Ford Motor Company

About: Ford Motor Company is a company organization based out in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Internal combustion engine & Signal. The organization has 36123 authors who have published 51450 publications receiving 855200 citations. The organization is also known as: Ford Motor & Ford Motor Corporation.

Intravenous administration of human bone marrow stromal cells induces angiogenesis in the ischemic boundary zone after stroke in rats.

Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that intravenous infusion of human bone marrow stromal cells (hMSCs) promotes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion, VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression and angiogenesis in the ischemic boundary zone (IBZ) after stroke. hMSCs (1×106) were intravenously injected into rats 24 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), immunohistochemistry and ELISA were performed to assay angiogenesis and levels of human and rat VEGF in the host brain, respectively. In addition, capillary-like tube formation was measured using mouse brain-derived endothelial cells (MBDECs). Morphological and three dimensional image analyses revealed significant ( P <0.05) increases in numbers of enlarged and thin walled blood vessels and numbers of newly formed capillaries at the boundary of the ischemic lesion in rats (n=12) treated with hMSCs compared with numbers in rats (n=12) treated with PBS. ELISA measurements showed that treatment with hMSCs significantly ( P <0.05) raised endogenous rat VEGF levels in the IBZ from 10.5±1.7 ng/mL in the control group to 17.5±1.6 ng/mL in the hMSC-treated group. In addition, treatment with hMSCs increased endogenous VEGFR2 immunoreactivity. In vitro, when MBDECs were incubated with the supernatant obtained from cultured hMSCs, capillary-like tube formation was significantly ( P <0.01) induced. However, hMSC-induced capillary-like tube formation was significantly ( P <0.01) inhibited when the endothelial cells were incubated with the supernatant from hMSCs in the presence of a neutralizing anti-VEGFR2. These data suggest that treatment of stroke with hMSCs enhances angiogenesis in the host brain and hMSC-enhanced angiogenesis is mediated by increases in levels of endogenous rat VEGF and VEGFR2.

Psychiatric and Physical Morbidity Effects of Caregiving

Abstract: Existing empirical literature on the prolonged or cumulative consequences of exposure to the stresses of caregiving is reviewed. Specific goals are to identify psychiatric and physical morbidity effects, report the magnitude of those effects, evaluate research and analytic methods used to assess morbidity, and make recommendations for future research. Overall, the literature indicates increases in self-report psychiatric symptomatology and increases in psychiatric illness among most caregivers when compared to population norms or appropriate control groups. However, there is little information on the population prevalence or incidence of clinically significant psychiatric conditions attributable to caregiving. Studies of physical health effects as assessed by self-report, health care utilization, and immune function are less conclusive but, nevertheless, suggest increased vulnerability to physical illness among caregivers. We conclude with a discussion of why morbidity effects are difficult to obtain in caregiver studies and with recommendations for future research.

Metal Cutting Theory and Practice

Abstract: INTRODUCTION Scope of the Subject Historical Development Types of Production References METAL CUTTING OPERATIONS Introduction Turning Boring Drilling Reaming Milling Planing and Shaping Broaching Tapping and Threading Grinding and Related Abrasive Processes Roller Burnishing Deburring Examples Problems References MACHINE TOOLS Introduction Production Machine Tools CNC Machine Tools and Cellular Manufacturing Systems Machine Tool Structures Slides and Guideways Axis Drives Spindles Coolant Systems Tool Changing Systems Examples References CUTTING TOOLS Introduction Cutting Tool Materials Tool Coatings Basic Types of Cutting Tools Turning Tools Boring Tools Milling Tools Drilling Tools Reamers Threading Tools Grinding Wheels Microsizing and Honing Tools Burnishing Tools Examples Problems References TOOLHOLDERS AND WORKHOLDERS Introduction Toolholding Systems Toolholder/Spindle Connections Cutting Tool Clamping Systems Balancing Requirements for Toolholders Fixtures Examples Problems References MECHANICS OF CUTTING Introduction Measurement of Cutting Forces and Chip Thickness Force Components Empirical Force Models Specific Cutting Power Chip Formation and Primary Plastic Deformation Tool-Chip Friction and Secondary Deformation Shear Plane and Slip Line Theories for Continuous Chip Formation Shear Plane Models for Oblique Cutting Shear Zone Models Minimum Work and Uniqueness Assumptions Finite Element Models Discontinuous Chip Formation Built-up Edge Formation Examples Problems References CUTTING TEMPERATURES Introduction Measurement of Cutting Temperatures Factors Affecting Cutting Temperatures Analytical Models for Steady-State Temperatures Finite Element and Other Numerical Models Temperatures in Interrupted Cutting Temperatures in Drilling Thermal Expansion Examples Problems References MACHINING PROCESS ANALYSIS Introduction Turning Boring Milling Drilling Force Equations and Baseline Data Process Simulation Examples Finite Element Analysis for Clamping, Fixturing, and Workpiece Distortion Applications Finite Element Application Examples Examples Problems References TOOL WEAR AND TOOL LIFE Introduction Types of Tool Wear Measurement of Tool Wear Tool Wear Mechanisms Tool Wear--Material Considerations Tool Life Testing Tool Life Equations Prediction of Tool Wear Rates Tool Fracture and Edge Chipping Drill Wear and Breakage Thermal Cracking and Tool Fracture in Milling Tool Wear Monitoring Examples Problems References SURFACE FINISH AND INTEGRITY Introduction Measurement of Surface Finish Surface Finish in Turning and Boring Surface Finish in Milling Surface Finish in Drilling and Reaming Surface Finish in Grinding Residual Stresses in Machined Surfaces White Layer Formation Surface Burn in Grinding Examples Problems References MACHINABILITY OF MATERIALS Introduction Machinability Criteria, Tests, and Indices Chip Control Burr Formation and Control Machinability of Engineering Materials References MACHINING DYNAMICS Introduction Vibration Analysis Methods Vibration of Discrete (Lumped Mass) Systems Types of Machine Tool Vibration Forced Vibration Self-Excited Vibrations (Chatter) Chatter Prediction Vibration Control Active Vibration Control Examples References MACHINING ECONOMICS AND OPTIMIZATION Introduction Role of a Computerized Optimization System Economic Considerations Optimization of Manufacturing Systems--Basic Factors Optimization of Machining Conditions Formulation of the Optimization Problem Optimization Techniques Numerical Examples Problems References CUTTING FLUIDS Introduction Types of Cutting Fluids Coolant Application Filtering Condition Monitoring and Waste Treatment Health and Safety Concerns Dry and Near-Dry Machining Methods Test Procedure for Cutting Fluid Evaluation References HIGH THROUGHPUT AND AGILE MACHINING Introduction High Throughput Machining Agile Machining Systems Tooling and Fixturing Materials Handling Systems References DESIGN FOR MACHINING Introduction Machining Costs General Design for Machining Rules Special Considerations for Specific Types of Equipment and Operations CAPP and DFM Programs Examples References INDEX

Major depression and stages of smoking. A longitudinal investigation.

Abstract: Background Epidemiologic studies have reported an association between major depression and smoking. This prospective study examines the role of depression in smoking progression and cessation, and the role of smoking in first-onset major depression. Methods Data are from a 5-year longitudinal epidemiologic study of 1007 young adults. Incidence and odds ratios (ORs) are based on the prospective data. Hazards ratios are based on the combined lifetime data and estimated in Cox proportional hazards models with time-dependent covariates. Results Based on the prospective data, history of major depression at baseline increased significantly the risk for progression to daily smoking (OR, 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-8.2), but did not decrease significantly smokers' rate of quitting (OR, 0.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.4-1.6). History of daily smoking at baseline increased significantly the risk for major depression (OR, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-3.4). These estimates were reduced somewhat when history of early (ie, before age 15 years) conduct problems was controlled. Estimates based on lifetime data were consistent with these results. Conclusions The observed influences from major depression to subsequent daily smoking and smoking to major depression support the plausibility of shared etiologies. Separate causal mechanisms in each direction might also operate, including self-medication of depressed mood as a factor in smoking progression and neuropharmacologic effects of nicotine and other smoke substances on neurotransmitter systems linked to depression.