Setting, and Participants Randomized clinical trial conducted between October 2014 and May 2016 at 24 endocrinology practices in the United States that included 158 adults with type 1 diabetes who were using multiple daily insulin injections and had hemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c ) levels of 7.5% to 9.9%. Interventions Random assignment 2:1 to CGM (n = 105) or usual care (control group; n = 53). Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome measure was the difference in change in central-laboratory–measured HbA 1c level from baseline to 24 weeks. There were 18 secondary or exploratory end points, of which 15 are reported in this article, including duration of hypoglycemia at less than 70 mg/dL, measured with CGM for 7 days at 12 and 24 weeks. Results Among the 158 randomized participants (mean age, 48 years [SD, 13]; 44% women; mean baseline HbA 1c level, 8.6% [SD, 0.6%]; and median diabetes duration, 19 years [interquartile range, 10-31 years]), 155 (98%) completed the study. In the CGM group, 93% used CGM 6 d/wk or more in month 6. Mean HbA 1c reduction from baseline was 1.1% at 12 weeks and 1.0% at 24 weeks in the CGM group and 0.5% and 0.4%, respectively, in the control group (repeated-measures model P 1c level from baseline was –0.6% (95% CI, –0.8% to –0.3%; P P = .002). Severe hypoglycemia events occurred in 2 participants in each group. Conclusions and Relevance Among adults with type 1 diabetes who used multiple daily insulin injections, the use of CGM compared with usual care resulted in a greater decrease in HbA 1c level during 24 weeks. Further research is needed to assess longer-term effectiveness, as well as clinical outcomes and adverse effects. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT02282397